SIXTH CENSUS OF CANADA, 1921
VOLUME IV—OCCUPATIONS
OTTAWA F. A. ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1929
REPORT ON THE SIXTH CENSUS OF CANADA, 1921
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To His Excellency the Right Honourable Viscount Willingdon, G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.C.IL.E. G.B.E., Governor General and Commander in Chief of the Dominion of Canada.
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May Ir PLease Your EXcELLENcY: I have the honour to lay before Your Excellency the fourth volume of the Report on the Sixth Census of Canada taken as of date June 1, 1921. I have the honour to be,
Your Excellency’s most obedient servant,
JAS. MALCOLM,
Minister of Trade and Commerce
DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND COMMERCE, Orrawa, January 12, 1928.
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GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS _
Letter of Transmittal... 0.0... ccc eee e cee cere eee eee e tenner er eene ee eeneee
Scope of the Inquiry...............................:.................sssess Method of elassification.............................,...4,,..44.4.s.sssss.ssse Changes classification of occupations. .....................,................,....... Occupational classes, 1921..................................................,...4.. Office procedure, 1921......... 0.0 cece ccc eee eee rte een ence tenn enna Extracts from Book of Instructions. ......................,.....,.................. Analysis of results— , Population 10 years of age and over, 1881-1921.................................. Persons gainfully employed.............................. Voce n ee ree nee eeeneene Percent of population gainfully employed................................,...... Ratio of female to male workers.............................................., Changes in classification index, of occupations... .....................,............ Relative rank of occupational groups in 1911 and 1921 on basis of 1911 clas ification. Industries ranked in 1921 by number of males employed.......................... Population by sex and age...............,.....,.............................. , Percentage of population between 18 and 64 years............................... Percent distribution, male population, 10 to 74 years, gainfully employed.......... \ Percent distribution, female population, 10 to 74 years, gainfully employed........ Persons employed by sex and age.............................................. Employment and school attendance of juveniles.............. Lanne eee e eens Lae Gainfully employed females in ages 20 to 64 years............................... Occupations of women 65 years and over......,................................ Occupations of males by age groups............................. ran Occupations of females by age groups.......................................... Distribution of workers by ages and occupational groups. ........................ Primary and manufacturing groups by ages and classes. .......................... Measure of occupational representation by age groups............................ Male workers in certain occupations by age groups........,..................... Percent distribution of male workers in certain occupations by ages. ............... Female workers in certain occupations by age groups............:................ Percent distribution of female workers in certain occupations by ages.............. Children, by oceupations....................,,.................. Lecce ene e eae Gainfully employed in cities................................................... Males 14 to 19 years of age at school or gainfully employed in certain cities........ Females 14 to 19 years at school or gainfully employed in certain cities............ Distribution of gainfully employed by nativity, 1911 and 1921.................... Variation in proportions employed of native born and immigrants, by industries, 1911 and 1921... 0. ec eee eee eee teen eseseereeresesesessse Distribution of male population 10 years of age and over by nativity, 1921......... Distribution of the female population 10 years of age and over by nativity, 1921.... Percent male population 10 years of age and over is of the total male population, 1921 Percent female population 10 years of age and over is of total female population, 1921 Distribution by nativity of males gainfully employed, 1921....................... Distribution by nativity of females gainfully employed, 1921...................... Percentage of males 10 years of age and over employed, by birthplace, in each province, QD cc ce ee ee EEE Percentage of females 10 years of age and over employed, by birthplace for pro- vinces, 1921... ccc een nent eee Gainfully employed males by occupational groups and birthplaces, 1921............ Gainfully employed females by occupational groups and birthplaces, 1921......... Gainfully employed males in certain occupations, 1921........................... Percent distribution of male worke:s by occupations and birthplace, 1921..:........ Measure of representation of nativity groups in certain occupations, 1921........... Gainfully employed females by occupations and birthplace, 1921.................. Percent distribution of gainfully employed females, 1921.......................... Measure of nativity representation in certain occupations, 1921...................
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vii vii viii viii ix ix
xii xili- xiii xiv
XV xvi
Xvii Xvii xix
XX
Xxil xxiii xx vi
Xxviii
XXIX XXIX Xxxi XXXII
XXxXil XXXili XXXIV
Ixxii Ixxiii
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GENERAL TABLES
. Pace Table 1. Occupations of the population 10 years of age and over, by sex, for Canada, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911 and 1921...........................,.....,..... 2 ‘Table 2. Occupations of the population 10 years of age and over, classified by sex, for - provinces, 1921......................,............. an 10 Tab’e 3. Occupations of the population 10 years of age and over, classified by sex, in cities . of 20,000 population and over, 1921........................,.......... 36 Table 4. Occupations of the population 10 years of age and over, classified by sex and age groups for provinces, 1921. 2 0 6 ..............,.44 4e eee eee eee. 92 Prince Edward Island. .................................,........ 120 Nova Scotia.............,..,:....,,............. eee... 138 New Brunswick...............,,..... sise see 162 Quebec. .................,,...,......,.......................... 188 Ontario...........................,.,,....44..uuteeeeees ... 214 Manitoba. ..................,....,.,,...44 eee 242 Saskatchewan. ..:.............,....,............................ 270 Alberta............................,..................,....4.. » 292 - British Columbia. ...................................... becca eeeee 318 Table 5. Occupations of the population 10 years of age and over classified by sex and age groups, for cities of 30,000 and over, 1921. Calgary. ......................,...,.........,,.,....,,,...... 346 Edmonton.................,,....,...... cence eee eee ees 364 Halifax... 2... cee ee Wedd e teen ence eee eeenens 382 Hamilton. ....................,.,.,,................ Veen eens 400 London............................,.,.......,.,..,....,....... 420 Montreal. ................,,....,...,.,.......,................. 438 Ottawa. :..........,....,..,,,,,.1444. diese eee eee. 460 Quebec. ........................................,.,.,.,......... 480 Regina. .......,........,........,.............................. 498 St. John..............,....,..,,..,...4..4 eee eee 514 Toronto.........,......,..............................eeeici... 532 Vancouver.........................!.......,....,............... 554 Victoria. ...................,.,....4.44 eee eee eee eee eee 574 Windsor.......:............. Diseases eee teen tenet eee ee eneee 594 Winnipeg....................................ieieuueeee.s 610
Table 6. Occupations of the population 10 years of age and over classified by birthplace, | for provinces, 1921. .
Canada......................,,,.....4 eee eee eee 633 Prince Edward Island............................................ 656 Nova Scotia..............,.,......................,............ 670 New Brunswick.......................,,......,.......e.e... 690 Quebec...................,.........,........................... 710 Ontario..............,.,.,.,...,.........,..... eee 732 Manitoba...................,...,....,...............,......... 754 Saskatchewan. ..............,......,,,.......................... 776 Alberta..... Lecce eee eee cece eee aee Lee c cece eee tees 794
SIXTH CENSUS OF CANADA—VOLUME IV
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DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS, CANADA
R. H. COATS, B.A., F.S.S., F.R.S.C., Dominion Statistician E. S. MACPHAIL, Chief Statistician for population
a
|: INTRODUCTION
The statistics of occupations in this volume relate to the population of the nine provinces of the Dominion as constituted June 1, 1921.
The Census enumerators were not required to collect information as to the occupations of the people in the Yukon and Northwest Territories. In the former its relatively small popula- tion is employed chiefly in mining and related occupations, while in the latter the occupations are confined largely to hunting and fishing. The term “Canada” wherever used in this report refers to the nine divisions organized as provinces. |
Scope of the Inquiry.—The questions concerning occupations on the population schedule of the Sixth Census called (1) for a statement of the “profession, occupation or employment” of every person ten years of age and over gainfully employed; (2) for a statement of the industry, business or establishment in which employed and (3) for a statement as to whether the person was an “employer,” “employee” or “working on own account.” The information as to the status of the gainfully employed as employer, employee or working on own account is used only as an aid in classifying occupations of the gainfully employed. The term “gainful worker”, in this report, includes all persons gainfully employed, except women doing housework in their own homes, without salary or wages and having no other “gainful occupation” and children 10 years of age and over who work for their parents at general housework in their own homes, or on the home farm, or at any work or chores while attending school or other institutions of learning. Children, 10 years of age or over, who spend the major portion of their time at home and who materially assist their parents in the performance of work, other than household duties, are reported as of the occupation in which their time is employed.
Method of Classification.—For the classification ‘of occupations, in the 1921 Census, an index of approximately 25,000 items was prepared, primarily for use in connection with the sixth decennial census of Canada. It also forms the basis for occupational analysis of data relating to vital statistics, immigration, etc. The index differentiates the gainfully employed into ten main industrial or occupational divisions, for the purpose of illustrating such points as the relative prevalence of the different industries in various parts of the country, and the relative growth of such industries from the standpoint of numbers employed, classified by sex, age, nativ- ity, etc. The classification of occupations in this report may be referred to as an occupational ‘ classification on an industrial framework. :
In the development of this classification each important industry or occupational group was taken as a separate unit and each of the specific occupations was classified with respect to the kind of work done or service rendered rather than according to the place where the work was performed. The purpose of the occupational classification in the sixth census, as in the fifth, was to tie up each specific occupation to the industry under which it was reported. It is believed this method of classification of occupations will show better than any other the exact occupational status of each and every worker; by this method also studies as regards racial origin, nativity, sex and age of the workers in each industry may be more intelligently carried on. Inferentially, it will also disclose the trades or industries in which workers in the younger ages are preferred, presumably, to meet the demands of maximum production.
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But the construction of a detailed classification of occupations by industry solves only the smaller part of the problem of securing accurate occupation statistics. The problem of following the classification accurately remains. The chief obstacle to following a detailed classification of occupations is the difficulty of securing accurate returns by the census enumerators of technically exact designations of different occupations. In many instances the information regarding the wage earners in the family may be furnished by a member of the family who knows only where the worker is employed, but, not the kind of work or occupation followed in the establishment where employed. This fact makes it impossible, in many cases, for the enumerator to return the occupation of such persons properly; in turn makes it impossible for the classifying clerk to list the occupation in its proper group. For example, in the case of workers in a carriage factory, while some enumerators would specify the particular trade followed by the person, as carpenter, smith, painter, upholsterer, etc., a considerable number would designate the worker simply by the term “carriage builder.” The difficulty is that which results from the attempt to reduce to a fixed and definite classification the occupations of an industrial system, the organization of which is constantly changing.
In addition to the technical difficulties due to the complexity of present-day industrial organization there are certain other difficulties, which are even greater hindrances, in the securing of an accurate return of the specific occupations of the persons enumerated. Chief of these is the employment of untrained enumerators who do not always appreciate the importance of obtaining explicit answers to occupation inquiries and who, have only, a limited knowledge of specific occu- pations and their technical designations. Next in importance is the difficulty of securing absolutely correct returns from persons who are indifferent, or not trained in making accurate statements, or who, as a matter of fact, do not know the precise nature of the occupations followed by persons, other than themselves. In many cases there is no definite line of demarcation between industries. In the same factory, agricultural implements, carriages, tractors, automobiles, ete., may be built. Formerly to a large degree each workman had a definite occupation, so that classification of occupations was a comparatively easy task. Unless these practical difficulties, and the technical difficulty due to the overlapping of industries can be eliminated, accurate enumeration of occu- pations, and, in turn, accurate classification and statistics of occupations are well nigh impossible. Each of these difficulties may be lessened somewhat, but neither can be eliminated entirely.
Changes in Classification of Occupations.—Owing to changes in classification of occupa- tions due (1) to evolution of processes in production and (2) to differences of assignment of the worker in the classification codes at each census, comparisons of numbers reported gainfully employed, are possible only for broad industrial groups. The complexity of present day industrial organizations makes it difficult, sometimes impossible, to determine whether a worker or group of workers belongs to one or other of a variety of occupations. There is also the further difficulty of making comparison between one census and another, because of changes in methods of assign- ment of skilled workers in many trades. For example in 1921, owners, managers, superintendents and foremen are reported as one unit in the several industrial or occupational groups, whereas in the Census. of 1911 they were included in each occupation with the operatives.
Occupational Classes, 1921.—The following gives a general idea of the occupational classes which are included under each industrial group in the 1921 census report of occupations.
(1) Agriculture.—Includes occupations associated with tilling the soil, such as grain growers, stock raisers, gardeners, apiarists, poultry raisers, ete. |
(2) Logging.—Includes foresters, cruisers, scalers, river drivers, shantymen, etc.
(8) Fishing.—Includes persons employed in catching and curing fish, (but not fish canning). (4) Hunters and Trappers.—Includes persons employed in procuring pelts, etc.
(5) Mining and Quarrying.—Includes extraction of minerals and of building materials.
(6) Manufacturing.—Includes workers in vegetable and animal food products, textiles, wood and paper, iron and steel, non ferrous metals, non-metallic minerals, chemicals and allied products, etc.
(7) Construction.—Includes builders in brick, wood and stone, shipbuilding, railroad and canal building, etc.
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(8) Transportation.—Includes carriage by express, steam railways, streét railways, boats and such other occupations as are allied to transportation on land or water.
(9) Trade.—Includes auctioneers, advertising agents, merchants and dealers wholesale and retail, salesmen and saleäwomen, deliverymen and generally, persons employed in and ” about stores.
(10) Finance.—Includes bank managers and clerks, brokers, insurance agents and officials, officials of loan and trust companies, real estate agents, etc.
(11) Service.—Includes custom and repair work (such as blacksmiths, boot and shoe repairers, garage repairmen, watch repairers, etc.); domestic and personal service; professional service (actuaries, architects, engineers, educationalists, dentists, physicians, lawyers, clergymen, religious workers generally); employees of federal and provincial governments and of munici- palities; recreational service (employees in and about theatres, amusement parks, etc.).
While an attempt has been made to assign all workers to an industrial framework, yet there were instances where workers had to be classified as “unspecified” because of lack of specific information. ‘There were also instances where the enumerator entered an occupational designa- tion without stating the industry in which the worker was employed. This usually occurred in cases where the information was supplied by a third person, who had only a vague idea, if any, of the kind of work in which the party in question was employed. This was generally the case where boarding house keepers were required to obtain the census information regarding roomers on the household schedule. These classifications, while not strictly occupational, have an occupa- tional significance.
Office Procedure in 1921.—The clerks employed in classifying the occupations returned on the enumerator’s schedule at the sixth census, used a copy of the alphabetical index to occupa- tions. They examined the schedules and assigned a punch symbol to each occupational designa- tion covered by the index. The symbols were written on the schedule by the classifying clerks and later punched on cards. A separate card was used for each person reported gainfully em- ployed; to this card was transferred by a perforation, for purposes of mechanical sortation and tabulation by electrical machines all the information contained on the population schedule concerning the occupations of the population in relation to sex, age, marital condition, racial origin, birthplace, literacy and school attendance. The cards were then sorted mechanically by the occupation symbol indicated by the perforations.
EXTRACTS FROM BOOK OF INSTRUCTIONS
Chief occupation or trade.—Chief or principal occupation or means of living will be entered in column 29. Anentry should be made in this column for every person of ten } ears and over. The record in column 29 should be either (1) the word or words which most accurately indicate the particular kind of work done by which the individual earns money or money equivalent.—as ‘physician,’ ‘‘carpenter,”’ ‘‘farmer,”’ “stenographer,” ‘‘nurse,”’ etc.; or (2) income;”’ or (3) if no occupation the entry will be “none.” .
Income.—For every person who does not follow a specific occupation but has an independent income, as from investments, pensions, superannuation, etc., the fact should be noted by writing the word ‘‘income’’ in column 29; and the entry ‘‘none’’ should be made for all persons ten years old and over who follow ‘‘no
occupation” and who do not live on ‘‘income.”
Persons retired.—Persons who on account of old age, permanent physical disability or otherwise are no longer following a gainful occupation should not be reported as of the occupation formerly followed. Tf living on their own income the entry should be ‘“‘income”’ but if they are supported gratuitously by other persons or institutions the entry in this column should be “none.”
, Exceptions.—Farmers or business men who have retired from active service but who still control an interest in the farm or enterprise in which formerly engaged are to be returned as under the name of the occupation, business or trade from which their living is obtained, and the entry will be made thus: ‘‘ Farmer
r.” for farmer retired, and ‘‘ Grocer r.’’ for grocer retired, as the case may be.
Persons temporarily unemployed.—Persons who are out of employment when visited by the enum- erator may state that they have no occupation, when the fact is that they usually have an occupation but happen to be idle or unemployed at the time of the visit. In such cases the occupation followed by the person when employed should be obtained and recorded.
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Farm workers.—A person in charge of a farm should be returned as a farmer, whether he owns it or operates it as a tenant, renter or cropper; but a person who manages a farm for someone else for wages or salary should be reported as farm manager or farm overseer; and a person who works on a farm for someone else, but not as manager, tenant or cropper, should be reported as farm labourer.
Women doing housework.—In the case of a woman doing housework in her own home, without salary or wages, and having no other employment, the entry in column 29 should be“‘none.”’” Buta woman working at housework for wages should be returned in column 29 as housekeeper, servant, cook, chamber- - maid, etc., as the case may be; and the entry in column 31 should state the kind of place where she works, as private family, hotel or boarding house. Or if a woman, in addition to doing housework in her own home, regularly. earns money by some other occupation, whether pursued in her own home or outside, the kind of occupation should be stated in column 29 and the place where employed in column 31. For instance, a woman who regularly takes in washing should be reported as laundress or washerwoman in column 29, and the entry ‘at home’’ should be made in column 31.
Children working for parents.—Children of ten 5 ears of age and over who work for their parents at home at general household work, or on the farm, or at any other work or chores, when attending school, should not be recorded as having an occupation. Those, however, who spend the major portion of their time at home, and who materially assist their parents in the performance of work other than household duties, should be reported as of the occupation in which their time is employed.
General or indefinite terms not to be used.—The kind or class of occupation must be stated precisely in column 29, and the place where the person is employed, as‘‘farm,” “ woollen factory,” ‘cotton factory,” ‘coal mine,”’ etc., will be carefully recorded in column 31. The occupation or trade of any person should not be described in column 29 by such indefinite terms as ‘‘ manufacturer,” “merchant,” ‘‘cotton mill employee,’’ “labourer,” ‘‘miner,’’ ‘manager,’ etc. A worker in a mine may be described in column 29 by his precise designation as miner, labourer, driver, foreman, driller, etc., but unless the kind or class of mine in which he operates is stated in column 31, the record will be useless for compilation into statistical tables.
Mechanic.—The word ‘‘mechanic”’ should be avoided in all cases, and the exact occupation given, as carpenter, blacksmith, painter, etc. Generally the term means one who has the art of using tools in shaping wood, metal, etc., as a handicraftsman or artisan; but this is not the sense in which it is to be understood in taking a census of the trade or occupation of the people. Specify the trade by its particular name in common use.
Doctors or physicians.—In the case of a doctor or physician enter in column 29 the word “doctor” and in column 31 the class to which he belongs, as medical, osteopathic, chiropractic, etc.
Engineers.—The different kinds of engineers should be carefully distinguished by stating the full descriptive title in column 29 as civil engineer, electrical engineer, locomotive engineer, mechanical enginecr, mining engineer, stationary engineer, etc., and in column 31 how or where employed as ‘private practice’’ or give company with whom or piece of work upon which employed, as “bridge work,” ‘‘road construc- tion,’’ ‘‘railway,’’ etc.
Agent.—The different kinds of ‘‘agents’’ should be carefully distinguished by stating in column 31 the line of business followed.
Retail or wholesale merchants.—The enumerator will distinguish carefully between retail and wholesale merchants; the kind or class will be entered in column 29 as retail or wholesale, and the kind of business, as dry goods, groceries, hardware, etc., will be entered in column 31. .
Clerk.—The use of the word ‘‘clerk”’ should be avoided whenever a more definite occupation can be named. Thus a person in a store who is engaged in selling goods should be recorded as a‘‘salesman” or a “‘saleswoman.’’ A stenographer, typist, accountant, bookkeeper, cashier, etc., should be reported as such, and not as clerk. :
Workers attending school.—In the case of a person who is at work and also attends a school or college, enter the occupation followed in columns 29 and 31 and indicate the fact of school or college attendance in column 28 by entering the number of months in school or college. In such cases make a dash (—) in column 34 opposite this name.
Labourer.—The term ‘‘labourer’’ should be avoided if any more precise statement of the occupation can be secured. Employees in factories and mills, for example, usually have some definite designation, as weaver, roller, puddler, etc. Where the term “‘labourer’’ is used, be careful to state accurately the industry in column 31.
Caution.—The enumerator need not enter a person’s occupation just as he expresses it. He should always find out exactly the kind of work he does and the industry, business or place in which he works, and so state it. For instance, if a person says that he is ‘‘in business,” the enumerator should find out in what branch of business and kind of work he does or what position he holds.
Illustrations of occupations.—The following examples will illustrate the method of returning some of the common occupations on the population schedule in 1921 census (column 29) and places of employment or industry (column 31); these will also suggest to enumerators the distinctions which they are to make in the nearly two thousand other occupational classes.
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Column 29 Column 31 - Column 29 Column 31 labourer farm miner copper labourer street miner silver labourer odd jobs miner gold (placer) labourer garden miner gold (quartz) labourer nursery mucker ‘coal labourer railroad messenger bank labourer ditching messenger express co. labourer wharf salesman bicycles labourer gold mine salesman furs labourer coal mine salesman groceries labourer lead mine salesman dry goods labourer iron mine inspector bank labourer gravel pit inspector gas labourer stone quarry inspector school labourer cotton mill stenographer government warper cotton mill stenographer municipal weaver cotton mill stamper woollen mill folder cotton mill carver piano factory doffer cotton mill carver furniture spinner cotton mill ongineer locomotive manager boarding house engineer lumber mill manager bank engineer steamboat. . manager flour mill engincer mechanical manager piano factory engineer electrical cook hotel spinner woollen mill cook private family president life insurance co. superintendent cotton factory president fire insurance co. superintendent dry goods store president bank superintendent insurance blacksmith _ general miner coal blacksmith .: carriage factory miner lead blacksmith car shop
The attached copy of the section of the population schedule under which was recorded the occupations of the people illustrates the references to column numbers.
PROFESSION, OCCUPATION, AND EMPLOYMENT
DS
Employer |'‘a’ If “Employer” statel 4, S 8 2.8 Ze à co principal product. TES Som 33 28 BÈSE Employee |‘‘b’’ If ‘Employee’ state Eee Pon Bag. Boas Chief occupation or trade. or whereemployedas “farm’’) “2 Zo . Bog 825 RTE (Be specific, give as definite] Worker | ‘‘cotton mill’ “foundry’’ a à ÉB8o El à st ph © information as possible). “wo “erocery,’’ etc. eas omg Bese say a Working on|‘‘c’’ If on ‘‘own account”) 399 a 2 g ae g BE g& own account State nature of Pa de opie 35 4g g ong “ aa work, a g ae Z3 2
29 30 31 32 : 33 34 35
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. Column 30.—Employer, Employee or Working on Own Account.—If persons such as millowners, storekeepers, manufacturers, large farmers, etc., employ helpers other than domestic servants in their own business, they are to be classed as employers, and the entry ‘‘E”’ (for employer) made in this column. The term ‘employer’ does not include managers, superintendents, foremen, agents or other persons who may engage help to carry on a business, but who are conducting the enterprise for some other person than themselves. All such persons should be returned as employees, for while any one of these.may employ per- sons, none of them does so in transacting his own business. Thus no individual working for a corporation, either as an officer or otherwise, should be returned as an employer.
Employee.—A person who works for salary or wages, whether he be the general manager of a bank, railway or manufacturing establishment or only a day labourer, is an employee, and should be so recorded, and the entry ‘‘W’’ (for wage-earner) made in this column. The term employee does not include such persons as lawyers, doctors and others who work for fees, and who in their work are not subject to the control and direction of those whom they serve. A domestic servant should always be returned as an employee, although the person employing a domestic servant may not always be returned as an employer.
Working on own account.—Persons who are employed in gainful occupations and who are neither employers nor emgloyees are considered to be working on their own account, and the entry ‘‘O.A.” (for own account) made in column 30. Such persons as farmers, physicians, lawyers, small storekeepers, country blacksmiths, etc., who employ no helpers,—in short, independent workers who neither receive pay nor salaries or regular wagcs—are to be classed as working on own account. Dressmakers, washer- women, laundresses or other persons of similar occupations who work out by the day are employees, but if they perform the work in their own home or shop they are to be classed as working on own account unless they employ helpers, in which case they are to be returned as employers.
Domestic gainful and non-gainful occupations.—If married women or other female dependents or children of ten years or over carry on a gainful or wage-earning occupation in any capacity, the kind of occupation will be given, and they will be classed as employers or employees, as the case may be; but if they are only carrying on domestic affairs in a household without wages they are not to be classed as having any occupation.
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Piece-work at home.—A person doing piece-work at home will be entered in column 29 according to the occupation, whether employed under contract or agreement with a manufacturer or other employer of labour, or as help to the person so employed, and will be classed in column 30 as an employee by the etter ‘“‘W.
Column 31.—Place of occupation.—Column 31 asks where the person whose occupation or trade is denoted in column 29 is employed. Tor example, if the person named in column 3 is described in column 29 as ‘‘labourer,”” then in this column the class or kind of work he does must be given, as ‘‘odd jobs,” “street work,” “garden,” ‘‘railway,” ‘‘saw-mill,”’ “stone quarry,”’ ete., and similarly for every person whose occupation or trade is specified in column 29. :
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Population 10 years of age and over, 1881-1921.—The statistics of occupations being restricted to the population 10 years of age and over reported gainfully employed on the census records, the total population reported for this age group for the census years 1881-1921 are given in Table I, by sex, while in Table II the per cent proportion of males to females is shown. As bearing on the displacement of males by females which is more particularly referred to on page xili, it may be noted that in every 1,000 population 10 years of age and over there were 506 males to 494 females in 1881; in 1891 it was 510 to 490; in 1901, 512 to 488. In 1911 the proportion of females made a further drop to 462 per 1,000. In the last census, however, owing to the drain on the male population by the Great War and the cessation of immigration during the war years and the period immediately following, the increasing disparity in the sex equation was arrested, the proportion of males to females 10 years of age and over by the 1921 census
-being 519 to 481. As might be expected, there was a larger proportion of males to females in the prairie provinces and British Columbia than in the eastern provinces. The larger proportion of males to females reported for the western provinces was due to migration and immigration.
TABLE I—NUMBER OF MALES AND FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, BY PROVINCES, FOR CENSUS YEARS, 1881-1921
ee Le EEE —————_— n
1881 1891 1901 191k 1921 Provinces —_ — ——— | en Male | Female] Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Canada(1)......... 1,599, 029) 1,563, 093) 1,841,005) 1,770, 877/2, 082, 153] 1,981, 790/2, 985, 645/2, 548, 743|3, 461, 238/3, 209,998
Prince Edward Island 40,165} 40,170] 41,010) 40,962} 39,683] 39,611] 36,8321 26,796] 35,031) 34,192 162,601] 164,124) 172,909] 171,142] 180,441] 174,049] 193,141] 184,989] 205,528] 198,048
120,574! 115,650) 122,286} 118,170} 127,868} 123,249) 136,196] 129,453] 148,959) 143.084 481,464) 488,066] 534,897] 538,918| 600,200] 601,095| 737,401| 717,930 868,377) 868,946 723,735) 702,007| 822,433 805,431} 866,150] 861,886|1,043,188| 974, 632/1,173,349}1, 151.115 28,200) 20,056} 62,887} 47,469) 103,780] 82,500) 192,815! 149,498! 240,602] 211.503
17,833] 17,684 { 18,204) 13,864) 37,702] 29,806] 228,364] 139,322] 302,423] 235,462
. ’ , 12,509 8,651} 27,520] 19,916] 179,062! 107,576] 245,906| 188,160 sers 24,457] 15,336] 53,870) 26,270) 98,719) 49,678] 218,646] 108,547| 241,063| 179,488
TT ————— ———_—_—_—"_—— "+"
() Exclusive of the Yukon and the Northwest Territories.
TABLE II.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ACCORD- | ING TO SEX BY PROVINCES, FOR CENSUS YEARS, 1881-1921 :
oan ee eee 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921
Provinces — — — Male | Female! Male } Female] Male | Female] Male | Female| Male | Female En Pre | pe | pe. | pe. | pe. | po | pe | pe. | pe | pe Canada (1).......... | 50-56) 49-44] 50-97} 49-03] 61-23) 48-77] 53-78| 46-22] 51-88] 48.12 Prince Edward Island............ 50-00! 50-00) 50-03; 49-97| 50-05} 49-95] 50-02} 49-98] 50-61] 49-30
Nova Scotia....... New Brunswick. Quebec...
49-77! 50-23] 50-26) 49-74) 50-901 49-10] 51-08] 48-92| 50-93] 49-07 51-04! 48-96) 50-86] 49-14] 50-92] 49-08} 51-27 48-731 51-01] 48-99 49-66] 50-34) 49-81) 50-19] 49-961 50-04! 50-67| 49-33] 49-98] 50-02 50-76) 49-241 50-52] 49-48) 50-12] 49-88) 51.70] 48-30! 50-48 49-52
Manitoba. . 58-44) 41-56] 56-99) 43-01] 55-71] 44-29] 56-33] 43-67| 53-22} 46-78 Saskatchewan. 50-241 49-76 56-77) 43-28) 55-91] 44-09] 62-11] 37-89] 56-22] 43-78 Alberta.......... 59-12} 40-88) 58-01) 41-99] 62-47] 37-53] 56.65] 43.35
British Columbia. . 61-46) 38-54] 67-22) 32-78) 66-52) 33-48] 66-82| 33-18] 57-32] 42-68
(1) Exclusive of the Yukon and the Northwest Territories.
xill
Persons Gainfully Employed.—Table III gives the population 10 years of age and over in the nine provinces of Canada, by sex, for whom an occupation was reported at each decennial census since 1881. In the census of that year only in a few instances was a record reported of an
* occupation classification for females. Of the total population 10 years of age and over 43-6 per cent were reported with an occupation in 1881 as against 44-5 per cent in 1891; in 1901 the per cent proportion gainfully employed dropped to 43-9 per cent or nearly to the figure of 1881. In the 1911 census the percentage of the population 10 years of age and over gainfully employed advanced to 49-4 per cent, to drop to 47-6 per cent in 1921. These variations, in the per cent proportion gainfully employed, may be due to one of several causes such as change of date of census, efficiency of enumerators, etc. In 1921 the fall may be assumed to reflect, to some degree, financial and economic readjustments following the war.
TABLE III—POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS FOR CANADA! FOR CENSUS YEARS, 1881-1921
aoe SSS eS SS oe oe osSaaae—S——sa>am
Persons 10 years and over . for whom ozcupation was recorded Total Population | ——————
Sex and census year : 10 years Per cent of population and over Number Per cent population population 2° dover ~ No. No. No. p.c. p.c. 4,306,118 | 3,162,122 1,377,585 31-99 43-56 4,801,071 3,611,882 | 1,606,369 33-45 44-47 5,318,606 | 4,063,943 1,782,832 33-52 43-86 1911... | 7,179,650 | 5,514,388 | 2,723,634 37:93 49-39 1921... see ee eeeee Sn 8,775,853 | 6,671,236 | 3,173,169 36-16 47-56 2,179,703 | 1,599,029] (2?) €) (?) 2,444,312 1,841,005 1,410,379 57-70 76-61 2,715,436 | 2,082,153 1,544,883 56-89 74-19 3,806,141 2,965,645 | 2,358,813 61-97 79:54 4,522,512 | 3,461,238 | 2,683,019 59-33 77:52 2,126,415 | 1,563,093 () €) (2) 2,356,759 1,770,877 195,990 8-31 11-07 2,603,170 | 1,981,790 237,949 91-14 12-01 3,373,509 | 2,548,743 364,821 10-81 14-31 4,253,341 3,209,998 490, 150 11:52 15:27
Exclusive of the Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Occupational statistics not given by sex in 1881.
Per cent of Population Gainfully Employed.—Table IV gives the per cent proportion ~ of the male and female population 10 years of age and over reported with an occupation by provinces, at each Census since 1881. From 1891, the first census for which a complete classi- fication of males and females by occupations was made, to 1901 there was, for Canada as a whole, a decrease in the percentage of males 10 years of age and over reported gainfully employed at census dates. On the other hand, there was an increase in the percentage of females gainfully emp'oyed reported at each census over the preceding one. The increase in the proportion of employed females synchronizes with the more general introduction of typewriters and other mechanical office appliances, in the operation of which women have shown marked ability.
For Canada as a whole, males registered a decrease of 2-42 per cent from 1891 to 1901; the betterment in per cent proportion of gainfully empioyed males shown by the census of 1911 over 1901 was not maintained in 1921. This falling off was more pronounced in Ontario, the Prairie provinces and British Columbia than in Quebec and the Maritime provinces.
From 1881 to 1891 there was an increase in total population of 11-5 per cent and in the number gainfully employed of 16-6 per cent; from 1891 to 1901 population all ages increased by 10-8 per cent and the gainfully employed by a somewhat larger figure. In the next decennium the total population of Canada, exclusive of the Yukon and Northwest Territories, increased by 34-99 per cent. For the same period the ga nfully employed showed an increase of 52-8 per cent, which represents a ten year absolute gain of 940,802 in the number of persons gainfully employed. In the decade 1911-1921 the total population of the nine provinces increased by 22-2 per cent, while the gainfully employed both sexes showed an increase of 449,535 or 16-5 per cent over the figure for the previous census.
XIV
The proportion of females 10 years of age and over, reported as gainfully employed, increased by nearly 38 per cent in the 30 years following 1891. The smallest gain in female workers was in Nova Scotia, with less than 10 per cent in the tricennium, while the greatest increase, 64-8 per cent was shown in Manitoba, closely followed by Quebec with a thirty year increase of more than 63 per cent in the proportion of females gainfully employed.
From 1891 to 1921 the number of gainfully employed females in Canada increased from 195,990 to 490,150, being a gain of 294,160 or 150-1 per cent in 30 years. From 1891 to 1901 female workers increased by 41,959 or 21-4 per cent; from 1901 to 1911 the increase was 126,872 or 53-3 per cent, while from 1911 to 1921 there was an increase of 125,329 or 34-4 per cent. Concerning the employment of women in gainful occupations by provinces, we find that Ontario, Quebec and Manitoba, in the order named, have the greatest proportion of the female population! employed gainfully.
TABLET IV.—PER CENT OF THE MALE AND FEMALE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, MPLOYED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS, BY PROVINCES, FOR CENSUS YEARS 1881-1921
- 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 Provinces | | | ——__ Persons! Male | Female] Male | Female] Male | Female] Male | Female p.c p.c pc. | pe p.c p.c p.c p.c p.c Canada (1)....................... 43-56 | 76-61 | 11-07 | 74-19 | 12-01 | 79-54 | 14-31 | 77-52 15-27 Prince Edward Island 42-44 | 77-23 9-83 | 75-88 8-82 | 75:90 | 10-73 | 77-22 11-86 Nova Scotia.....,..,......... 43-32 77-99 13-20 | 76-24 10:60 | 77-14 13-17 | 76-28 14-53 New Brunswick. 44-57 | 77-08 11:38 | 76:68 | 11-20 | 75-83 12-73 | 75-82 13-88 Quebec.......... 43-93 | 74-30 9-84 | 72-42 12-85 | 74:87 | 14-08 | 74-44 16-01 Ontario........ 43-88 | 77:30 | 11-72 | 74-50 | 12-60 | 80-15 15-89 | 78-70 16-95 Manitoba ences 48-00 | 80-57 9-09 | 74:60 | 10:39 HY $5 14 85 76-87 4 8 askatchewan.. ‘ Alberta... 11-24 |) 67-59 | 4-41 | 69-12} 6-02!) 83.50 | 11.08 | 79-34 | 11-24 British Columbia 45-19 | 83-45] 11-70 77-53 9-58 | 86-66 | 15-31 80-57 14-21
(1) Exelusive of Yukon and Northwest Territories.
Ratio of Female to Male Workers.—The ratio of female to male workers is shown in Table V. From 1911 to 1921 the ratio of female to male workers greatly increased. In some provinces the gain reached nearly 50 per cent, while for the nine provinces as a whole the pro- portion of female to male workers advanced by nearly 31-7 per cent from 1891 to 1921.
It may here be noted that in every census women, performing household duties in their own home, are not regarded as being “gainfully employed” and are therefore not included in the statistics of occupations. This restriction in the classification index of occupations is purely, arbitrary. In the agriculture class, particularly, the women of the family perform as large and as important proportion of the farm work, as do the male portion thereof. ‘To have included them in the present compilations would, however, have destroyed comparability with previous enumer- ations.
TABLE V.—THE RATIO OF FEMALE TO MALE PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER GAINFULLY PLOYED, FOR. PROVINCES, 1891-1921 te
Number of female workers to every 1,000 male workers
Provinces a ee
1891 1901 1911 1921
No. No. No. No. . Canada (1).................,,,....,,...2 Lace eee e ees 139 “154 155 183 Prince Edward Island... un 127 116 141 150 Nova Scotia... ..... a 168 134 164 184 New Brunswick . 143 141 160 . 176 Quebec o 134 178 183 215 Ontario.........,.......,..,..,...,,.......sesses 149 168 185 211 Manitoba. ....................,.....,.. 85 111 142 171 Saskatchewan............. 48 } 66 68 103 Alberta................... 80 108 British Columbia. ..........,...............,..,...2..,,,...,,... 68 62 88 -131
@) Exclusive of Yukon and Northwest Territories.
XV
Changes in Classification Index, of Occupations.—As the classification index of occu- pations has changed materially from census to census, it became necessary in fixing a general basis of comparability as between census years to arrange the gainfully employed at each census according to the published groupings of 1881. For this purpose certain rearrangement of items was necessary, with the result that in many instances the numbers reported for some of the occupational groups in Tables VI and VII are different from those e appearing in the census reports for 1891, 1901, 1911 and 1921.
Table VI gives the number of persons reported in each industrial group by census years 1881-1921. As previously stated all occupations were not compiled by sex for 1881, therefore, totals only for that census are given. Table VII gives the per cent distribution of the population 10 years of age and over employed in gainful occupations for each census since 1881 classified according to the 1881 categories.
In the tables, which distribute the gainfully employed by industries, ‘all persons who are connected with an industry in any capacity are included in the totals for that particular industry. For example, female office clerks whose earnings are derived from building trades are classified thereunder and similarly for other occupations.
It is interesting to note that although there was an absolute increase of 315,782 or 44-6 per cent in the number of males 10 years of age and over employed in agriculture from 1901 to 1921 that the proportion reported in agriculture of the total gainfully employed dropped from 45-8 per cent in 1901 to 38-2 per cent in 1921. In this connection it is interesting to note that ‘ from 1901 to 1921 the number of occupied farms increased by more than 200,000 or 39 per cent and their average size by nearly 74 acres or from 124 acres in 1901 to 198 acres in 1921. - During the same period the average acreage of improved land in farms increased from 59 acres to 99-4 acres and the total value of all agricultural products in 1900 was $364,400,000 as against $1,508,000,000 in 1920 or an increase in 20 years of 314 per cent.
TABLE VI.-NUMBER OF PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, GAINFULLY EMPLOYED, CLASSI- FIED BY SEX FOR CANADA IN CENSUS YEARS, 1891-1921, GROUPED, AS IN 1881
1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 Industries Both | a ee a a a a a Sexes Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female No. No No No No. No No No No Agriculture............. 662,266 | 723,013 12,194 | 707,924 8,936 | 917,848 15,887 |1,023,706 17,912 Building trades......... 230,873 | 185,599 - | 213,264 43 | 245,990 211 284,052 627 Domestic and personal Bervice................ 78,184 38,275 91,415 52,473 | 101,475 75,133 | 137,005 77,783 134,632 Civil and municipal Ê government........... 7,938 17,500 767 16,414 892 72,531 4,073 81,959 12,582 Fishing and hunting..... 28,500 29,841 204 27,197 28 34,547 265 29,241 51 Forestry wee 8,116 12,812 - 16,784 - 42,901 13 39,808 7 Manufactures.. 173,436 | 174,829 62,490 | 213,956 69,941 | 392,781 | 100,435 | 449,348 106,410 Mining........ 7,160 16,124 3 28, 646 4 62,706 61 50,860 203 Miscellaneous. . 13,005 ~ - 451 39 - - ~ - Professional............. 48,461 42,572 20,051 44,899 38,320 62,781 57,835 | 103,479 118,670 Trade and merchan- dising................. 78,905 | 101,714 7,918 | 143,248 17,162 | 240,903 42,184 | 295,836 77,911 Transportation.......... 40,741 68,100 948 79,647 1,109 | 210,692 6,852 | 246,947 21,145
Total employed... .|1,377,585 |1,410,379 | 195,990 |1,544,888 | 237,949 |2,358,813 | 364,821 |2,683,019 490,150
Population 10 years of age and over..... 8,162,122 |1,841, 005 1, re a 2,082,152 11,981,790 [2,965,645 |2,548, 743 (3,461, 238 3,209,998 Percentage employed 43: 56 76: 74-19 12-01 79° 54 14-31 97-52 15-27
—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_ ————
.
xvi
TABLE VII.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED, 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, FOR CANADA, (1) 1881-1921, GROUPED, AS IN 1881
en eet Per cent of total workers in cach industry ‘
1881 1891 7 poil 1911 1921 Industries Fe ———— | —_——————
Fe- 'e- Fe- Fe- Total | Male male Total | Male male Total Male male Total] Male male Total pc. | pc. | p.c. | p.c. | p.c. | p.c. | p.c. | p.c. | p.c. | p.c. | pc. | p.c. | p.e. Total Workers........... 109-0| 109-0] 100-0) 100-6) 100-0! 100-0) 100-0| 100-0| 100-0) 100-0/ 100-0| 100-0| 100-0 Agriculture... . 48-1) 51-3) 6-2) 45-81 45-8) 3-8! 40-2] 38-9] 4-4) 34-3] 38-2] 3-7! 32.8 Building trades. 16-8] 13-2 -| 1: 13-8 ~| 12-0) 10-4 - 9-0] 10-6) 0-1 9-0 Domestic and p2 5-6] 2-8] 46-7) 8-1] 3-4] 42-6] 8-7] - 3-2] 37-6) 7-7] 2-0] 27-5] 6.7 Civil and municipal government..| 0-6] 1-2) 0-4) 1-1 1-1] O4] 1-OF 3-1] 1-1] 2-8] 3-1] 2-6) 3.0 Fishing and hunting........... . 2-1 21 0-1 1-9 1-8 - 1:5 1-5 - 1:3 1-1 - 0-9 Forestry...... .. 0-6| 0-9 - 0-8) 1-1 - 0-9 1:8 - 1-6 1:5 - 1-3 Manufacture: 12-6] 12-3; 31-9] 14-7] 13-8) 29-4) 16-0) 16-6] 27-5{ 18-1) 16-7] 21-7| 17-5 Mining...... 0-5 1-41 - 1-0) 1-8 - 1-6 2-6 - 2:3 1-9 - 1-6 Miseellaneous. ce. 1-0 - - - - - - - - - - - - Professional................. 3-5 3-0) 10-2) 3-9 2-9) 16-1 4-6 2-7) 15-9 4:51 3-8) 24.2 7-0 Trade and merchandising.........| 5:7| 7-2) 4-0] 6-8} 9-3] 7-2! 9-0} 10-2] 11-6} 10-4[ 11-0] 15-9] 11-8 Transportation. ................. 2-9] 4-9] 0-5) 4-3] 5-2] 0-5] 4-5) 9-0 1-9) 8-0) 9-2) 4:3 8-4
(1) Exclusive of Yukon and Northwest Territories,
Relative Rank of Occupational Groups in 1911 and 1921 on Basis of 1911 Classifica- tion.—In Table VIII the different industries are arranged by rank based on the number of male workers in 1911 and 1921 classified as in 1911 for Canada as a whole. The industries are arranged in the table according to place occupied in 1921. It will be observed, that with one or two excep- tions there was no change in relative positions in 1921 as compared with 1911. On the basis of the 1911 classification, agriculture comes first as a means of gainful employment in 1911 and 1921 for Canada and for every province, excepting British Columbia, in which it held second place in 1921 as against fourth place in 1911. In this province manufactures occupied first place, as a medium of employment, at both census years.
It is interesting to note, that the order in rank of industries for Ontario in 1921 is similar to that for all Canada. The changes in position from 1911 to 1921 are not very marked for any province, which signifies that no pronounced variations in economie conditions have taken place in any province or in Canada as a whole in this decade. That is to say, the relative rank of each industry measured as an economic factor in the life of the nation has not undergone any great change from 1911 to 1921.
TABLE VILI—INDUSTRIES ARRANGED ACCORDING TO RANK, BASED ON NUMBER OF MALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER GAINFULLY EMPLOYED IN 1911 AND 1921, CLASSIFIED AS IN 1911
Ni Provinces ine Pro- | Prince New ‘ . British : : Nova : Mani- | Saskat- Industries vinces |Edward . Bruns- uebec | Ontario Alberta| Col- Island Scotia wick Q toba | chewan umbia
1911) 1921] 1911} 1921) 1911/1021/ 1911) 1921/1921) 1921) 1911/1928) 1911) 1921) 1911) 1921/1911) 1921/1911; 1921
Agriculture................ J) af dy ry ory ory ay oie ayouyoiuyoagi. 1|[ 1] 1] 4 2 Manufactures.............. 21 2) 47 2] 2] 2] 2) 2] 2] 2] 2] 5} 4 5) 5] 4 1 1 Trade and merchandising.. 31 41 3] 6] 6] 4] 51 4] 4] 38] 8] 21 2 21 3] 23 5 3 Building trades............ 41 31 2] 5] 37 3] 3} 8] 3) 4] 4] 3] 5 4] 41 5] 3 5 Transportation. wee 5; 67 5] 7] 5] &] 41 5| 5] 51 5| 4] 3 31 27 3] 2 4 Professional............... 6) 7] 7] uM) 8] 91 8] 8] 6] 8! 6] 7] 6 6] 9} 7] 10 9 71 9] 8} 81 9] 10) 9] 6] 8! 7] 7] 8] 7 8/ 8] 91-9] 10
8] 81 9] 10; 10] 8] 10) 7] 7] 6] 8] 6] 8 71 6] 8f 8 8
QO} ly; i] 37 44 11] tl] 107 10) 9! 9] OF 10 10! 7] 6| 6 7
10} 10] 10; 9] IL; 67 6] 9! 9110 lil lulu! 7 6
5} 6] 4] 7) 7|[ 7|11|11|11 10] 9 9] 10] 10) 11] 11
NL
xvii
Industries Ranked in 1921 by Number of Males Employed.—Table IX shows the rank which each industry occupies in the economic structure of the country based on the occu- pational classification adopted for the compilation of occupations in 1921, while the previous table shows what it would have been if the 1911 classification had been followed. The place won by each industry is determined by the nuu.ber of males 10 years of age and over reported
_employed therein by the records of the 1921 census.
TABLE IX.—INDUSTRIES ARRANGED ACCORDING TO RANK, BASED ON NUMBER OF MALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, GAINFULLY EMPLOYED IN i921
Rank according to proportion of gainfully employed males, 1921
Industry ee eee tne at cn a at RR RR RR tA AR Canada| P.E.I.{ N.S. | N.B. | Que. Ont. | Man. | Sask. | Alta. | B.C.
Agriculture. eee en bees 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 Manufactures..................... 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 5 5 2 1 6 (; 3 2 7 4 3 3 2 2 3 4 Transportation.,....:..,...,...,. - 4 5 5 3 - 4 4 3 3 2. 3 Construction..................... 5 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 6 6 Professional......,......,......., 6 7 9 9 6 7 6 7 8° 9 Public Administration... ......... 7 8 8 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 Domestic and personal........... 8 9 10 8 7 8 8 6 7 8 Logging, fishing and trapping..... 9 3 4 5 9 9 10 9 10 75 Mining.....................,..... 10 - 3 10 10 10 9 10 4 7
Population by Sex and Age.—Table X gives the numerical distribution of the population in 1921 by age periods first for the two sexes combined and then for each sex separately. An occupation was entered on the population schedule for-every person 10 years of age and over who was reported with a gainful occupation.
64554
xviii
TABLE X.—NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL, MALE AND FEMALE POPULATION BY CERTAIN AGE-GROUPS FOR PROVINCES, 1921
Age perfods Provinces All ages 10 65 Under 10 and over| 10-17 18-19 20-34 35-49 50-64 À and over BOTH SEXES No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No.
8,775,853) 2,104,617) 6,671, 236/ 1,404,596) 398,831) 2,048,692] 1,610,059, 880,268) 418,790
88,615 19,392 69,223] . 14,815 3,290 18,046 13,849 10,721 8,502 523,837) 120,261) 403,576 89,357 19,767| 113,967 86,212 56,383 37,890 387,876 95,833] 292,043 67,601 15,177 83,955 61,392 39,954 23,964
2,361,199] 623,876] 1,737,323| 425,438 92,271) 630,739) 370,842! 209,772) 108,261 2,933,662) 609,198) 2,324,464] 430,233 99,750] 701,485) 571,207) 349,858] 171,931 610,118] 158,013) 452,105 99,591 20,868| 147,157) 113,627 51,890 18,972
. 757,510} 219,625] 537,885] 120,203 24,233] 182,949) 140,147, 53,225 17,128 ...[ 588,454) 154,388] 434,066 89,065 18,845) 145,747] 118,952 47,670 13,787
British Columbia....... 524,582) 104,031) 420,551 68,293 14,630| 124,647 133,831 60,795 18,355
MALE No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Canada (1)....... 4,522,512] 1,061,274] 3,461,238) 708,355) 155,406] 1,040,686) 873,979] 468,667] 214,145 P.E. Island... 44,887 9,856 35,031 7,608 1,681 9,000 6,946 5,428 4,368
266,472 60,944] 205,528 45,424 9,815 57,126 45,334 29,267; 18,562 197,351 48,392) 148,959 34, 196: 7,644 41,835 32,058 20,963 12,263 1,180,028] 311,651} 868,377| 211,990 45,434, 259,374) 190,798] 106,715 54,066 1,481,890] 308,541) 1,173,349] 217,141 49,985| 347,083] 295,053] 178,159 85,948 320,567 79,965| 240,602 50,389 10,597 75,976 63,871 29,392 10,377
.| 413,700! 111,277) 302,423 61,497 12,796] 101,554 85,154 31,573 9,849 .| 324,208 78,302] 245,905 45,571 10,066 81,148 72,128 28,920 8,073
Briel Columb: DRE 293,409 52,346] 241,063 34,539 7,388 67,610 82,637 38,250 10,639
Nova Scotia.
FEMALE
No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 4,253,341| 2,043,343] 3,209,998} 696,241) 153,425] 1,008,006] 736,08 411,601[ 204,645
43,728] 9,536 34,192 7,207 1,609 9,046 6,903 5,293 4,134 257,365 59,317| 198,048 43,933 9,952 56,841 40,878 27,116 19,328 190,525 47,441] 143,084 33,405 7,533 42,120) 29,334 18,991 11,701 1,181,171] 312,225] 868,946] 213,448 46,837| 271,365] 180,044} 103,057 54,195 i0........,........ 1,451,772] 300,657) 1,151,115] 213,092 49,765| 354,422) 276,154) 171,699 85,983 289,551 78,048; 211,503 49,202 10,271 71,181 49,756) 22,498 8,595 343,810) 108,348] 235,462 58, 706 11,437 81,395 54,993 21,652 7,279 264,246 76,086] 188,160 43,494 8,779 64,599 46,824 18,750 5,714 231,173 51,685] 179,488 33,754 57,037) 51,194 22,545 7,716
Canada ().......
P.E. Island............. Nova Scotia... New Brunswick...
(1) Exclusive of the Yukon and the Northwest Territories.
Table XI gives the per cent distribution of the population shown by numbers in the previous table. For both sexes combined, 76 per cent of the population of Canada (exclusive of the terri- tories) were returned as 10 years of age and over, and 24 per cent as under 10 years. British Columbia, with 80-2 per cent in the higher age group, exceeded every other province in this pro- portion; Saskatchewan, with only 71 per cent of its > population past the 10th birthday was at the other extreme.
For the Dominion as a whole the proportion of males who were 10 years of age was slightly higher than for females, being 76-5 per cent as against 75-5 per cent. Differences in this respect between the two sexes were slight in the east, moderate in Manitoba and quite marked in the three western-most provinces. For each sex, Saskatchewan showed the smallest proportions at
xix
10 years and over, 73-1 per cent for males and 68-5 per cent for females. British Columbia had the highest proportion for males, 82-2 per cent, while Ontario held the corresponding position for fernales with 79-3 per cent of their number past the tenth birthday.
TABLE XI.—PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL, MALE AND FEMALE POPULATION BY : CERTAIN AGE-GROUPS FOR PROVINCES, 1921
a , 2 ww oes
Per cent proportion of total population in age groups
, . Provinces . Sar ar nn EENEET Er ages | Under | 10 and | 19.47 | 18-19 | 2034 | 3549 | 50-64 [65 and BOTH SEXES
a
p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. Canada (1)....................... 100.00 | 23-98 | 36-02 | 16-01] 3-52 | 23-34 | 18-35 | 10.03 | 4-77 Prince Edward Island..…................... 100-00 | 21-88} 78-12] 16.72 | 3-71] 20-37 | 15.63 | 12-10] 9-59 Nova Scotia........ "") 100-00 | 22-06 | 77-04 | 17-06 | 3-77 | 21.76 | 16-46 | 10.76 | 7.23 New Brunswick *"} 400-00 | 24-71 | 75-29 | 17-43 | 3-01] 21-64 | 15-83] 10-30] 6-18 Quebee....... “| 400-00 | 26-42 | 73-58] 18-02 | 3-01 | 22.48 | 15.71 | 8-88] 4:58 Ontario. © 100-00 | 20-77 | 70-23 | 14-67] 3-40} 23-91 | 19-47 | 11.02 | 5.86 Manitoba... "1100-00 | 25-90 | 74-10| 16-32 | 3-421 24-12] 18-62] 8-51{ 3-11 Saskatchewan. © [00-00 | 28-99} 71-01 | 15-87 | 3-20] 24-15 | 18.50 | 7-03] 2-26 Alberta......... “| 100.00 | 28-24] 73-76 | 15-14] 3-20 | 24-77] 20-21] 8-10] 2-34 British Columbia... 100-00 | 19-83 | 80-17 | 13-02 | 2-79 | 23-76 | 25.51 | 11.59 | - 3-80 a
MALE
a
p.c p.c p.c. p.c p.c p.c. p.c. p.c p.c Canada (1)... 100.60 | 23-47 | 76-53| 25.66! 3.44| 23-01| 19-33] 0.36 | 4-73
Prince Edward Island..................... . : : + 3-75 | 20-05 15-47 12-09 9-73 Nova Scotia.......... : “77: . . .
New Brunswick. . : : . . . . . Quobec........ . : : . . 3-85 | 21-98 16-17 9-04 4-58
Ontario.... 3-38 | 23-42 19-91 12-02 5-80 Manitoba. . 3-31 23-70 19-92 9-17 3-24 Saskatchewan. 3-09 | 24-55 | 20-58 7-63 2-38
Alberta................ TTF 100- . . . 3-10 | 25-03 | 22-25 | 8-92 2-49.
FEMALE ENE p.c. pc. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. |. p.c. | p.c. Canada (1)... ‘100-00 | 24-53 | 75:47 | 16-37 3-6h | 23-70 | 17-30 9-68 | 4-81 Prince Edward Island...............:..... 100-00 | 21-81 | 78-19 | 16-48 3-68 | 20-69 | 15:79 | 12-10 9-45 Nova Scotia....................... .[ 100-00 | 23-05 | 76-95 | 17-07 3-87 | 22-08 | 15-88] 10-54 |. 7-51
New Brunswick................ .[ 100-00 | 24-90 | 75-10] 17:53 3-95 | 22-11 | 15-40 9-97 6-14
+ : ‘ 3 British Columbia.......... ...,{ 100-00 | 22-36 | 77-64 | 14-60 3-
(1) See Note, Table X.
Percentage of Population Between 18 and 64 Years.—The following statement based on Table XI shows the proportion of the total population which lies between the 18th and 65th birthday. This may be of interest as an indication of the percentage of the residents in each province who, under normal circumstances, may reasonably be considered as being of an age capable of full self-support. It will be seen that British Columbia shows the highest proportion between these ages for each sex, its excess being particularly large for males. Alberta stands second for males, while Ontario holds this position in the proportion of the female sex between
§4551—p}
XX
the specified age limits. Quebec province has the lowest proportion for the sexes combined, a fact largely accounted for by a heavy birth rate; its nearest competitors are New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, the position of the latter being attributable to emigration, while New Brunswick’s low proportion is largely due to the joint operation of a high birth rate and emigra- tion. The prairie provinces have proportions below the average for females; Saskatchewan is the lowest of all provinces; the deficiency in these provinces in the upper part of the age group, 18-64, as compared with the number under 18 years has more effect in diminishing the proportion than the greater deficiency above 65 years has in increasing it. This condition for females may be attributed to the newness of the provinces, while in the case of males it has been offset by the heavy immigration in the younger adult ages.
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION BETWEEN 18-64 YEARS, 1921
. Both Fe Provinces sexes Male Female
Canada.................. ee esse seeesereeresesescssesesseneseseesee 55-24 56-14 51:29 Prince Edward Island. 51:81 51-36 52.26 Nova Scotia........... 52-75 53-11 52:37 New Brunswick........ see . 51-68 51-94 51-43 Quebec...............,.......,...,.,.....4..4 44e serrures 50:98 51-04 50-91 Ontario.....................,.,...,44......... ee esse euaseecereeesesesse 58-70 58-73 58-69 Manitoba....... ue 54-67 56-10 53-08 Saskatchewan . 52-88 55-85 49-30 Alberta........ 56-28 59-30 52-59 British Columb: 63-65 66-76 59-70
Per cent Distribution, Male Population, 10 to 74 Years, Gainfully Employed.— The first section of Table XII shows for each province the per cent distribution of the male population between the 10th and 75th birthday in each age group. The second section shows a similar distribution for gainfully employed males in the same age category, the assumption being that the number above the 75th birthday who are gainfully employed has no statistical significance. The third section presents an adjustment of this age distribution of gainfully employed to show what it would-have been if the age composition of the male population in ‘each province conformed exactly to that of the Dominion. In performing this computation it has been assumed that the proportion of gainfully employed males in any age group to the total male population of that age group would not be affected by the adjustment. It may be argued that such stability is by no: means certain and is even improbable. An increase, for example, in the age group 15-19 years relative to the total population 20 years of age and over would appear very likely to result in the necessity of a greater proportion of this group becoming gainfully employed, more especially as it would probably imply also a heavier proportion of children under 15 years. Such considerations are, however, foreign to the purpose of the adjustment, which aims merely at obtaining a fair comparison between provinces by removing the effects of differ- ences in age composition in their purely mathematical aspect.
An example will serve to show how the adjustment has been made. Of the male population of New Brunswick, 10-74 years of age, the table shows that 13-55 per cent are between the 15th and 20th birthdays. The corresponding percentage for Canada is 11-86 per cent. Of male workers in New Brunswick, 10 years of age and over, 11-46 per cent are between the 15th and 20th birthdays. The first step in adjustment, therefore is
11-86 11-46 x = 10-03 - 13-55 on But when a similar operation has been performed for each age group of workers in New Brunswick, the sum of the resulting numbers is 102-78 instead of 100. The second step is, there- fore, to reduce or increase all these numbers proportionately, e.g.
100 .
10:03 x ' 102-78
= 9-76
XXI
The effects of the adjustment are somewhat strikingly shown in such age groups as that of 15-19 years in Quebec, 35-49 years in British Columbia and 65-74 years in Saskatchewan and Alberta. In the first case, what appears.to be an unduly large proportion of gainfully employed in the age group in question is considerably reduced on adjustment. In like manner, the high percentages of employed males falling within the age group 35-49 years in British Columbia is shown to result mainly from the importance of this age group in the total male population. On the other hand, the very low percentage of workers who have passed the 65th birthday in Saskat- chewan and Alberta is raised by the adjustment to a figure much more closely approximating the normal, |
TABLE XII.—PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY AGE-GROUPS OF THE TOTAL MALE POPULATION 10-74 YEARS OF AGE, AND ACTUAL AND ADJUSTED DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED MALES BETWEEN THE SAME AGE-LIMITS.
. Age periods Provinces
1014 | 15419 | 20-24 | 25-3 | 35-49 | 5064 | 65-74 EE es ee ee roe eee
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION TOTAL MALE POPULATION
a
p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c.
Canada (1)..................,.,,.... : 13-56 11:86 10-32 20-31 25-72 13:79 4.44 Prince Edward Ésland...................,.... 14:38 13-30 10:49 16-33 20-69 16:17 8-65 Nova Scotia.......... 14-74 13-05 10-83 17-91 22-81 14-72 5-93 New Brunswick....... 15-31 13:55 10:97 17-90 22-12 14-46 5-69 Quebec................ 16-11 14-08 11-48 18-94 22-38 12:52 4:49 Ontario............... 12-14 11-14 10-12 20-13 25-72 15-53 5-21 Manitoba............... È 14-05 11:57 10-07 21:86 26-84 12-35 3-26 Saskatchewan........... 13-79 10-95 9-96 23:86 28-36 10-52 2-55 Albeïta...........,..... 12-39 10-39 7 9-69 23.54 29-54 11-84 2-60 British Columbia : 9-55 8-02 7-61 20-72 34.62 16-03 3-46
i
Canada (1),.......1...,..,..,....,... 0-92 10-37 12-08 4-74 31-50 15-72 4-67
Prince Edward Island 0-98 11:39 12-20 19-65 24-99 19-01 11-78 Nova Scotia.. 0-66 10-60 12-60 22-21 28-05 17:69 8-19 Now Brunswic 0-94 11-46 13-12 22-22 27-61 17-54 7-19 uobec. a 1-83 13-47 13-87 23-69 28-12 14:63 4-38 Ontario 0:61 9-60 11:67 23-95 31-52 17-18 5-47 Manitoba. .................,........,..,.,.2. 0-68 “91 12-00 27-18 32-96 14:19 3-13 Saskatchewan. ....,........,.....,..,........ 0-98 10-02 11-77 28:83 34-09 11-88 2-43 Alberta... ccc eee cece erence neces 0-32 8:27 |. 11-29 29-29 34-89 13-63 2-31 British Columbin............................ 0-26 6-75 8-28 24:35 40-62 17-58 3-16
Canada (1)..................,........ 0-92 10-37 12-08 e474 31-50 15-72 4-67
Prince Edward Island......,................, 0-91 10-07 11:90 24.23 30-81 16-07 6-00 Nova Scotia + . : . . 16-28 6-02 New Brunswick : . : : . .
(1) See note page XVI. >
&
XXII
FE Per Cent Distribution, Female Population 10 to 74 Years Gainfully Employed.— Table XIII is similar to Table XII, but for females. The female population of the various prov- :inces has been less affected by migration than the male. The differences between the provinces ‘in age composition of the female population, and consequently the effects of adjustment on the -distribution of the employed are, therefore, less striking than in the case of males.
TABLE XIII.—PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY AGE-GROUPS OF THE TOTAL FEMALE POPULATION 10-74 YEARS OF AGE, AND ACTUAL AND ADJUSTED DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED FEMALES BETWEEN THE SAME AGE LIMITS.
. Age pariods Provinces =
10-14 | 1519 | 20-24 | 25-34 | 35-49 | 80-64 | 65-74
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION TOTAL FEMALE POPULATION
p.c pc p.c p.c. p.c p.c p.c Canada (1}..............,............ 14:36 12-67 14-45 | : 20-61 23-42 13-09 4-40
Prince Edward Asland....................,... 14-01 13-02 10-77 16-97 21-17 16-23 7:83 Nova Scotin..................,....,......... 14:71 13:63 11:71 18-19 21-50 14-26 6-00 New Brunswick....................,......... 15:54 13-94 11-84 18-49 21-12 13-68 5-39 Quebec…..................,.......,.,,........ 16-11 14:43 12:27 19-57 21-13 12-10 4-38 Ontario.................................,.... 12-13 11-28 10:99 20:58 24.59 15-29 5-14 Manitoba. ...........,.......,.........,,.... 15:57 12-87 11-44 22-60 23-80 10-76 2-96 Saskatchewan................................ 17-01 13-01 11-59 23-25 23-54 9-27 2-33 Alberta..............................,.,... 15-51 12-46 11-28 23-30 25-06 10-04 2-35 British Columbia. ...............,........... 12-68 10-42 10-00 22-14 28-85 12-71 3-19
EMPLOYED FEMALES, ACTUAL DISTRIBUTION
p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. Canada (1)........................... 1-02 | 22-84 25-75 22-71 16-61 8-41 2-60
Prince Edward Island........................ 1-46 20-67 28-14 18-33 13-847) 11-20 6-36 Nova Scotin...........................,..... 0-87 22-83 27-71 20-43 14:41 9-16 4-59
New Brunswick.............................. 1-09 22:78 27:66 21:37 14:58 9-13 3:39
. p.c p.c p.c p.c p.c pc p.c Canada (1)........................... 1-02 22-84 25-75 22-77 16-61 8-41 2-60
Prince Edward Esland........................ 1:47 19-77 29-42 21-89 15-05 8-88 3-61 Nova Scotia............................,.... 0-85 21-26 27°15 23-20 16:73 8-43 3-38 New Brunswick.............................. 1-01 20-71 26°76 23-83 16-18 8-74 2-77 1-46 22-08 23.55 22-83 17-68 9-30 3:09
0-94 24-36 26-17 23-07 16-03 7-35 2-08
i 0-70 23:11 26:80 23-06 16-62 7:70 2-01 Saskatchewan................................ 0-91 22-19 26-37 20-98 16-21 10-40 2-93 Alberta...........................,.......... 0-24 20-96 26-70 | . 21-83 17-18 10-16 2-93 sh Columbia............................ 0-45 23-25 28-39 22-08 16-29 7:94 1-59
Briti
(1) See note page XVI
xxlii
Persons Employed by Sex and Age.—Table XIV presents, by sex, for provinces, thenumber and proportion of the population gainfully employed in each age group from 10 years of age upward. Taking the Dominion as a whole the highest proportion of employed for both sexes was in the age-group 20-24 years, where 63-4 per cent of the gainfully employed came within this category. For males, however, the groups in which gainful employment reached its maxi- mum proportions were those from 25-34 years of age and 35-49 years, the percentage in each case exceeding 96. Females, on the other hand, showed the highest proportion at 18-19 years of age when 38-8 per cent of their number were employed. The succeeding age-group, 20-24 years, was not far behind, with 35 per cent of workers, but the decline thereafter, mainly due to mar- riage, was very rapid. -
The highest proportion of employed males shown in any age-group, for a province, was in Alberta, inthe group 25-34 years, where 99-4 per cent of the male population, in this age group, was returned with a gainful occupation. The nearest competitors were the 35-49 year group in Ontario with 98-7 per cent and the 25-34 year group in Nova Scotia, with 97-8 per cent.
The highest proportion of employed females shown in any group for a provincé was in Ontario in the group 18-19 years, in which 44-3 per cent of the female population was reported as gainfully employed. The corresponding age-group in British Columbia had 41-2 per cent of its members occupied; on the other hand, Saskatchewan recorded only 27-7 per cent of females in this age-group as employed, Alberta 30-3 per cent and Prince Edward Island 31-2 per cent. Prince Edward Island was the only province in which the age-group 20-24 years had a higher percentage of females employed than the 18-19 year group, the figure for the older group in this province being 32-5 per cent.
Prince Edward Island leads in the proportion of males gainfully employed at 65 years of age and over, with 72-9 per cent. Nova Scotia stands second with 69-2 per cent. Quebec province comes last with only 52-3 per cent of the males of this age reported as gainfully employed. The position of Prince Edward Island may be explained on the basis of the predominance of agricul- ture in this province. Farmers usually retain control of their farms at advanced ages, while they may do little of the actual work. This is particularly noticeable in provinces from which the migration of younger people is heavy. Both in this province and in Nova Scotia, fishermen owning their own boats tend also in all probability to increase the percentage of those gainfully employed in the older age groups. Quebec has a slightly larger percentage of rural population than Ontario and its smaller proportion of aged males gainfully employed is difficult to explain, except on the basis of earlier retirement in general in this province. The greater tendency on the part of Quebec farmers to retire from the direction of their farms, in advanced years, is indicated by the fact that only 9 per cent of farmers in that province are 65 years of age and over, while the corresponding proportion in Ontario is 11 per cent.
XXIV
TABLE XIV.—NUMBER AND PER CENT PROPORTION OF PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER GAINFULLY EMPLOYED BY AGE PERIODS FOR CANADA AND PROVINCES, 1921
Both sexes Male Female . Gainfully Gainfully Gainfully Total employed employod Total employed number —— —| number |——————. Number | Per cent Canada................,..... 6,671,236| 3,173,169 3,209,998 10-13 years...........,...... 736,580 365,06} ears: 175,787 86, 400 15 “ 163,877 81,680 16. “ 168, 442 83,823 17 “ 159,910 79,277 18-19“ 308,831 153,425 20-24 ‘“ 710,581 359,991 25-34 “ 1,338,111 648.015 35-49 “ .. 1,610,059 736,080 50-64 dé .. : 80,268 411,601 65 and over................. 418,790 204,645 Prince Edward Island....... 69,223 34,192 10-13 years.................. 7,444 3,636 ye 1,951 933 15 “ 1,770 83S 16 “ 1,859 893 17 Ode 1,791 907 18-19 “ 3,290 1,609 20-24 “ ,......,.,...... 7,032 3,512 25-84 eee eee 11,014 5,534 85-49 ,..,............. 13,849 6,203 50-64 5“ .......,......... 10,721 5,293 65 and over................. 8,602 4,134 Nova Scotia.................. 403,576 195,048 10-13 years...............,.. 45,794 22,409 wow 11,471 5,565 seen eee n eee e ones 10,413 5,301 eee beeen eee ene 11,183 5,443 deed e eee eenes 10, 495 5,215 betes ence eneene 19,767) 9,952 wee ete e neces 43,783 22,261 boeken et en tenes 70,186 34,580 vases 86,212 40,878 dsrescesessessese 56,383 27,116 eee e eee ner eeenee 37,890 19,328 New Brunswick............. 292,043) 143, 084 35,245 17,371) 8,531 4,209) 7,882 3,971 8,218 4,070 7,725 3,784 15,177 7,533 32,336 16,441 51,619 25,679 61,392 29,334 39,954 18,991 ene e reese nee eae 23,964 11,701 Quebec....................... 1,737,323 $88,936 steer eben eens 221,281 + . 110,761 + an sae 53,392 : . 26,534 . 15 ee . 50,621 . . 25,543 . 16 6. : 51,248 . ' . 25,827 + 17 oo. . 48,896 . . 24, 783) . 18-19 “ ., 92,271 . . 46,837 : 20-24 “ 202,459 . . 104,578 . 25-34 .| 328,280) . . 166,787 . 35-49“ 370, 842 : . 180,044 : 50-64 “ 209,772 . +59) 103,057 . 65 and over. . 108,261 32,6 . . 54,195 . ee
Nore.—The age group 35-49 includes “age not stated.’’
XXV
TABLE XIV.—NUMBER AND PER CENT PROPORTION OF PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER GAINFULLY EMPLOYED BY AGE PERIODS FOR CANADA AND PROVINCES, 1921
Both sexes » Male Female Gainfully Gainfully Gainfully Provinces and ages Total employed Total employed Total employed number | number |—-~---—-—_—_—--| number | —-——_— Number [Per cent Number |Per cent Number Ontario................,..... 2,324,464| 1,118,519) 48-12! 1,173,349| 923,413) 78-70] 1,151,115| 195,106 10-13 years. 222,285 1,452 0-65 112,227 1,253 1-12 110,058 199 14 ea 53,267 5,698 10:70 27,081 4,334 16-00 26,186 1,364 15 “ 50,794 14,553] 28-65 25,583 10,431! 40:77 25,211 4,122 16 “ 53,051 23,883] 45-02 26,564 16,460} 61-96 26,487 7,423 17 “ 50,836 28,660| 56-38 25,686 19,297] 75-13 25,150 9,363 18-19 “ 99,750 64,554 64:72 49,085 42,495 85-02 49,765 22,059 20-24 “ 239,462 157,505) 65:77 116,080] 107,729 92-81 123,382 49,776 25-34 “ 462,023] 266,787) 57-74] 230,983} 221,127) 95-73] 231,040 45,660 35-49 ‘ 571,207) 324,439] 56-80) 295,053 291,102 98-66| 276,154 33,337 50-64, “ 349,858 175,669] 50-21 178,159 158,671 89-06 171,699 16,998 65 and over. 171,931 55,319] 32-18 85,948 50,514 58°77 85,983 4,805 Manitoba.................... 452,105) 216,643) 47-92) 240,602} 184,961) 76-87} 211,508 31,682 10-13 years..............,... 53,461 409 0:77 27,002 354 1-31) 26,459 55 14 issues 12,547 1,087 8-66 6,445 904 14:03 6,102 183 15 “ 11,234 2,585 23-01 5,726 2,034, 35-52 5,508 551 16 ad 11,565 4,514 39-03 5,790 3,396] 58-65 5,775 1,118 17 “ 10,784 5,567) 51-62 5,426 3,943 72-67 5,358 1,624 18-19 20,868 13,026 62-42 10,597| + 8,948 84-44 10,271 4,078 20-24 ‘ 47,885 30,599] 63-90 23,955 22,188| 92-62 23,930 8,411 25-34 “ 99,272 58,124) 68-55 52,021 50,181 96°46 47,251 7,943 35-49 “ 113,627 66,276| 58-33 63,871 60,970} 95:46 49,756 5,306 50-64 “ 51,890 28,240 54-42 29,392 26,252 89-32 22,498 1,988 65 and over... 18,972 6,216] 32-76 10,377 5,791 55-81 8,595 425 Saskatchewan............... 7 637,885] 266,975] 49-63) 302,423) 242,116] 80-06! 235,462 24,859 10-13 years. 65,812 821 1-25 33,535 750 2-24 32,277 71 14 wey 15,342 1,823 11-88 7,869 1,623 20-63 7,473 200 13,218 3,530] 26:71 6,733 3,060) 45-45 6,485 470 13,351 5,378 40-24 6,831 4,526) 66-26 6,520 847 12,480 6,413} 51-39 6,529 5,205 79-72 5,951 1,208 24,233 14,650! 60-45 12,796 11,478 89-70 11,437 3,172 56,981 35,171 61-72 29,913 28,499 95-27 27,068 6,672 125,968 75,711 60-10) 71,641 69,795 97:42 54,327 5,916 140,147 86,621 61-81 85,154 82,548 96-94 54,993 4,073 53,225 30,596| 57-48 31,573 28,755 91-07 21,652 1,841 17,128 6,266] 36-58 9,849 5,877] 59-67 7,279 389 Alberta.................,..... 431,066! 216,244) 49-82) 245,906] 195,102] 79-34; 188,160 2,142 se eeeee eee eenene 48,540 239 0-49 24,711 223 0-90 23,829 16 10,711 421 3-93 5,554 382 6-88 5,157 39 10.179 1,609 15:81 5,190 1,374 26:47 4,989 235 10,130 3,227| 31:86 5,182 2,685| 51-81 4,948 542 9,505 4,441 46-72 4,934 3,500| 70-94 4,571 941 18,845 11,244| 59-67 10,066 8,584) 85:28 8,779 2,660 44,744 27,618| 61-72 23,672 22,035| 93-08 21,072 5,583 101,003 62,385 61-77 57,476 57,147] 99:43 43,527 5,238 118,952 71,963 60-50 72,128 68,060 94-36 46,824 3,903 47,670 28,254 59-27 28,920 26,600 91-98 18,750 1,654 _ 13,787 4,843| 35:13 8,073 4,512] 55-89 5,714 331 British Coftumbia............ 420,551| 219,727] 62-25] 241,063] 194,214] 80-57] 179,488 25,513 36,718 149 0-41 18,457 133 0-72 18,261 16 575 465 5-42 4,334 376 8-68 4,241 89 7,768 1,250 16-10) 3,932 962 24-47 3,834 288 7,837 2,526) 32-23 3,977 1,832] 46-06 3,860 694 7,397 3,548] 47-97 3,839 2,485 64-73 3,558 1,063 14,630 8,860] 60-56 7,388 5,874) 79:51 7,242 2,986 35,901 22,609! 62-98 18,154 16,085] . 88-60 17,747 6,524 88,746 53,527 60-31 49,456 47,286 95-61 39, 290 6,241 133,831 84,174 62-90 82,637 78,892 95-47 51,194 5,282 60,795 36,175] 59-50 38,250 34,148| 89-28 22,545 2,027 sete ees e eee ene 18,355 6,444 35-11 10,639 6,141 57.72 7,716 30
XXVI
Employment and School Attendance of Juveniles.—The proportions of males and females gainfully employed at juvenile ages possess a special interest. ‘The following extract -from’ the”-‘“Instructions to” Commissioners and Enumerators’’ may tend to make clearer the ‘significance of the figures for these ages in Table XIV.
. “Children of ten years of age and over who work for their parents at home at general household work, or on the farm or at any other work or chores, when attending school, should not be recorded as having an occupation. Those, however, who spend the major portion of their time at home, and who materially assist their parents in the performance of work other than household duties, should be reported as of the occupation in which their time is employed.”
The proportion gainfully employed in the various provinces at ages 14-19 years may natur- ally be supposed to have a close inverse relationship with the proportion attending school at these ages. Table XV shows for males the percentages in question and the total of the two in each province. It must be pointed out that Indians are not included in the figures for school attend-
‘ance, but it will be remarked that the provinces in which the gainfully employed and the children
attending school fall short to the farthest degree of making the complete 100 per cent when added are in almost every case provinces in which the Indian population plays a small part, namely, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, though British Columbia follows the latter closely at 17 years of age and surpasses both in the extent of the deficit at 18-19 years. This deficit in the two eastern provinces, named, must be taken to indicate that a considerable number of boys leave school and spend a period without obtaining some settled employment, or without qualifying, in rural districts, for the classification as farmers’ sons.
For Canada, as a whole, the age at which the largest percentage is unaccounted for by either employment or school attendance is 15 years. At this age the percentage so missing varies from 17-3 in New Brunswick to 4-4 in Saskatchewan.
Quebec has the highest proportion of gainfully employed from 14 to 16 years, Saskatchewan at 17 years and at 18-19 years. These two provinces show the highest percentages of employed throughout the table, excepting at 18-19 years. At this age Prince Edward Island comes before Quebec. In the case of Saskatchewan, the rural nature of the bulk of the population may be considered in large part to account for its position; a large quota of foreign born population from the continent of Europe may also play its part in this. Quebec shows the lowest school attendance at 14, 15.and 16 years, and its leading position in the proportion employed at these years may reflect a tendency to leave school for employment. At17 years it has higher school attendance than New Brunswick, though also a higher proportion employed. At 18-19 years Prince Edward Island, the province with the highest proportion of rural population in Canada, stands next to Saskatchewan in percentage of males employed.
Alberta and British Columbia share between them at each age from 14 to 17 years the dis- tinction of having the lowest proportion of males gainfully employed. At 18 to 19 years British Columbia has a lower proportion employed than any other province, while Alberta stands com- paratively high in the list. The great difference between Alberta and Saskatchewan in the pro- portion employed from 14 to 17 years may be considered due in the first place to the less rural nature of Alberta’s population and its more diversified industries, and, secondly, to a greater tendency in this province, even under similar conditions, to keep children at school. (See Table 108, Volume II, Census, 1921.)
XxXVII
TABLE XV.—PERCENTAGE OF -MALES AT SCHOOL AND: GAINFULLY EMPLOYED AT AGES 14-19 FOR PROVINCES, 1921
. Ages of males Provinces
Canada— ‘At school....... ue Gainfully employed
Prince Edward Island— Atschool.......,...,..................,..,......44.22 Gainfully employed........,....,............,...,..,..
Total................,...,.......,.......,,..
Nova Scotia— Atschool........... Gainfully employed...
New Brunswick— At school........... Gainfully employed..
Quebec— Atschool......... Gainfully employ:
Gainfully employ Total.... Manitoba—
At school..........,.,..............,..,,,.........4. Gainfully employed..
Alberta— Atschool............ Gainfully employed.
British Columbia— At school.......... Gainfully employed.
Total....
XXVili
Table XVI corresponds to Table XV for males, and shows for females in each province for the ages 14 to 19 years the proportion at school and gainfully employed and the total of the two. The inverse correlation between employment and school attendance is much less marked for females than for males, a very natural consequence of the fact that girls are often withdrawn from school to work at home and that particularly in the later of the ages under review marriage plays an important part in some provinces in removing them from the ranks of students or of the employed.
TABLE XVI-—PERCENTAGE OF FEMALES AT SCHOOL AND GAINFULLY EMPLOYED AT AGES 14-19 FOR PROVINCES, 1921
Ages of females
Provinces 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years {18-19 years p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. Canada— Atschool...........................,,,.,,,..,,,,.... 73-06 53-43 36-09 22-24 9-85 Gainfully employed.....,.................,.,....,.,... 4-53 12:39 21:55 30-57 38-78 Total....................,....,..,...,..... 78:49 65-82 57-64 52-81 48.63 Prince Edward Island— Atschool.................................,,.....,..... 77:92 62-32 43:76 22-15 9-66 © Gainfully employed....,.......,......,.......,...,,,., 3:43 6-80 11-09 19-85 31-20 00) 81-35 69-12 54:85 42-00 40-86 Nova Scotia— Atschool............,,..................,.....,,,.., 79-50 63-17 44-10 27-68 11-82 Gainfully employed…..............,,...,..,............ 3-05 7-81 16-70 27-52 38-29 6) 25 82-55 70-98 60:80 55-20 50-11 New Brunswick— Atschool....................,,.........,..,...,..., 72-33 56-03 38-87 23-97 9-55 Gainfully employed.…....................,.............. 3-59 8-44 15-06 24-58 35-11 tA) £:) 75-92 64-47 53-93 48-55 44-66 Quebec— Atschoo!..............,.......,....,...,.,.,..,,,.,. 60-98 40-40 26-34 15-69 5-59 Gainfully employed..................,.....,.,......... 6-37 14:30 22-53 30-21 37-55 Total..............,.....,.,..,..,,,,.,,.. 67-35 54-70 48-87 45-90 43:14 Ontario— Atschoo!.......,..,.............,...,,..,,,,,,.,.2.2, 79-11 56-35 37-19 23-68 11-87 Gainfully employed.......,..............,......,...,. 5-21 16-35 28-03 37-23 44.33 Totale essieu. 84-32 72-70 65-22 60-91 56-20 Manitoba— Atschoo!.................,.,..,...,.,....,,.,,.,,.... 80-26 60-92 42-23 25-06 11-44 Gainfully employed..................,,................ 3-00 10-00 19-36 30°31 39°70 Total......................,.,...,,.,.,,...,. 83-26 70-92 61-59 55:37 51-11 Saskatchewan — Atschool..........,....................,..,,.,..,..,.. 76°77 54-18 36-28 22:19 10-25 Gainfully employed............... Dake eee c een ete eens 2-68 7-25 12-99 20-30 27°73 Oc) 79-45 61-43 49:27 42-49 37-08 Alberta . Atschool.....................................,,.,..... 87:50 69-82 49-03 29-60 12-78 aol employed..............................,..,.. 0-76 7 10-95 20-59 30:30 Total.............,............,,.,....,.,,, 88-26 74:53 59-98 50-19 43-08 British Columbia— Atschool......:..................,......,,,...,,,, 87-45 70-93 52-80 34°79 15-12 Gainfully employed select yee ne eee een e eee ene eaeneeeees 2-10 7-51 17-98 29-88 41-23 Total.............,.....................,,. 89-55 78-44 70:78 64-67 56-35
Gainfully Employed Females in Ages 20 to 64 Years.—Beginning with the age group 20 to 24 years, it might be supposed that the differences between the percentages of females gainfully employed in the various provinces would be mainly the result of differences in the marriage rates. To examine this supposition, Table XVII has been prepared to show the pro- portion of the gainfully employed in each age group from 20 to 24 years upwards to the total female population within the same limits single, widowed or divorced. The range in proportion
XXIX
between the different provinces is considerable. In some cases explanations of this fact readily present themselves. In the age groups 25 to 34 and 35 to 49, for example, Prince Edward Island has the lowest proportions gainfully employed, while the four western provinces, and especially Saskatchewan and Alberta, have high percentages in these age groups. It is true that Prince Edward Island is largely an agricultural province where tasks for females in the home are plenti- ful, but Saskatchewan is not far behind in this respect. The real explanation appears to lie rather in the fact that conditions in Prince Edward Island are largely affected by emigration, those in the four western provinces by immigration. The class of unmarried females who tend to migrate is naturally composed rather of those who are gainfully employed than of those who remain in the home without outside employment.
TABLE XVIL—PROPORTION OF GAINFULLY EMPLOYED FEMALES IN CERTAIN AGE GROUPS TO THE TOTAL OF SINGLE, WIDOWED, AND DIVORCED FEMALES IN THE SAME AGE GROUPS, 1921 S
Prince | Nova New . Mani- | Saskat- British Age groups Canada | Edward| Scotia | Bruns- | Quebec | Ontario! toba | chewan | Alberta] Col- Island wick umbia p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c, 20-24 years............. 60-82 46-94 58.27 58-56 53-34 66-98 65-84 58-93 61-30 68-31 25-34 years............. 67-46 39-58 59-98 61-77 60-70 69-96 77-58 78-67 80-09 75-04 35-49 years...... ..| 61-22 38-35 52-17 53-08 60-76 58-16 75-01 79-29 78:74] * 69-74 50-64 years...... 34°01 28-79 31-43 | . 31:53 38:18 31-19 36-48 42:52 39:50 33-28
10:34 10-11 10:76 9-41 13-33 9-01 9-19 10-41 10-47 6-68
A
65 years and ove ree
Occupations of Women 65 Years and Over.—Returning to the comparison of gainfully employed females with female population of whatever conjugal condition. ‘In the age group 65 and over, the province of Quebec, which showed the lowest proportion of males in this age group gainfully employed, stands at the opposite end of the scale with regard to females, having 7-8 per cent of the female population of this age reported with an occupation, while the provinces standing next in this respect, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, had 6-8 per cent and 6-2 per cent respectively in this category, while British Columbia reported only 3-9 per cent of the female population 65 years and over, gainfully employed.
The leading occupations of employed women 65 years and over in the three provinces with the highest percentages are as follows:—
Females 65 ycars and over
—— Prince Nova >
Quebec fs Edward
Scotia Island Total gainfully employed.......................... ene SE EEE ETE EEE 4,231 1,322 258 Domestic and porsonal service... ..,.,.....,,.,.,....,.,,.,4. esse ae 1,628 600 104 OOP 0055 essieu sssseeuesesusreseesesrsee 671 477 112 Religious workers...........,,..,.,.................... sae 715 13 1 Nurses............. . 84 30 4 Teachers......... . 391 22 2 Other occupation: 742° 180 |: 36
The statement shows that in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island farmers and persons employed in domestic and personal service comprise the bulk of occupied females in this age group, but in Quebec religious workers and teachers (many of whom are, without doubt, under religious vows) add materially to the total.
Occupations of Males by Age Groups.—Table XVIII shows the numerical and percentage distribution by age groups of the gainfully employed males in each occupational group. It will be noted that the group of primary producers shows the highest percentages at early ages, while in the age group 65 years and.over it is only exceeded by those employed in public administration. As previously stated, many farmers keep control of their farms at an age when the bulk of the actual farm work is performed by sons or hired help. The construction group, while showing small percentages at the early ages, retains its workers over the age of 65 to an extent well in
XXX
excess of the average for all occupations. On the other hand, manufacturing, while well repre- sented at the ages under 20, tapers off after the age of 50, at a more rapid rate than the average: The transportation group is low at'both extremes. Trade and finance shows. the same tendencies as transportation in this respect, though in somewhat less degree. Domestic and personal service has a distribution below the average up to the 25th birthday, which is compensated in the central age periods, the proportion over 50 years being close to the average of all occupational groups. It has already been remarked that public administration shows the highest percentage of any class of workers above the 65th birthday. This also applies to the previous period, 50-64 years, and presumably reflects the influence of more permanent tenure of office. The high proportions in this group at the later ages appear to be more evident in municipal than in federal and pro- vincial service (Table 4, General Tables). They are naturally contributed to more by officials than by clerks, in part because of promotion, in part perhaps because of greater security of office amongst high officials at late ages. Labourers in both “municipal” and “federal and provincial” service, more particularly ‘in the former, show high proportions above 50 years of age. The pro- portions in the public administration group are below the average of all occupations under 25 years.
Professional service, as might be expected from the period of training required for most male workers in this group, is very low under the age of 18 and well under the average up to the age of 24. Its highest proportion as compared with all occupations appears in the age group 35-49 years. At ages 50 to 64 years the proportion is still somewhat above the average of all occupa- tions and for the age group 65 years and over it almost exactly corresponds with the average. The proportions in the professional group at the later ages are very much reduced by the influence of the teaching profession, which is poorly represented above the age of 50 (Table 4, General Tables). .
TABLE XVIIL—NUMERICAL AND PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF GAINFULLY EMPLOYED MALES IN EACH OCCUPATIONAL GROUP BY AGE PERIODS, CANADA, 1921
: Dom- : Prim- : Public . Al Coa- | Trans-| Trade | estic : | Profes- ary Manu- admin-| ©: All ve period occu- struc- | porta- | and and : sional Sex and age periods pations deers factures| “tion tion | finance [personal istra- service| Other service ‘NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Males......... 1, °2,683,019| 1,143,615} 414,943) 184,577] 226,277) 294,728| 80,013) 81,959) 82,064) 174,843 7,729 6,474 462 41 62 331 102 17 2 238 16,827) 11,350} 2,240 284 347 1,398 254 52 10 892
33,518 20,383| 5,702 720 923] 2,976 509 202 115! 1,988 51,856 29,233] 9,105} 1,406; 2,052! 5,137 840 389) . 240) 3,453 60,194 31,620) 10,855). 2,139] 3,143; 6,166) 1,022 511 426| 4,312 132,771 64,650! 22,760; 5,314) 9,613} 14,013] 2,591) 1,772] 1,819} 10,239 324,102; 141,191) 52,741) 16,238) 20,698) 34,636} 8,251) 7,926! 7,598) 25,823 663,919} 252,388] 108,440) 44,772] 68,305) 78,110] 22,429] 21,849) 23,048] 44,479 845,278] 330,999) 132,112) 69,369! 77,341] 99,445) 28,034) 28,056} 30,176) 49,746
: 421,653; 188,569] 57,698) 34,665} 29,674) 42,802) 12,440) 15,843] 14,833) 25,134 65 and over................... 125,167 66,758] 12,818] 9,629) 5,029} 9,714] 3,541} 5,342] 3,797) 8,539
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION
p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. Males....-...... sens 100-00 100-00 | 100-00 | 100-60 | 100-00 | 100-00 | 100-00 | 100-00 | 160-00 | 100-00 0-29 0-57 0-11 0-02 0-03 0-11 0-13 0-02 - 0:14 0-63 0-99 0-54 0:15 0:15 0-47 0:32 0-06) 0-01 0-51 1-25 1-78) 1-37; 0-39 0-41 1-01 0-64) — 0-25 0-14 1-14 1-93 2-56 2°19 0-76 0-91 1-74 1-05 0-47 0-29 1-97 2.24 2-76 2-62 1 1-39) 2-09 2-47 4-95 5-65 5-49 2-88 4-25 4-76 3-24 2:16 2-22 5-86
15-72; 16.40] 13-90] 18-78) 13.11] 14-52! 15.55] 19.33| 18-07| 14-37 4-66 5-84] . 3.00] 5-22) 2.2] 3.30] 442 6-52) 4.63 4.88
50-64 “ ... 65 and over...
XXXI :
Occupations of Females by Age Groups.—Table XIX gives similar information for females as the previous table for males. In the group of primary producers the early ages are poorly represented while the proportions at advanced ages are very high as compared with the average of all occupations. The age group 65 years and over, for example, contains almost 19 per cent of all females employed in this occupational group, while the corresponding proportion for the average of all occupations is only 2-6 per cent. This distribution of females in the group of primary producers is accounted for, mainly, by the fact that farmers’ daughters and farmers’ wives are not ordinarily considered as gainfully employed, while a farmer’s widow who directs the operation of the farm is classed as a farmer. The manufacturing group exceeds all others in the proportion of workers under 18 years and is above the average up to the twentieth birthday. The construction group is of little importance on account of the small numbers engaged. The transportation group shows great concentration between. the ages of 18 and 35. More than half of the females in this occupational group are telephone operators and a large proportion of the remainder are office employees. Trade and finance is much more evenly distributed by age groups than transportation. While more than half of the females in the trade and finance group are saleswomen, yet the number of female retail merchants in the group exercises an influence in keeping the percentages at the later ages from falling to a very low figure. Domestic and personal service show the greatest age dispersion of all groups of female employees. In public administra- tion, females show small proportions at the very early ages and are below the average after the age of 50. The age distribution of women in professional service in contrast with that of men, in showing more than 10 per cent of female workers under 20 years of age and more than 40 per cent under 25 years of age as compared with about 3 and 12-4 per cent for males in each age group is accounted for, largely, by the fact that marriage usually ends gainful occupation for females. Moreover, a much greater proportion of females than of males are school teachers, a number of whom obtain certificates for primary schools at a comparatively early age, while over 6,000 females designated as office employees in the professional service group contribute to augment the proportions at the younger ages. .(Table 4, General Tables.)
TABLE XIX.—NUMERICAL AND PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED FEMALES IN EACH OCCUPATIONAL GROUP BY AGE PERIODS, CANADA, 1921
Fr Dom- + All Prim- Con- | Trans- | Trade estic be ublic
Profes- Sex and age periods | occu- ne Manu. struc- | porta- and. an mine sional ote pations & cers tion tion finance | p2rsonal ion service
service
NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION
ve en
No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. +: No. No. Females dures 490,150) 18,173) 105,332 625! 21,133] 77,012] 134,539} 12,582) 99,327) 21,427 10-13 years............ . 1,092 6 218) ” - 7 65 776 1 - 19 14 “ 3,918 26 1,488 1 38 360 1,904 6 - 95 15 se 10,124 120 4,158 10) 273 1,369 -3,750 40 100 304 16 “ 18,063 145 6,667 19 : 895 2,883 6,029 163} -: 467): ‘795 17 “ 24,232 155 7,557 49 1,513 4,373 7,377 313 1,523 1,372 18-19 “ 59,500|. 291 15,440 91 4,057 11,174 14,966 1,452) 8,400 3,629 20-24 =“ 126,226 651 26,636 228 8,120] 23,868 25,240 3,997 30,074 7,412 25-34 “ 111,628) 1,217 21,576 155 4,805! ..19,346 25,556 3,505]. 30,119 5,349 35-49 “ 81,412 4,984 14,945 56 1,186 10,108 26,985 2,228 19,019 1,901 50-64 “ 41,217 7,167 5,580 13 216 2,884 16,576 719 7,609 453 65 and over 12,738 3,411 1,067 3 23 582 5,380 158 2,016 98
; . PER CENT DISTRIBUTION
LO eee ee ———
. pc. p.c. po. ‘| p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. , 100-00! 100-06]. 100-00| 100-60) 100-00] 100-00; 100-00) 100-00) 100-00) 169-00 0-22 0-03 0-21 - 0-03 0-08} . 0-58) 0-01 -|. 0-09 0-80 0-14 1-41 0-16 0-18 0-471 1-41 0-05 - 0-44 2-07 0-66 3-95 1-60) 1:29 1-78 2-79 0-32 0-10 1-42 3-69 0-80 6-33 3-04 4-24 3-74 4-48 1-29 0-47 3-71 4-94 0-85 7:17 7-84 7-16) 5-68 5-48 2-49 1:53 6-40 ~ 12-14 1-60 14-66 14-56 19-20 14-51 11-12. 11-54 8-46 16-94
25°75 3-58 25-29 36-48 38-42 30-99 18-76 31-77 30-28 34:59 22:77 6:70 20-48 24-80 22-74 25-12 19-00 27-86 30-32 24:96 16-61 27-43 14-19 8-96 5-61 13-13 20-06 17:71 19-15 8-87 8-41 39-44 5-30 2-08 1-02 3:74 12-32 6:71 7-66 2-11 2-6 18-77 1-01 0-48 0-11 0-76 4-00 1-25] 2-03 0:43
XXXII
Distribution of Workers by Ages and Occupational Groups.—Table XX presents the percentage distribution of each age-group of male and female workers amongst the occupational groups. This table is based on the absolute figures of Tables XVIII and XIX and analyzes them from a different angle than the percentages in those tables.
TABLE XX.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED BY SEX IN EACH SPECIFIED AGE PERIOD, CANADA, 1921
=== ete se eee ess EEE EEE
Dom- . . All Prim- Con- Trans- | Trade estic Public | Profes- Sex and age periods occu- ary Manu- | struc- porta- and and admin- | sional All pations pro- |factures| tion tion finance | porsonal| istrn | service | other ducers service tion p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c.
100-00 42-62 15-47 6-88 8:43 10-93) 2-98 3-05) 3-08 6-52
100-00 83-76 5-98 0:53 0-80 4:28 1:32 0-22 0-03 3-08 100-00 67-45 13:31 1-69 2-06 8:31 1-51 0-31 0-05 5-30
100-00 60-81 17-01 2:15 2:75 8-88 1:52 0-60 0:34 5-93
100-00 56-37 17-56 2-71 3-96 9-91 1-62 0-75 0-46 6-66
100-00 52-53 18-03 3-55 5-22 10-24 1-70 0-85 0-71 7:16
100-00 48-69 17:14 4-00 7-24 10-55 1-95 1-33 1:37 7-71
109-00 43-56] 16-27 5-01 9-16 10-69 2-55 2-45 2°34 7:97
100-00 38-01 16:33 6-74 10-30 11:76 3-38 3-29 3-47 6-70
100-00 39-16 15-63 8-21 9-15 11:76 3:32 3:32 3-57 5-88
100-00 44-72 13-68 8-22 7-04 10-15 2-95 3-76 3-52 5-96
100-00 53:34 10-24 7-69 4-02 7-76 2-83 4:27 3-03 6-82
Females....... 100-09 3-71 21:49 0-13 4-31 15:71 21-45 R-57 20-26 4-37
- 100-00 0-55} * 19-96 - 0-64 5-95 71-06 0-09 - 1-74 14 “ 100-00; 0-66) 37-98 0-03 0-97 9-19 48-60) 0-15 - 2-42 100-00 1-19 41:07]. 0-10 2-70 13-52 37-04 0-39 0-99 3-00
109-00 0-80) 36-91 0:11 4-95 15:96 33:38 0-90 2:59 4-40
100-00 0:64 31-19 0-20 6-24 18-05 30-44 1-29 6-29 5-66
100-00 0-49 25-95 0-15 6-82 18:78 25-15 2-44 14:12 6-10
wae 100-00 0-52 21-10 0-18 6-43 18-91 20-00 3:17 23.82 5-87
: . 100-00 1-09 19-33 0-14 4:30 17:33 22-89 3-14 26-98 4:79
5 : 100-00} - 6-12 18-36 0-07 1-46 12-41 33-15 2-74 23-36 2-33 : 100-00, 17-39 13-54 0-03 0-52 7-00 40-22 1-74 18-46 1-10
. 100-00 26:78 8-38 0-02 0-18 4-57 42.23 1-24 15:83 0-77 eee
Primary and Manufacturing Groups by Ages and Classes.—In Table XXI the primary production group is broken up into its various subdivisions to show for each age-group the extent to which agriculture, logging, fishing and trapping, and mining and quarrying have severally contributed to the total figure for primary producers. Table XXII deals with the manufacturing group in a similar manner.
TABLE XXI—PERCENTAGE OF ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS IN EACH GLASS OF THE PRIM" ARY PRODUCTION GROUP, BY AGE-PERIODS, CANADA, 1921
Primary production group Mow Percentage | Per cent each class is of total in specified age Sex and age periods workers Tere . in group Agri- . + Fishin, ining . are of all eri Logging saine, and workers culture ote. Quarrying p.c p.c. 42-62 38-15 1:48 1:09 1-90 83-76 80-95 0:54 1:84 0-43 67-45 64-62 0-69 1:37 0-77 60°81 57-84 0-93 0-99 1-05 56-37 52-62 1-20 1-08 1:47 52°53 48-22 1-62 1-15 1-54 48-69 * 43:93 1-98 1-10 1:70 43-56 38-49 2-13 1:12 1-82 38-01 33-09 1-64 1-03 2°25 39-16 34:59 1:39 1-07 2-11 44-72 40-98 1-10 lil 1-53 53-34 | 50:31 0-75 1-31 0-97 3-71 3-66 of 0-01 0-04 0-55 0-37 0-18
o
~ RSR
°
&
e ceceecocs 2655 aa 'SSESS228a
Q
Xxxili TABLE XXII.—PERCENTAGE OF ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS IN EACH CLASS OF THE MANU- FACTURING GROUP, BY AGE-PERIODS, CANADA, 1921' eae aE”! _ Lea
Manufacturing group
Per- Percentage workers in each occupational class are of total workers in specified Sexand age | centage age periods periods workers Ch Print @) in this em- rin group Leather] icals Tron Non- mon. c … JWorkers Workers ing | Various areof | Food and and and | ferrous indus- Textiles and and and | all furs | allied | steel | me tries wood paper | ,200k- | unspeci- workers| products binding} fied GC. .C .C .C. .C. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. Males....... ts-a7| Gas] Ou Odo] Bos) Oe] os] T%s| Bae] D0] sl "So 10-13 years...) 5-98 0-83 0-54 0-09 0-30 0-12 0-23 0-72 1-75 0-29 0-31 0-80 14 Os 3-31 1-09 0:77 0-22 1:12 0-33 0-39 2-62 2-82 0-77 1-14 2-04 15 “ 17-01 1-57 0-99 0-24 2-16 0-64 0-47 2-87 2-96 0°78 1:41 2°92 16 “ 17-56 1-71 1-04 0-26 2-71 0-61 0-59 2-42 3°38 0°96 1-34 2-54 17 “ 18-03 1-76 0-86 0-27 3°34 0°72 0-63 2°12 3-39 1:19 1-28 2-47 18-19 “ 17-14 1-70 0-75 0-22 3-78 0-67 0-64 1:71 3-11 1-21 1-05 2-30 20-24 “ 16-27 1-46 0-63 0-18 4-01 0-63 0-66 1-41 3-00 1-21 0-83 2-25 25-34 “ 16-33 1-44 0-59 0-21 4.47 0-71 0-74 1-38 2-72 1-08 0-79 2-20 35-49 “ ,,.| 15:63 1-49 0-61 0-20 4-43 0-62 0-74 1-43 2-65 0-82 0-69 1-95 60-64 “ ...| 13-68 1:31 0-63 0-19 3-41 0:47 0-64 1:30 2-76 0-58 0°57 1-82 65 and over...| 10:24 0°85 0-61 0-12 2-24 0-34 0-45 0-99 2-58 0-32 0-34 1-40 Females....| 21-49 1-56 1-19 0-37 0-80 0-48 0-23 | 11-72 0-48 0-44 1-1 3-12 10-13 years...| 19-96 3-20 1:83 0-37 0-09 0-28 0-18 9-43 0:37 0-55 0-73 2-93 14 4 .,.1 87-98 4-08 2-81 0-92 0-41 0-41 0:56 | 19-04 1-10 1:35 1-15 6-15 15 yee] 41-07 4-75 2-60 0-79 0-86 1-03 0-54 | 19-30 1:39 1-36 2-02 6-43 16 «ye. | 36-91 413 2-09 0-95 1-09 1-02 0-38 | 16-60 1-14 1-26 1:73 6-52 17 ye] 31-19 3-09 1-72 0-74 1-04 0-71 0-35 | 13-98 0-91 0-88 2-02 5-75 18-19 “ ...] 25-95 2-51 1-45 0-54 1-15 0-70 0-34 | 11-57 0-80 0-61 1-64 4-64 20-24 “ .,.] 21-10 1-60 1-24 0-41 1-11 0-62 0-27 10-08 0-52 0-47 1-29 3-49 26-34 “ ...| 19-33 1-01 1-14 0-29 0-81 0-42 0-21 11°18 0-34 0-33 1:05 2-55 85-49 “ ...| 18:36 0-76 0:86 0-20 0-39 0-21 O-11{ 13-17 0-21 0-16 0-61 1-68 50-64 “ ...| 13-54 0-48 0-54 0-05 0-18 0-08 0-04 | 10-89 0-15 0-20 0-22 0-76 65 and over... 8-38 0-20 0-25 0-03 0-06 0-01 - 7-27 0-09 0-02 0-09 0-36 —.—— SSS
() Various includes liquors and beverages, rubber, tobacco and miscellaneous industries.
Measure of Occupational Representations by Age Groups.—Table XXIII is based on Tables XVIII and XIX and measures in percentages the extent to which an age-group is represented in a particular occupational group as compared with its representation in the total of all gainfully employed. For example, the age-group 20-24 years for males contains 12-08 per cent of all male workers (Table XVIII). The same age-group contains only 8-80 per cent of male workers in construction. This age-group is, therefore, not so well represented amongst workers in construction as amongst the generality of workers. The relationship of the actual proportion employed in this industry for the given age-group to the expected proportion is indi- cated by the percentage obtained by dividing 8-80 by 12-08 which gives a percentage of 73— the figure shown for this age-group in this industry in the next table.
XXXIV
TABLE XXIII.—-PERCENTAGE WHICH THE PROPORTION OF EACH CLASS OF THE MALE OR FEMALE POPULATION BY AGE IN EACH OCCUPATIONAL GROUP FORMS OF THE SAME CLASS BY AGE IN ALL OCCUPATIONS, 1921
Age periods
Industries ee SSSSFSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSsSSS : 65 and 1o14 | 1610 | 2024 | 2534 | 2640 | 5064 | 85am MALES Allindustries............................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Primary producers.................,...,..... 170 123 102 89 92 105 125 Manufactures...........,......... tee 71 113 105 106 101 88 66 Construction..................... 18 50 73 98 119 119 112 Transportation................... 20 67 109 122 109 83 48 Trade and finance.........,...... 63 93 97 107 107 92 71 Domestic and personal service.... 49 60 85 113 111 99 95 Public Administration........... 9 34 80 108 109 123 140 Professional service............... , 1 . 31 77 113 117 115 99 Allother.....,.,...........,...,......,.,.,,. 71 110 122 103 90 91 105 FEMALES
Allindustries.........................,..... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Primary producers.......,.....,..........,.. 17 17 14 29 165 469 722 Manufactures........,.............. . 159 141 98 90 85 63 39 Construction....................... . 16 118 142 109 54 25 18 Transportation..................... . 21 140 149 100 34 12 4 Trade and finance.................. : 54 113 120 110 79 44 29 Domestic and personal service . 195 105 73 83 | ° (121 146 154 Public Administration............... . 6 68 123 122 107 68 48 Professional service................, . - 46 118 133 115 91 78 All other.....................,...,.........,. 52 125 134 110 53 25 18
Male Workers in Certain Occupations by Age Groups.—Table XXIV gives the abso- lute number of males reported employed by age-groups for a selected list of occupations. These occupations have been chosen as far as possible to present the age distribution for more or less homogeneous groups of workers, including certain classes of mechanics, regardless of the industry in which employed. Though incomplete, these occupations include 2,231,462 out of the total of 2,683,019 males gainfully eniployed.
XXXV
TABLE XXIV.—MALE WORKERS IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
AGE, 1921 Age periods Occupation Total 65 10-17 | 18-19 | 20-24 | 25-34 | 35-49 | 50-64 and over Total all occupations. ......................... 2,683,019! 170,124) 132,771] 324,102) 663,919) 845,278| 421,658] 125,167 Total of selected occupations................... 2,281, 462| 145,378] 117,685] 282,954) 551,043] 683,604] 345,279] 105,519 Bakers and confectionery makers................- 7,331 289 735 1,041 1,772] 2,337 976 181 Barbers and hairdressers...... tenes . 10, 625 - 2471 1,223| 3,971) 3,890) 1,155 139 Blacksmiths............... 18,200 7 360! 1,241) 4,068} 7,089] 4,067] 1,368 Boot and shoemakers.....,.....,.......,..,,.,.. 6,049 766 435 901 1,417 1,600 754 176 Boot and shoe repairers 7,470 - 164 828 1,351 2,484 1,799 844 Bricklayers and masons 8,198 1 102 413 1,503 3,634 1,954 591 Cabinet and furniture makers.................... 4,208 154 139 403 950] 1,495 813 254 Carpenters........................... 58,507 104 939| 3,619) 13,766| 23,211| 13,107; 3,761 Chauffeurs, taxi and truck drivers.... 9,937 211 801] 2,785) 3,791) 2,021 298 30 . Clergymen. Pease eee eeanes eet ee ecco tener tent sens 11,654). - - 353] 2,351] 4,941) 3,122 887 0) a 11,422 - 279 1,192 3,784| 4,542 1,374 251 ‘ Deliverymen.. . 11,274] 1,486] 1,000) 2,0461 3,300) 2,619 708 115 Electricians.....................,................ 10,364 65 558] 2,056! 3,922] 3,073 609 81 Engineers (professional). ......................... 12,814 - 165 919] 4,204) 5,414) 1,746 366 Farmers, gardeners and stock raisers............. 641,181 792) 2,032] 27,692] 148,240] 249,495} 156,433] 56,497 Farmers'sons.........................,..,...... 211,567| 72,885) 40,835] 61,875) 29,211 6, 230) 467 64 Firemen and policemen.......................... 12,662 1 240; 1,417] 4,242] 4,377) 1,832 553 Fishermen..........,.....,................. nes 27,048 1,845 1,353 3,384 6,307; 8,330| 4,316 1,513 Garage repairmen. 14,808 935}. 1,370] 3,889 5,465 2,734 370 45 Labourers, PATI... cece cee tenn ee 169,569] 19,129] 15,413) 35,043) 41,874) 36,177| 15,631 6,302 mines and quarries................... 12,134 982 811 1,791 3,386 3,460; 1,409 295 “ iron and steel manufacturing. . ws 19,876 1,202 1,131 2,525 5,328 6,203 2,883 604 “ construction................ 31,036 1,485 1,663| 4,435] 8,033 9,943) 4,351 1,126 “ transportation............ 36, 989 1,326 2,037] 5,107] 10,303] 12,279 5,037
“ commercial establishments.
other, and unspecified.... Lawyers and notaries..............
“
8,755 6 208,587) 17,132} 13,682]. 29,984! 50,130] 57,513; 30,553) 9,593 7,145 262 496
Locomotive engincers and firemen.. 14,258 17 265 1,496] 5,270) 5,544 1,532 134 Machinists and millwrights...... 36,280 177 1,484] 5,033) 10,992] 13,556; 4,294 744 Merchants and dealers, retail..... 94,285 71 263} 3,959] 22,102] 42,145) 20,575] 5,170 Merchants and dealers, wholesale. . an 5,042 - - 171 1,083] 2,314 1,218 256 Mine operatives, coal Cv eaeeeeneree . 22,822 872 985 2,710 7,280 8,289 2,350 336 Mine operatives, other..... . 8,026 212 261 833 2,430] 2,962 1,116 212 Moulders and casters 7,105 10 218 640] 2,068] 3,026] 1,003 140 Office clerks (pther than Public Administration). 98,340; 7,722) 9,683] 21,822; 28,144] 21,493] 8,023] 1,453 Painters, glaziers and decorators................. 22,848 75 650} 2,026) 6,198] 8,852) 4,146 901 Physicians and surgeons........ . 8,554 - - 170] 2,087| 3,743] 2,096 458 Plasterers and lathers.......... 2,660 - 54 152 782 1,095 474 103 Plumbers ,steam and gas fitters.. +40: - 390] 1,405] 3,074] 2,768 710 61
Printing and bookbinding trades......... Public Administration, officials and clerks. . Pulp and paper mill operatives..............
R.R. brakemen, trainmen and baggagemen....... 9,606 14 143| 1, "341 4,462) 2,962 631 53 RR. coNduetors. ee ererers cence, 5,465 - 5 92 1,337| - 2,943 1,018 70 R.R. sectionmen, trackmen, switchmen, signal-
men and yardmen......,....................., 20,450 277 474| 1,677| 5,944) 8,136| 3,491 451 R.R. station ticket agents. . 4,406 31 86 440) 1,429) 1,666 659 95 Sailors and deckhands......... 5,492 370 596 1,232 1,307] 1,190 630 167 Sales and purchasing agents, etc.. : 26,329 126 385] 2,422] 8,289) 10,486] 3,898 723 Salesmen in stores................ . 74,792 7,165 6,663| 14,145| 21,521) 18,188 6,034 1,076 Saw and planing mill operatives. . . 9,153 435 452 1,191 2,713 2,732 1,324 308 Servants and waiters.......... . 10,270 1,215 723 1,687} 3,171 2,371 820 283 Shantymen and riverdrivers. . 33,885} 2,034) 2,634] 6,502) 9,536] 9,136] 3,459 684 Stationary engineers..... 11,085 - 157 749| 2,677, 4,899] 2,169 434 Stone cutters.....,,....,...,........... 1! 535 - 25 86 330 723 302 69 Street railway conductors and motormen. . 8,868 9 66 674 3,168 3,989 912 50 Tailors a 5,524 - 154 638 1,641 2,215 765 lit Teachers (exclusive of professors and lecturers)... 11,042 98 682] 2,364) 3,341] 2,918] 1,410 229. Telegraph and telephone linemen . 3,466 45 184 659} 1,362 992 195 29 Telegraph operators............ . 6,013 106 369 1,620] 2,251 1,268 369 30
Textile factory operatives....
Per Cent Distribution of Male Workers in Certain Occupations by Ages.—Table XXV gives the percentage distribution by age groups of the same occupational classes for which absolute figures are presented in Table XXIV. For comparison with the age distribution of the individual occupations, the corresponding percentages for the total of all occupations is. given in the table. It is to be remembered that this total includes occupations not listed in the table—it is, in other words, the total of gainfully employed. The factors which enter into the age-distribution of the workers in particular occupations form a subject of special and increasing importance at the present time. The seriousness in many occupations of the overhanging danger
54554—c}
XXXVI
of loss of employment with the approach of old age or even with the foreshadowing of its approach can scarcely be exaggerated. The speeding up of processes, the simplification of the various steps in fabrication and the breaking up of old handicrafts, often substituting for the skill acquired in the course of years the training of a few weeks, tend to accentuate the advantages inherent in the energy, dexterity and versatility of youth. For the older man, therefore, in a large number of cases the retention of a position becomes less certain and the securing of a new one more difficult than a few years ago. To the limited extent that a census can measure this tendency to displace the older workers, the distribution of ages in typical occupations must take on an especial interest.
A few of the facts brought out by the table may be noted here. The contrast between -blacksmiths and chauffeurs, that is to say, between a trade which is obsolescent over part of its former scope and an occupation connected with a comparatively recent and growing means of transportation is very striking. If we commence with the age of 18, all age groups under 35 show a high proportion for chauffeurs and a low one for blacksmiths, while above 35 the position is reversed. The contrast between boot and shoe makers, a class of factory employees, and boot and shoe repairers, a group of men mainly working for themselves, brings out the tendency of such an occupational group as the latter to show larger proportions at the older ages. Bricklayers, masons and carpenters are well represented in the older groups, while electricians, as members of a trade showing great development in recent years, are composed of much larger proportions of younger men. The tendency of farmers to retain even at advanced ages, at least, a nominal direction of their farms has already been noted and helps to explain the large percentage found in this occupation at advanced ages. Fishermen are close to the average distribution in every age group. That an occupation involving hazards and hardships should maintain proportions slightly above the average of all occupations at ages of 50 years and upwards may be accounted for by the number of fishermen who own their own boats. At ages over 50 all groups of labourers are below the average, though, on the other hand, none of them show extremely low figures in the older groups. The lowest proportion over 50 years is for labourers on farms, the highest for those in commercial establishments. Two opposing tendencies are no doubt at work in the case of labourers. On the one hand the arduous nature of most work under this heading makes it difficult to continue to an advanced age; on the other hand the undesirability of much of this labour is a protection against too vigorous competition from younger groups. Coal mine oper- atives show low proportions over 50 years of age, and other mine operatives though higher in these age-groups are still well below the average of all occupations. Amongst railway employees the low proportions above the age of 65 years are presumably due in the main to the pensioning off of the older employees. The great difference between the age distribution of railway conductors and that of brakemen, is a good example of the effect of promotion, a fact which may be over- looked in other occupations where the line of promotion is not so clearly defined. As compared with conductors, locomotive engineers have low proportions over 50 years of age, their deficiency in this period of life being presumably due to the greater strain of their work and the necessity for perfect vision. Textile factory operatives show high proportions under 20 years of age, but the age groups from 35 years upwards compare with the group 25 to 34 years about as favourably as in the total of all gainfully employed.
The low proportions amongst most of the professional classes in the early ages and their high proportions at later ages have already received some comment in the discussion regarding occupational groups (Table XVIII). In the present table certain of these classes can be seen free from the influence of non-professional workers such as office clerks, stenographers, telephone operators, etc. It will be observed that teachers form a notable exception to the rule, being above the average for all occupations at ages from 18 to 35 and below that average from 35 years upwards. This is largely due to the number who use teaching as a stepping stone to some other calling.
Office clerks are far above the general average in the age groups between 18 and 25 and continue over the average up to the age of 35 years. Their rapid fall in the later age-periods may be partly attributable to promotion. The distribution of salesmen in stores is chiefly to be remarked for the high proportions under 20 years of age and the low proportions over 50 years,
po
XXXViI
TABLE XXV.—PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF MALE WORKERS IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS ACCORDING TO AGE, 1921
Age periods
Occupations 65 10-17 | 18-19 and over All occupations (1).,.................. 6-34 4:95 4-66 Bakers and confectionery makers................. 3-04] 10-03 2-47 Barbers and hairdressers........ - 2-32 1-31 Blacksmiths............. 0: 1-98 7-52 Boot and shoe makers... 12-66 7-19 2-91 Boot and shoe repairers. - 2-20 11-30 Bricklayers and masons..... 0-01 1-24 7-21 Cabinet and furniture makers. 3-66 3-30 6-04 Carponters...................... 0-18 1-60 6-43 Chauffours, taxi and truck drivers. 2:12 8:06 0-30 Clergymen................ - - 7-61 Cooks....:... - 2-44 2-20 Deliverymen. 13-18 8-87 1-02 EÉlectricians................... 0-63 5-38 0-78 Engineers (professional). ......................... - 1-29 2-86 Farmers, gardeners and stock raisers............. 0:12 0-32 8-81 Farmers’ 80n8..............,......... 34-45] 19-30 0-03 Firemen and policemen : 0-01 1-90 4-37 Fishermen...s................,............,.. 6-82 5-00 5-59 Garage repairmen.. 6-31 9-25 0-30 Labourers, farm..........,.,,................... 11-28 9-09 3-72 “ mines and quarries..........,........ 8-09 6-68 2-43 “ iron and steel manufacturing.......... 6-05) 5-69 3-04 “ construction.......................... 4-78 6-36 3-63 , transportation..............,......... 3-58 5-51 2.43 “ commercial establishments........... 8-18 5°75 3-92 “ other....,..........,......,...,.,..2. 8-2 6-56 4-60 Lawyers and notarios............... - - 6-94 Locomotive enginecrs and firemen.. 0-12 1-86) 0-94 Machinists and millwrights......... 0-49 4-09 2-05 Merchants and dealors, retail..................... 0-08 0-28 5-48 Merchants and dealers, wholesale................ = - 5-08 Mine operatives, conl............................ 3-82 4-32 1-47 Mino operatives, other.. 2-64 3-25 2-64 Moulders and casters 0-14 3-07 1-97 Office clerks (other than Public Administration). 7-85 9-85 1-48 Painters, glaziers and decorators......,........., 0-33 2-84 3-94 Physicians and surgeons.......................... - - 6-36 Plasterers and lathers............. - 2-03 3-87 Plumbers, steam and gas fitters.. - 4.64 0-73 Printing and bookbinding trades.................. 1-45) 7-44 1-55 Public Administration, officials and clerks....... 1-37 1-62 7-17 Pulp and paper milloporatives................... 5-19 6-25 1-24 R.R. brakemen, trainmen and baggagemen....... 0-15 1-49) 0-55 R.R. conductors......................,.......... - 0-09 1-28 R.R. sectionmen, trackmen, switchmen, signal- men and yardmen...............,............. : 1:35 2-32 . : . : 2-21 R.R. station ticket agents.. ee . 0-70] ‘1-95 : + . : 2-16 Sailors and deck-hands......... : . 6-74) 10:85 . . : : .3-04 Sales and purchasing agents, etc.. . ‘ 0-48 1-46 , , . : 2-75 Salosmen in stores................ . + 9-58 8-91 Ê . . . 1-44 Saw and planing mill operatives... . . 4-75 4-94 : : + : 3-34 Servants and waiters..........., . : 11-83 7-04 : : : - 2-76 Shantymen and river drivers. . : 6-00 7-48) : . : + 2-02 Stationary engineers... on . - 1-42 . . . . 3-92 Stonccutters .. : - 1-63 : : . : 4-50 Streot railway conductors and motormen. us : 0-10 0-75 : : : : 0-56 Tailors..…......................,....,......... .. : - 2-79 : : : . 2-01 Teachers (exclusive of professors and lecturers)... . 0-89 6-18 : : . : 2-07 Telegraph and telephone linemen................. . 1-30 5-31 : . . . 0-84 Telograph oporators.............. . : 1:76 6-14 . . : . 0-60 Textile factory operatives. sees sees : 18-96) 8-92 : : . : 3-25 mm a —_————————
(1) Includes occupations not listed in the table.
One of the difficulties attendant on the analysis of a table of percentage distributions is the effect of the proportions in the varying groups upon one another, heavy proportions in one group tending of themselves to produce light proportions in others. To enable an analysis of the ‘absolute figures of Table XXIV, cleared of this tendency, percentage figures for the age groups 25-34 years upwards are presented in Table XXVI, for which in every case the number in the next preceding age-group-has been taken as the base or 100 per cent. Thus, to take an example, the number of firemen and policemen in the age-group 25 to 34 years, as shown by the table, forms 299 per cent of the number in the age-group 20 to 24 years, while the number in the age-group 35 to 49 years forms 103 per cent of those in the age-group 25 to 34 years, and so with the later groups. The large percentages of increase between the 20 to 24 year group and the 25 to 34
XXXxVIII
year group are particularly noticeable for the professions, excepting teachers, and for steam railway conductors, merchants and dealers and farmers. The proportions over 65 years as com- pared with those of 50 to 64 years show great variation. The highest proportions are found for boot and shoe repairers, farm labourers and farmers;. the. lowest for street railway conductors and motormen, steam railway conductors and brakemen, and telegraph operators. It must be pointed out that in this table, as also in Table XXV, horizontal comparisons are subject to the limitation that the age groups are not all of equal range.
TABLE XXVI—NUMBER OF MALES IN EACH AGE-GROUP FOR CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF NUMBER IN NEXT LOWER AGE-GROUP, 1921 EEE Percentage which number in upper age-pcriod forms of number in lower age-period
Occupations 25-34 35-49 50-64 65 years
years to years to years to |. and over
20-24 25-34 35-49 to 50-64
years years years years p.c, p.c. p.c. p.c.
Alf occupations (1).......................,,,.............. 205 127 50 29 Bakers and confectionery makers..................................... 170 132 42 19 Barbers and hairdressers.. .........,.......................... . 325 98 30 12 Blacksmiths................,,.,......,.........,........... . 328 ‘174 57 34 Boot and shoe makers. ... Cee eae evens cee ee arene teen eenes . 157 113 47 23 Boot and shoe repairers... cee eee een e eect cen eeeenenes . 163 184 72 47 Bricklayers and masons...................,,.........,.......... . 364 242 54 30 Cabinet and furniture makers.....,..........,.................... . 236 157 54 31 Carpenters.............,.......,............,........e....ucee.. . 380 169 56 29 Chauffeurs, taxi and truckdrivers....,...........,............... . 136 53 15 10 | Clergymen.........,..,.......,,.........,/,.. ie. . 666 210 63 28 O00) a : 317 120 30 18 Deliverymen.e................,,..........,............... : 161 79 27 16 Electricians..........................,,....,....,.,,.......... : 191 78 20 13 Engineors (professional)...............,.,,,..........,..... 457 129 32 21 Farmers, gardeners and stock raisers... 535 168 63 36 Farmers’ sons. ................,,.,... . 47 21 7 14 Firemen and policemen. . 299 103 42 30 Fishermen........... . 186 132 52 35 Garage repairmen . 141 50 14 12 ‘Labourers, farm.......... . 119 86 43 40 “ mines and quarries..............,........,.,.......,...... 189 102 at 21 “ iron and steel manufacturing. .................,............ 211 116 46 21 “ construction................,.,,.......,................... 181 |. 124 44 26 “ eee eee ere eee esse cesser 202 119 41 18 “ i i Sennen e tee ender eet rer 199 121 §2 25 “ other and unspecified.................,.................... 167 115 53 31 Lawyers and notaries...,.,.................,........................ 861 .. UW 56 33 Locomotive engineers and firemen.................................... 352 105 28 9 Machinists and millwrights........................................... 218 123 32 17 Merchants and dealers retail. .............,..................,....... 558 191 49 25 Merchants and dealers wholesale. .................................... 633 214 53 21 Mine operatives, coal.......................,,..........,............. 269 114 28 14 Mine operatives, other.. eee see eens ene eee 292 122 38 19 Moulders and casters..…............................,,.,............... 323 146 33 14 Office clerks (other than Public Administration). ..................... 129 76 37 18 Painters, glaziers and decorators...................................... 306 143 47 : 22 Physicians and surgeons.......................... . 1,228 179 56 22 Plasterers and lathers...................... . 514 140 43 22 Plumbers, steam and gas fitters. . : 219 90 26 9 Printing and bookbinding trades.. 187 96 37 14 Public Administration, officials and clerks see 337 127 60 35 Pulp and paper mill operatives.. eee nee esse seen. 193 90 - 32 13 R.R. brakemen, traimen and ba, beeen cence rect eee nee 333 66 21 8 R.R. conductors... 1,453 220 35 7 R.R. sectionmen, trackmen, switchmen signalmen and yardmen,...... 354 137 43 13 R.R. station ticket agents...................................,........ 325 117 40 14 Sailors and deckhands.......................,,.,..................... 106 91 53 27 Sales and purchasing agents, etc............,.,.........,.............. 342 127 37 19 Salesmen in stores.........,........,.........................c<....... 152 85 33 18 Saw and planing mill operatives. ..........,................... 0... 228 101 48 23 Servants and waiters.....................,..................<....... 188 75 35 35 Shantymen and river drivers...,.......,............e.......... 147 96 38 20 Stationary engineers...….............................................. 357 183 44 20 Stone-cutters............................,.. ran 384 219 42 23 Street railway conductors and motormen. .. 470 126 23 5 .Tailors........................,................ 257 135 35 15 Teachers (exclusive of professors and lecturers).. 141 87 48 16 Telegraph and telephone linemen.............., 207 73 20 15 . Telegraph operators........... 139 56 29 8 Textile factory operatives... 131 116 59 25
(1) Includes occupations not listed in the table.
© Table XXVII is based on Table XXV and measures in percentages the extent to which an
. age-group is represented in a particular occupational class as compared with its representation
in the total of all gainfully employed. An example will illustrate this. The age group 65 years
- and over contains 4-66 per cent of all workers (Table XXV). The same. age-group contains
XXXIX
6-94 per cent of lawyers and notaries. This age-group is, therefore, better represented amongst ‘lawyers than amongst the generality of occupations. That it shows excess above expectation is indicated by the proportion 6-94 divided by 4-66 or as a percentage, 149, which is the figure shown for this age-group and occupation in Table XXVIT. ‘ ‘ Amongst the strikingly large percentages above expectation revealed in the table are those for boot and shoe makers and textile factory operatives below the age of 18 years, for chauffeurs and garage men in the age-group 20 to 24 years, and for telegraph operators in the same age group. Some of the smallest percentages are in the very young or very old age groups. Amongst the latter, the figures for chauffeurs, garage repairmen and telegraph operators above the age of 65 are extreme examples. The figures of age distribution for farmers’ sons have no particular significance as it is evident that normality of distribution is not to be expected for the class. TABLE XXVIL—PERCENTAGE WHICH THE PROPORTION OF EACH CLASS OF THE MALE POPULA-
TION BY AGE IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS FORMS OF THE PROPORTION OF THE SAME CLASS BY AGE IN ALL OCCUPATIONS, 1921.
EE eee nel
Age periods
Occupations 65 10-17 | 18-19 | 20-24 | 25-34 | 35-49 | 50-64 and over p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. All occupations(!) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Bakers and confectionery makers......,.................... 62 203 118 98 101 85 53 Barbers and hairdressers................................... - 47 95 151 116 69 28 Blacksmiths.......... 00.0: c esse cece nee n eee e ere n een eras 1 40 56 90 124 142 161 Boot and shoe makers...................................... 200 145: 123 95 84 79 62 Boot and shoe repairers..................................... - 44 92 73 106 153 242 Bricklayers and masons.................................... - 25 42 74 141 152 154 Cabinet and furniture makers........................,...... 58 : 67 79 91 113 123 129 Carpenters...................... cae 3 32 51 95 126 142 138 Chauffeurs, taxi and truckdrivers. ee 33 163 232 154 65 19 6 Clorgymen........,....,........ . - - 25 82 135 170 163 ooks......... : - 86 134 126 77 4T Deliverymen. 208 179 150 118 74 40 22 Electricians........ 10 109 164 153 94 37 17 Engineers (professional)........... - 26 59 133 134 7 61 Farmers, gardeners and stock raisers.. . 2 6 36 93 124 155 189 Farmers’ 80n8......................... . 543 390 242 56 9 1 Firemen and policemen. 7 - 38 93 135 110 92 94 Fishermen................. . 108 101 104 94 98 102 120 Garage repairmen........ . 100 187 217 149 59 16 6 Labourers farm............... 178 184 171 100 68 59 80 “ mines and quarries........ 128 135 122 113 91 74 52 “ iron and steel manufacturing. 95 115 105 108 99 92 65 “ construetion.......,......... 75 108 118 105 102 89 78 “ transportation............... | - 56 iii 114 113. 105 | - 87 52 “ commercial establishments...................... 129 116 102 99 94 99 84 “ Other... ccc cence een ee eee tence nae eee 130 133 119 97 88 93 99 Lawyers and notaries.................,.......,............. - - 30 128 118 132 149 Locomotive engineers and firemen.......................... 2 38 87 149 123 68 20 Machinists and millwrights................................. 8 83. 115 122 119 75 44 Merchants and dealers retail................................ 1 35 95 142 | 139 117 Merchants and dealers, wholesale............ Lecce eee eeeeees - - 28 87 146 154 109 Mine operatives, coal....,...............................,... 60 87 98 129 116 66 31 .Mine operatives, other. - 42 66 86 122 117 88 57 Moulders and casters............. Méscecessseseses 2 62 75 118 135 90 42 Office clerks (other than Public Administration). 124 199 184 116 69 52 32 Painters, glaziers and decorators.................. 5 57 73 110 123 115 84 Physicians and surgeons.......,..,...................,..... - - 16{ : 99 139 156 115 Plasterers and lathers.............,........................ - 41 47] ° 119 131 113 83 Plumbers, steam and gas fitters.... - 94 138 148 105 54 16 Printing and bookbinding trades................,........... 23 150 139 127 96 71 33 Public Administration, officials and clerks.................. 22 33 66 109 109 131 154 Pulp and paper mill operatives.................7............ 82 126 138 130 92 59 27 R.R. brakemen, trainmen and baggagemen................. 2 30 116 188 98 42 12 R.R. conductors.........................,.........,.....44, - 14 99 171 119 27 -R.R. sectionmen, trackmen, switchmen, signal men and yardmen............................... pénsssssssssesee 21 47 68 118 126 109 47 R.R. station ticket agents...........................,..,... 11 39 - 83 131 120} ° 95 46 Sailors and deckhands........................,............. 106 219 186 96 69 73 65 Salos and purchasing agents, etc............................. 8 29. 76 127 126 94 59 Salesmen in stores................,......................... 151 180 157 116 77 51 31 Saw and planing mill operatives............................. 75 100 108 120 95 92 72 Servants and waiters...............,..,..,................, 187 |. 142 136 125 73 51 59° Shantymen and river drivers............................... 95 151 159 114 86 65 43 Stationary engineers.......,...,......,4................. - 56 98 140 124 84 Stonecutters................... ence eens sees - 33 48! 87 150 125 96 Street railway conductors and motormen. wees 2 63 144 143 65 12 Tailors..........................,.............. - 120 127 43 Teachers (exclusive of professors and lecturers). a 14 125 177 122 84 |. 81 44 Telegraph and telephone linemen............ a 21 107 157 159 91 36 -18 ‘Telegraph operators........ 28 124 223 151 |: 67 89 il Textile factory operative: an 299 180 121 77 70 83 70
() Includes occupations not listed in the table.
xl
Female Workers in Certain Occupations by Age Groups.—Table XXVIII corres- ponds to Table XXIV for males and contains the absolute numbers by age groups for a selected list of occupations of females. The list comprises 431,172 out of the total of 490,150 females gainfully employed.
+
TABLE XXVIJIIL—FEMALE WORKERS IN CERTA 197 CUPATIONS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING
TO AG a ———— —— …— ——.————"——_——_ Age periods Occupations Total EP 10-17 | 1819 | 20-24 | 25-34 | 35-49 | 50-64 | 65 and
ve Total all occupations..................... 490,150| 57,429) 59,500| 126,226] 111,628] 81,412] 41 »217| 12,738 Total of selected occupations............. 431,172) 47,428] 53,512] 114,761] 98,727 69,941! 35,676) 11,127 Attendants and guards..…................... 3,952 447 437 824 910 804 428 108 Biscuit and confectionery makers...... ee 3,744 1,408 805 910 412 160) 46 3 Boarding and lodging-house keepers........ 4,810 - - 53 527 1,804 1,793 633 Boot and shoe makers................ tae 3,276 808 505 837 656 349 109 12 tebeetenees wee 6,251 58 146 286 895 2,455 1,805 608 ess ..| 14,470 2,599 2,126 3,876 3,250, 2,000 654 65 tae 4,327 - 208 599 1,104 1,542 744 130 16,612 - 874 2,458 4,238 §,522 2,882 638 16,315 10 18 167 940 4,764 7,052 3,364 ..|[ 23,167 - 1,039 2,582). 5,021 7,419 5,224 1,882 Laundry workers................. . 2,611 610 367 495 444) 461 197 37 Merchants and dealers, retail. . 6,237 6 37 389 1,249 2,581 1,516 459 Milliners..…............,...... 8,029 - 374 985 1,082 482 101 5 Musicians and teachers of mus 4,308 79 281 959 1,417 1,115 404 53 Nurses and nurses in training...... 21,162 180 1,161 5,993 7,112 4,664 1,688 364
Office clerks (other than Public ° . tration)...............,....,.. 78,342 7,601! 13,209] 29,715] 20,981 6,040 723 73 Printing and bookbinding trades.. . 2,060 61 461 749 506 231 48 4 Public Administration, officials and ks. 12,000 499 1,431 3,959 3,414 1,959 600 138
Rubber goods makers (including rubberl
boots and shoes.......,..,.,,,....,.... 1,587 485 318 441 221 103 18 1 Saleswomen instores............. ..| 85,474 5,514 5,688] 10,799 8,461 4,200 757 56 Servants (not otherwise specified). .. 78,118} 17,423) 11,277) 17,635] 13,981] 10,513 5,514 1,775 Tailoresses....,...............,.. = 2,240 - 164 551 673 591 227 34 eachers..............,,.., ..[ 49,795 1,027 5,368| 18,299} 14,590 7,377 2,580 554 Telephone operators........ un 12,827 2,208 2,894 4,767 2,412 478 61 7 Textile factory operatives..........,,,..... 15,193 4,563 2,679 3,860 2,244 1,336 407 104 Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. ..... 2,893) 872 558 697 394 280 82 10 Waitresses..…..,..,.........,....,......... 6,372 970 1,087 1,876 1,593 711 116 19
Per Cent Distribution of Female Workers in Certain Occupations by Ages.—Table XXIX shows the percentage distribution by age-groups of the females employed in each of the occupations given in Table XXVIII. Attendants and guards (a class lacking in homogeneity) have about average proportions in the very young and very old groups, though in the inter- mediate ages they favour the older groups. Biscuit and confectionery makers show heavy con- centration under 20 years and particularly under 18 years of age. Almost 60 per cent of the workers in these occupations are under 20 and only 5} per cent are over 35 years. Boarding and lodging housekeepers have an age distribution of the opposite kind; no less than 88 per cent of this class’of workers were over 35, and more than 50 per cent were over 50 years of age. The fact that most boarding and lodging-house keepers are married or widowed accounts for the greater ‘ number in the older ages. Female boot and shoe makers have proportions decidedly above the average of all occupations up to the 20th birthday and considerably below after the 35th.
Charworkers and cleaners far exceed the average for all occupations in the older age groups. Whereas only 28 per cent of all gainfully employed females have passed the 35th birth- day, 78 per cent of charworkers have attained this age. Cooks show a similar though much less marked tendency from 25 years upwards. Servants (n.0.8.) have an usually large percentage of their number under 20 years of age, with a corresponding deficiency in the groups between 20 and 50 years. The percentage over 50 years of age is 9-33 as compared with 11-01 for all females gainfully employed. As compared with the average of all occupations, the highest proportion for waitresses is at 18 to 19 years. After 35 years they fall off rapidly. |
. xli
Clothing factory operatives have a proportion under 20 years of age well in excess of the average of all occupations, but they do not show any great deficiency until after the 50th birth- day. Dressmakers and seamstresses, not including apprentices, are slightly above the average at ages 25 to 34 years and markedly so between 35 and 65 years. Only 20 per cent of their number are under 25 years, as compared with almost 50 per cent for all gainfully employed females. This heavy concentration in the later age groups, while intensified by the exclusion of apprentices, must be mainly attributed to a declining occupation. Factory workers are not included in this class,
The concentration of female farmers in the older age-groups and the reasons therefore have already been noted in connection with the class of primary producers in the discussion of Table XIX: This concentration is very strikingly brought out in the present table.
Female government clerks, in contradistinction to men, show percentages smaller than the average of all occupations after the 35th birthday. It must be remembered however, that the average of all occupations for the older ages is considerably influenced by such classes as farmers, boarding and lodging-house keepers, charworkers and cleaners, and housekeepers and matrons, which include a large number of married women or widows. More than 66 per cent of all female teachers reported in the last census were between twenty and thirty-five years of age.
Textile factory operatives have a somewhat peculiar age distribution. The proportion under 18 years of age is one of the highest in the table, but if we take the number between the 20th and 25th birthday as the standard, we find that the falling off from this figure at later ages is not excessive.
TABLE XXIX.—PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FEMALE WORKERS IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS ACCORDING TO AGE, 1921
ee a ——a————_—_—————————————
Per cent distribution by age periods
Occupations Total 65 d
10-17 | 18-19 | 20-24 | 25-34 | 35-49 | 60-64 an
over
All occupations(1).................... 100-00 | 11-72 | 12-14. 25-75 | 22-77 | 16.61 | . 8-41 2-60
Attendants and guards......... Biscuit and confectionery make: Boarding and lodging-house keepe Boot and shoe makers... Charworkers and cleaners. Clothing factory operatives
Cooks....................... Dressmakers and seamstress 100-00 - 5-26 | 14-80] 25-51 | 33-24 | 17-35 84 Farmers, gardeners and stock r 100-00 0-06 O-1L 1-02 8-76 | 29-20 | 43-22 20-62 Housekeepers and matrons......... 100-00 - 4:48 | 11-15 | 21-67 | 32-02 | 22-6. 8-12 Laundry workers.......... 100-00 | 23-36 | 14-06 | 18-96 | 17-00 | 17-66 7-55 1-42 Merchants and dealers, retail 100-00 0-10 0-59 6-24 | 20-03 | 41:38 | 24-31 7-36 Milliners........,..........,..... 100-00 - 12-35 | 32-52 | 35:72 | 15-91 3-33 0-17 Musicians and teachers of music. . ...| 200-00 1-83 6-52 | 22-26 | 32-89 | 25-88 9-38 1-23 Nurses and nurses in training 100-00 0-85 5-49 | 28-32 | 33-61 | 22-04 7-98 1-72 Office clerks (other than Public Administration).| 100-00 9-70 | 16-86 | 37-93 | 26-78 7-71 0-92 0-09 Printing and bookbinding trades.................. 100-00 2-96 | 22-38 | 36-36 | 24:56 11-21 2-33 0:19 Public Administration, officials and clerks........ 100-00 4-16 | 11-93 | 32-99 | 28-45 | 16-33 5-00 1-15 Rubber goods makers (including rubber boots and .
ghoes).....,...................,.,..,......2. 100-00 | 30-56 | 20-04 | 27-79 13-93 6-49 1:13 0-06 Saleswomen in stores.............- | 100-00 | 15-54 | 16:03 | 30-44 | 23-85 | 11-84 2-13 0-16 Servants (not otherwise specified). 100-00 | 22-30 | 14-44 | 22-57 | 17-90 | 13-46 7:06 2°27 Tailoresses...,.................... wee 100-00 - 7-32 | 24-60 | 30-04 | 26-38 | 10-13 1-52 Teachers..............,.,......,..,. see 100-00 2-06 10:78 | 36-75 | 29-30} 14-81 6-18 1-11 Telephone operators................. | 100-00} 17-21 | 22-56 | 37-16 | 18-80 8-73 0-48 0-05 Textile factory operatives.............. | 100-00 | 30-03 | 17-63 | 25-41 | 14-77 8-79 2-68 0-68 Tobacco and cigar factory operatives... -f 100-00 | 30-14 | 19-29 | 24-09 | 13-62 9-68 2-83 0-35 Waitresses........c cece cece eee e eee nee nneeeeees 100-00 | 15-22 | 17-06 | 29-44 | 25-00 | 11-16 1-82 0-30
() Includes occupations not listed in the table.
xlii
_ … Table XXX corresponds to Table XXVI for males and shows, expressed as a percentage, the relationship of the number in each age-group of an occupation to the number in the next pre-
“ceding age-group.
TABLE XXX.—NUMBER OF FEMALES IN EACH AGE-GROUP FOR CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF NUMBER IN NEXT LOWER AGE-GROUP, 1921
eau ooo Percentage which number in upper age- period forms of number in
lower-age period
Occupations . 25-34 35-49 50-64 years years years to to to
20-24 25-34 35-49
years years years
- pe. Pc. P.c. Alloccupations.(!)... 0.0.0.0... 0. ccc cccecc cece cucenauueeetececeneus 88 73 51 Attendants and guards...............,.,.,............. eue... 110 88 53 Biscuit and confectionery makers........,................ . 45 39 29 Boarding and lodging-house keepers. . 994 342 99 Boot and shoe makers.............. . 78 53 31 Charworkers and cleaners. . 313 274 74 Clothing factory operatives. 84 62 28 Cooks..........,.......,.,.... 184 140 48 Dressmakers and seamstresses........ 172 130 52 Farmers, gardeners and stock raisers........ . 563 507 148 Housekeepers and matrons............ ue 194 148 70 Laundry workers............ 90 104 43 Merchants and dealers, retail. 321 207 59 Milliners.................... 110 45 21 Musicians and teachers of music. 148 79 36 Nurses and nurses in training...... 119 66 36 Office clerks (other than Public Administration). 71 29 12 Printing and bookbinding trades............. 68 46 21 Public Administration, officials and clerks............. 86 57 31 Rubber goods makers (including rubber boots and shoes). . 50 47 17 Saleswomen in stores.................................. . 78 50 18 Servants (not otherwise specified) . 79 75 52 Tailoresses.................... cee 122 88 38 OS cc cs 80 51 35 Telephone operators. . 51 20 13 Textile factory operatives...... 58 60 30
_ Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . Waitresses
(1) Includes occupations not listed in the table,
65 years
and over
to 50-64 years
p.c.
xiii
Table XXXI corresponds to Table XXVII for males and shows, in the form of a percentage, the actual number in a certain age-group and occupation, as compared with the number that would be expected on the basis of the proportion between age-groups shown for all gainfully employed. Biscuit and confectionery makers, rubber goods makers, tobacco and cigar factory operatives and textile workers under 18 years, and farmers, charworkers and boarding house keepers in the oldest age-groups show some of the strikingly high figures in the table.
TABLE XXXI.—PERCENTAGE, WHICH THE PROPORTION OF EACH CLASS OF THE FEMALE POPU- ATION BY AGE IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS FORMS OF THE PROPORTION OF THE SAME CLASS BY AGE IN ALL OCCUPATIONS, 1921 : Fo - - -
eee
Age periods
Occupations ‘ — 65 and 10-17 18-19 20-24 25-34 35-49 . 50-64 over p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. Alloccupations (1)................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Attendants and guards.................,:..... 97 91 81 101 122 129 99 Biscuit and confectionery makers............. 321 177. 94 48 26 15 3 Boarding and lodging-house keepers. os - - 4 48 226 443 506 Boot and shoe makers.............. a 210 127 99 88 64 40 14 Charworkers and cleaners. . . 8 19 18 63 236 343 373 Clothing factory operatives 153 121 104 99 83 46 17 GCooks.....................:... - 40 54 112 215 204 115 Dressmakers and seamstresses........ 7 - 43 57 112 200 206 | - 148 Farmers, gardeners and stock raisers.......... 1 1 4 . 25 176 514 793 Housekeepers and matrons.................... - 37 43 95 193 268 312 “Laundry workers................,..........,. 199 116 74 75 106 90 55 Merchants and dealers, retail. 1 5 24 . 88 249 289 283 Milliners......................,....,........ ~- 102 126 157 96 40 Musicians and teachers of music....... . 16 54 86 144 156]. 112 47 Nurses and nurses in training.................. 7 45 110 148 133 95 66 Office clerks (other than Public Administra-
FE ey ea 83 139 147 118 46 il 3 Printing and bookbinding trades baceeeeenseeee 25 184 141 108 67 28 7 Public Administration, officials and clerks... . 35 98 128 125 98 59 44 Rubber goods makers (including rubber boots
and shoes)............................... 261 165 108 61 39 13 2 Saleswomen in stores......................... 133 132 118 105 71 25 S@rvants..…........s..sssssrsses.r.es. 190 119 88 79 81 84 87 Tailoresses.........................,......... ~- 60 96 132 159}. 120 58
‘Teachers................. sesssossiose 18 89 150 129. 89 62 43 Telephone operators.........:.......,..:..... 147 186 144 83 22 6 2 Textile factory operatives........ pretest ereeees 256 145 99 65 53 32 26 Tobacco and cigar factory operatives......... 257 159 94 60 58 34 13 Waitresg08.............,...................... 130 141 114 110 67 22 12
(:) Includes occupations not listed in the table.
xliv
Children, by Occupations.—Table XXXII shows the numerical distribution of employed children between the 10th and 18th birthdays amongst the various groups of occupations.
TABLE XXXII—NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS OF GAINFULLY EMPLOYED CHILDREN OF EACH SEX 10 TO 17 YEARS OF AGE, FOR CANADA, 1921
Children engaged in gainful occupations, by ages, 1921
Sex and occupational groups 10-17 | 10-13 | 14 15 16 17 No. No. No No. No. No. BOT SEXES SEXES All occupations.................. see] 227,553 8,821 20, 745 43,642 69,919 84, 426 Agriculture..........,...... 93,246 6,261 10,893 19, 503 27,418 29,171 Logging, fishing and trapping. . 4,035 186 347 1, 189 1,668 Mining and quarrying esse : 2,231 33 136 358 936 Manufactures... Leen e ev ee en ete eens ...) 48,463 680 3,728 9,860 15, Hg 18,412 Construction. ....,,.............,......... wee 4,669 41 285 730 1,425 2,188 Transportation..................,....,.,................ 9,253 69 385 1,196 2 947 4,656 Trade.................................,,1 20,907 378 1,663 3,896 6, 692 8,278 Finance...................,..,...............,.,.,,.,... 4,151 18 95 449 1,328 2,261 Domestic and personal service. beeen eee cence neces 22,563 878 2,158 4,259 6,869 8,399 Professional service..............................,...... 2,883 2 10 215 707 1,949 Public service (n.8.8.)..........................,........ 2,139 27 93 338 684 997 Custom and repair service..........,...,,....,.......... 1,984 26 107 370 649 832 Unspecified..................,......,.......,.....,..... 11,039 222 845 1, PO rer ste 089 100222 1 845 1 1,826 1 3,467 1 4,679 3,467 4,679 MA . All occupations. ...........,..,..,....,..,..,.. 170,124 7,729 16,827 33,518 51,856 60,194 Agriculture. ..................,......,........,.,....... 92,829 6,257 10, are 19,387 27,285 29,026 Logging, fishing and trapping.................:.,.,...... 4,025 184 gs 1,184 1,668 Mining and quarrying.............,.................s.. 2,206 33 3 § 764 926 Manufactures. . os 28,365 462 2,240 5, roa 9,106 10,855 Construction. 4,590 41 284 720 1,406 2,139 6,527 62 347 923 2,052 8,143 12,983 314 1,309 2, 83 4,148 4,599 3,025 17 89 363 989 1,567 2,727 102 254 509 840 1,022 793 2 10 115 240 426 Poches service pe e.8.).. . 1,476 26 82 270 478 611 Custom and repair, service. . . . 1,959 25 107 821 Unspecified...................,.....,.4.......e....... 8,619 204 755 1, Bae 2, 721 Umspecifiod. visser BGI 20478511548 12,7211 8,308 FEMALE Al oceupations.........,...................... 57,429 1,092 3,918 10,124 18,063 24, 232 Agriculture. .............................,.............. 417 4 19 116 133 145 ogging, fishing and trapping...............,............ 10 2 1 2 5 -
Mining and quarrying....................,........,..... 25 - 6 2 7 10 Manufactures.......,.....................,.........,.... 20,088 218 1,488 4,158 6,667 7,557 Construction...............,,.,,.,.............,.,.,.... 79 - 1 10 19 49 Transportation. ..........,.....,.......,...,..,........, 2,726 7 38 273 895 1,513 Trade.......,.......,......,,..........,..,.,,,.,.,.8 7,924 64 354 1,283 2,544 3,679 Finance........,.,..............,....,.4..csese.ee. 1,126 1 6 86 339 694 Domestic and personal service..…......................... 19,836 776 1,904 3,750 6,029 7,377 Professional service........... 2,090 - - 100 467 1,823 Public service (n.e.8.)....... 663 1 11 59 206 386
Custom and repair service. 25 1 - 7 6 Unspecified 2,420 18 90 278 746 1, 288
% Table XX XIII presents the percentage distribution of each age division of juvenile workers amongst the occupational groups, these percentages being based on the absolute figures of Table XXXII. In the whole group of employed males between the 10th and 18th birthdays, 54-6 per cent were in agriculture, 16-7 per cent in manufactures and 7-6 per cent in trade. In the remaining occupational groups percentages were small. Of the number (7,729) of employed boys under 14 years of age, no less than 6,257 or more than 80 per cent were in agriculture. Of these 6,257 boys, 5,343 or 85 per cent were farmers’ sons. The proportion of gainfully employed boys credited to agriculture decreased with each successive age until at 17 years less than half of them were reported in this industry. The proportion of agricultural workers who were farmers’ sons also decreased progressively with advancing age; at 14 years it was 81-6 per cent, at 15 years 80-3; at 16 years 78-1 and at 17 years 75-1 per cent. (Table 4, General Tables.)
xlv
Employed girls between the 10th and 18th birthdays were mainly found in manufactures, which accounted for 35 per cent of their number, and domestie and personal service, in which 34-5 per cent were engaged. Trade contributed 13-8 per cent to the total. In the remaining occupational groups the individual percentages were small.
It can be seen from Table XXXII that the number of gainfully employed girls under 14 years is not only much smaller than that of boys of the same age but is also considerably smaller in proportion to the total number of each sex respectively from 10 to 17 years. Thus although 71 per cent of the employed girls under 14 were engaged in domestic and personal service, this fact has little influence on the proportion of this occupational group in the total for all juvenile ages. Manufactures show the highest proportion, 41 per cent, at the age of 15 years, while trade
. was progressively better represented with each increase in age till at 17 years more than 15 per cent of the employed girls were engaged in this occupational group.
TABLE XXXIIIL—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS OF GAINFULLY EMPLOYED CHILDREN OF EACH SEX 10 TO 17 YEARS OF AGE FOR CANADA, 1921
nn
Per cent distribution of children 10-17 years by occupations
Sex and occupational groups
10-17 | 10-13 14 15 16 | 17 p.c p.c. p.c p.c p.c p.c _ BOTH SEXES
All occupations.........................ees... 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 Agriculture... .......................ssses.ses 40-98 70-98 52-51 44-69 39-21 34-55 Logging, fishing and trapping....,.............ss..s.s... 1:77 2-11 1:67 1:48 1:70 1-98 Mining and quarrying.........sesssss.ssesesesesesrssses 0-98 0-37 0-65 0-81 1-10 1 Manufactures........,.................. .. 21-29 7-71 17-97 22-59 22-56 21-81 Construction........................... . 2-05 0-46 1:37 1-67 2-04 2-59 Transportation..................... 4-07 0-78 1-86 2-74 4-22 5-51 rade.......... 9-19 4:29 8-02 8-93 9-57 9-80 Finance.............,.... 1-82 0-20 0-46 1-03 | , 1-90 2-68 Domestic and personal se: 9-92 9-95 10-40 9:76 9-82 9-95 Professional service... 1-27 0-02 0-05 0-49 1-01 2:31 Public service (n.e.s.). 0-94 0-31 0-45 0:77 0-98 1-18 Custom and repair ser 0-87 0-30 0-52 0-85 0-93 0-99 Unspecified............. 4-85 2-52 4:07 4-19 4-96 6-54
All occupatlons............................... 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 Agriculture... 54-56 80-95 64-62 57-84 52-62 48-22 Logging, fishing and trapping.. . 2:36 2°38 2-06 1-92 2-28 2-77
_ Mining and quarrying......... 1-30 0-43 0:77 1:05 1-47 1-54 Manufactures 16-67 6.98 13-31 17-01 17-56 18-03 Construction.... 2-70 0-53 1-69 2-15 2-71 8-55 Transportation.............. 3°84 0-80 2-06 2-75 3-96 §+22 Trade. ..................... 7-63 4-06 7-78 7-80 8-00 7-64 Finance..….................... 1:78 0-22 0-53 1-08 1-91 2-60 Domestic and personal service.........,...ss..ssesesss. 1-60 1:32 1-51 1-52 1-62 1-70 Professional service.....,....,...........ses.esessse.. 0-47 0-03 0-06 0-34 0-46 0:71 Public service {n.0.8.)................sssssssesserseses 0-87 0-34 0-49 0-83 0-92 1-02 Custom and repair Br VICe........,,...... ses... 1-15 0-32 0-64 1-08 1-24 1:36 Unspecified.......,...................ss...sssesee 5-07 2-64 4-48 4-62 5-24 5-63
. FEMALE
All occupations............................. 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 Agrigulture....................sssess. 0-73 0-37 0-48 1-15 0-74 0-60
Logging, fishing and trapping........sssese.sesssssssese 0-02 0-18 0-03 0-02 0-03 - Mining and quarrying mn 0-04 - 0-15 0-02 0-04 0-04 Manufactures....... 34-98 19-96 37-98 41-07 36-91 31-19 Construction. ......se.s.sssssssseuesresres 0-14. - 0-03 0-10 . 0-10 0-20 (0) PPPPEPEET ETES ETES ETES EEE EEE 4-75 0-64 0-97 2-70 4-95 6-24 soso 13-80 5-86 9-03 12-67 14-08 15-18 aeeneeeeee . 1-96 0-09 0-15 0- 1:88 2-86 d personal servica.…........,..., . 34-54 71-06 48-60 37-04 33-38 80-44 Professional service........,,................. « 3-64 - - 0-99 2-59 6-29 Public service (n.0.8.)...........,,..,......... . 1-15 0-09 |. 0-28 0-58 1-14 1-59 Custom and ropair 8ervice.......s.sss.ssse.e.s . 0-04 0-09 - 0-07 0-03 0-05
Unspocified.....,............se.sesssssesseresesses DE 4:21 1-65 2-30 2-74 4:13 5-32
xlvi
- Gainfully employed in Cities.—Table XXXIV shows for males, females, and for the two sexes combined the number and proportion of persons gainfully employed in each age group for cities of 30,000 population and over.
TABLE XXXIV.—NUMBER AND PER CENT PROPORTION OF PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER GAINFULLY EMPLOYED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR CITIES OF 30,000 POPULATION AND OVER, 1921
Female
Both sexes Male Gainfully Gaintully Gainfully Total employed Total employed employed number number
Number |Per cent Number |Per cent
48,906 | 25,132 | 51.39 | 24,562 5,091 | 20-91
4,498 5| o411 2,179 3| 0-13
986 14| 14 515 3 0-64
922 195 | 13.56 419 50}; 9-94
961 311 | 32-36 442 132 | 25.43
930 456 | 49-03 450 197 | 41-04
1,881 1,329 | 70-65 834 655 | 62-56
4,641 3,270 | 70-46 1,914 1,468 | 53-83
12, 029 7,124 | 59-22 | 5/866 1,375 | 22-31
15,437 | 9,243 | 59-87] 87474 936 | 13-44
5,272 | 2,881 | 54.65 | 2.851 234 | 9.67
1,349 374 | 27.72 618 38 | 5.20
44,713 | 21,731 | 48.60 | 22,401 4,332 | 19.42
4,540 3| 0-07] 2,265 1 0-04
1,071 19| 1:77 537 6 1-12
950 115 | 12-11 455 36| 7-27
993 303 | 30-51 457 143 | 26.68
898 429 | 47-77 377 218 | 41:84
1,819 | 1,200 | 66-47 787 590 | 57-17
4,187 2,657 63-46 1,708 1,169 47-16
10,716 6,128 57-19 5,073 1,231 21-81
13,330 | 7,915 | 59-38 7,419 686! 11-61
4,703 | 2,534 | 52.87 | 2°610 209 9-57
1,416 419 | 29-59 713 43 6-12
Halifar.….…..................... 46,445 | 23,062 | 49.66 | 22,426 5,888 | 24-51 EE 4,308 6| 0-14] 2,201 3 0-14 LIT 1,058 25 | 2-36 557 6 1-20 UII 953 127 | 13-33 469 49 | 10-12 DI 1,139 379 | 33-27 531 167 | 27-47 NII! 1,141 594 | 52.06 521 277 | 44.68 iii 2,381 1,580 | 66-36 978 769 | 54-81 LIT 6,562 ,445 | 67-74 2,917 1,796 | 49-27
LIT 10,389 6,351 | 61:13 | 5,135 1,440 | 27-41
10,389 5,903 | 56-82 | 5,213 912 | 17-62
60-64 “ | 5,647 | 2,950 | 52-24] 27803 374 | 13-15 65 and over... 2,478 703 | 28.37 | 1,101 95 6-90 Hamilton. ................... 91,302 | 47,896 | 52.46 | 44,673 10,969 | 23.62 10-13 years. 7,899 11| 0-14] 3,916 a 0-10 14 ras 1,859 228 | 12-26 990 90 | 10-36 15 se 1,863 754 | 40-47 874 366 | 37-01 16 “ 1,866 | 1,152 | 61-74 899 544 | 56.26 17 «“ 1,787 1,256 | 70-29 857 595 | 63-98 18-19 « 3,627 | 2,781| 76-67| 1,721 1,267 | 66-47 20-24 9,470 | 6,728 | 71-05 | 4,218 2,716 | 51:71 254 « 21,029 | 12,860 | 61,11 | -10:344 2,655 | 24.85 3549 « 24,600 | 14,194 | 57:70 | 12,624 1,802 | 15-05 50-64“ 12,559 | 61484] 51.63 6,073 785 | 12:10 65 and over 4,743 1,458 | 30-74 | 2,157 145 | 5-61 London 50,660 | 24,773 | 48-90 | 25,823 6,373 | 23.75 ears 4,037 0-10] 1,983 1{ 0-05
oe ear 945 70 | 7-41 482 34 7-34 15 “ 951 265 | 27-87 477 108 | 22-78 16 “« 1,006 515 | 51-19 475 246 | 46-33 17 “ 1,019 639 | 62-71 465 329 | 59-39 18-19 1,962 | 1,459 | 74-36 883 717 | 66-45 2024 « 5,052 | 3,520 | 69-68} 2,206 1,513 | 53.16 5-38 I 10,315 | 6,207 | 60-17| 4,889 1,525 | 28-11 8549 III! 13, 199 7,140 | 54-10 | 6,349 1,208 | 17-84 50-64 “ | 8,127 | 3,860 | 47-50 | 3,778 550 | 12-65 65 and over................. 4,047 1,094 | 27-03 1,836 142 6-42
xlvii
TABLE XXXIV. NUMBER AND PER CENT PROPORTION OF PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER GAINFULLY EMPLOYED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR CITIES OF 30,000 POPULATION AND OVER, 1921 —Con.
Both sexes Male Female . Gainfully Gainfully Gainfully Ages Total employed Total employed Total employed
number
Montreal............,........ 478,733 | 237,760 | 49-66 | 231,419 | 177,733 247,314 10-13 years. sue 50,258 456 0-91 24,690 268 25,568 14 . «| 12,255 1,665 | 13-59 6,055 1,008 6,200 15 .. tee 11,609 3,611 | 31-11 5,699 2,098 5,910
eee | 12,118 5,835 | 48-15 5,778 3,285 6,340
11,668 7,012 | 60:10 5,524 3,842 6,144
23,422 16,337 | 69-75 10,925 8,975 12,497
20-24 57,271 38,743 | 67-65 26,108 23,448 31,163 25-34 ‘“ .....,..,,....... 104,839 62,150 | 59-28 49,848 48,247 54,991 detec un enes vues 117, 629 66,291 | 56-36 59,677 56,506 57,952
bebe ee nena tenes 55,978 29,114 | 52-01 27,561 24,839 28,417 sessorseessesreee 21,686 6,546 | 30-19 9,554 5,217 12,132 Ottawa....................... 85,923 | 43,551 50-68 | 39,224) 30,150 46,699 7,650 24 : 3,836 16 3,814
1,905 150 ‘ 940 110 965
1,866 367 | 19-67 928 243 938
1,997 706 | 35-35 893 390 1,104
1,901 981 | 51-60 871 527 1,030
4,131 2,687 | 65-04 1,671 1,228 2,460
10,290 7,366 | 71-58 4,127 3,631 6,163
18,761 11,696 | 62-34 8,303 8,088 10,458
20,818 11,970 | 57-50 9,890 9,515 10,928
ll, ie 6,037 | 52-47 5,457 5,101 6,048
Quebec... 72,009 34,800 | 48-33 32,738 24,937 39,271 10-13 years. 7,939 110 : 3,778 71 4,161 14 “ 1,898 308 | 16-23 953 180 945 15 “ 1,890 526 | 27-83 901 294 989 16 “ 1,912 784 | 41-00 933 470 979 17 “ 1,897 1,048 | 55-25 870 553 1,027 18-19 “ 3,641 2,488 | 68-33 1,692 1,431 1,949 20-24 * 8,745 5,804 | 66-37 3,780 3,454 4,965 25-34 “ 14,656 8,660 | 59-09 6,584 6,447 8,072 35-49 ‘“ ,..........,.,... 15,168 8,581 | 56-57 7,065 6,913 8,103 59-64 “ .............,... 9,368 4,809 | 51-33 4,126 3,818 5,242 65 and OVER. eee cceceeree 4,895 1,682 | 34-36 2,056 1,306 2,839
Regina....................... 26,752 14,649 | 54-76 13,953 11,292 12,799 10-13 years 2,400 6 1,219 1,181 “4. 559 62 - 279 37 280 15 “ 476 127 | 26-68 217 61 259 16 “ 557 257 | 46-14 250 122 307 17. “ 564 325 : 248 152 316 18-19“ 1,186 879 506 416 680 20-24 “ 3,274 2,357 1,461 1,339 1,813 25-34 “ 7,603 4,889 4,093 3,936 3,510 35-49“ 7,275 4,450 4,157 4,008 3,118 50-64 “ 2,244 1,145 1,232 1,073 1,012 65 and over 614 152 291 147 3
St. John........... sense 38,042
10-13 years. 3,529 1,766 10 1,763 4 wo 885 45 437 34 448 15 “ 833 128 391 91 442 16 “ 868 278 389 156 479 17 “ 785 367 375 234 410 18-19 “ 1,805 1,156 859 672 946 20-24 “ 4,431 2,919 1,808 1,634 2,623 25-34 “ 7,589 ,492 3,523 3,423 4,066 35-49 “ 8,990 4,909 4,345 4,199 4,645 50-64 ‘“ 5,615 2,868 2,705 2,516 2,910 65 and over 2,712 -826 1,224 740 1,488
xlviii
TABLE XXXIV.—NUMBER AND PER CENT PROPORTION OF PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER GAINFULLY EMPLOYED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR CITIES OF 30,000 POPULATION AND OVER, 1821— Con.
Both sexes Male Female re - Gainfully Gainfully - Gainfully Total employed Total employed Total employed number number number
Number |Per cent, Number [Per cent
Toronto...................... 425,093 | 223,399 | 52.55
201,933 | 163,565 | 81-00 | 223,160
10-13 years 34,863 . 36 0-10 17,308 27 0-16 17,555 14 8,094 757 9-35 3,962 466 | 11-76 4,132 15 “ 7,648 2,520 | 32-95 3,735 1,408 | 37-70 3,913 16 “ 8,467 4,356 | 61-45 4,060 2,278 | 56-11 4,407 17 “ 8,118 5,298 | 65-28 3,847 2,675 | 69-53 4,271 18-19 % ...,...,...,...., 17,036 12,346 | 72-47 7,585 6,043 | 79-67 9,451 20-24 “ ...........,..... 47,137 33,400 | 70-86 20,162 18,284 | 90-69 26,975 25-39 % ,.,..,.....,..... , 589 62,423 | 62-08 47,151 45,961 | 97-48 53,438 35-49 “ ..........,..,,.. 115, 671 67,453 | 58-31 57,931 56,281 | 97-15 57,740 50-64 ‘ ...,......,,..... 56,988 29,042 ! 50-96 27,104 25,000 | 92-24 29,884 65 and over.......,..,......, 20,482 5,768 | 28-16 9,088 ,142 | 56-58 11,394 Vancouver..............,..... 97,416 53,090 | 54-50 52,257 43,396 | 83-04 45,159 10-13 years 7,481 19 0-25 8,716 14 0-38 3,765 14 « 1,805 98 5-43 9 66 7-37 909 15 “ 1,675 269 | 16-06 840 186 | 22-14 835 16 “ 1,721 555 | 32-25 829 844 | 41-50 892 17 “ 1,693 813 | 48-02 819 462 | 66-41 874 18-19 “ 3,506 2,357 | 67-23 1,593 1,298 | 81:48 1,913 20-24 “ 8,923 6,125 | 68-64 3,958 3,609 | 91-18 4,965 25-34 “ 21,963 13,865 | 63-13 11,438 11,212 | 98-02 10,525 3549 “ 31,374 20,050 | 63-91 18,427 17,987 | 97-61 12,947 50-64 “ 13,525 7,83: 57-92 7,800 7,180 | 92-05 5,725 65 and over 3,750 1,105 | 29-47 1,941 1,038 | 53-48 1,809 Victoria...................... 32,216 16,241 | 50-41 16,890 13,382 | 79-23 15,326 10-13 years........,..,.,..., 2,654 5 0:20 1,255 § 0-40 1,299 14 ow. 660 33 5-00 22 28 8-07 338 15 “ 669 83 | 12-41 338 66 | 19-53 331 16 “ 626 204 | 32-59 324 141 | 43-52 302 17 “ 591 277 | 46-87 286 162 | 56-64 305 18-19 “ 1,158 750 | 64-77 556 447 | 80-40 602 20-24 “ 2,674 1,804 | 67-46 1,161 1,040 | 89-58 1,513 25-34 “ 6,290 3,854 | 61-27 3,238 3,135 | 96-82 3,052 85-49 “ 9,669 5,809 | 60-08 5,403 5,230 | 96-80 4,266 60-64 “ ,466 2,941 | 53-81 3,076 2,691 | 87-48 2,390 65 and over................. 1,859 481 | 25-87 931 439 | 47-15 928 Windsor...............,...... 30,668 15,946 | 51-99 15,808 13,121 | 83-00 14,860 10-13 years........,,...,,.,.. 2,444 4 0-16 1,207 1 0-08 1,237 14 “oe, 54 82 5-78 69 20 7-43 285 15 “ey 546 96 | 17-58 264 60 | 22:73 282 16 “ 645 243 | 37-67 304 146 | 48-03 341 17 “ 618 824 | 52-43 292 167 | 67-19 326 18-19 “ 1,337 939 | 70-23 589 506 | 85-91 748 20-24 “ 3,97: 2,675 | 67-31 2,003 1,913 | 95-51 1,971 25-34 “ 7,905 4,868 | 61-58 4,206 4,129 | 98:17 3,699 35-49 “ 7,613 4,476 | 58-79 4,137 4,066 | 98-28 3,476 60-64 “ .. 3,739 1,912 | 51-14 1,922 1,764 | 91:78 1,817 65 and over.............,... 1,293 377 | 29:16 615 349 | 56°75 678 Winnipeg...............,,..,. 139,712 74,067 | 63-01 69,931 66,701 | 81-08 69,781 10-13 years........,,..,...., 13,607 20 0:15 6,785 11 0-16 6,822
60-64 “ , 65 and over...
457 [1,282 | 28-76} 2,173 | .1:212 | 58-78
Males 14 to 19 Years of Age at School or Gainfully Employed in Certain Cities.—As in the case of the corresponding provincial table, the highest percentage of employment amongst males in cities, is found in the age-groups 25-34 years and 35-49 years, the difference between the two groups being usually very small. The cities of Montreal and London are somewhat exceptional in this respect. In the former the percentage employed in the age-group 25-34 years was 96-8, while in the older age-group it was only 94.7. The corresponding figures for London were 95-8 per
xlix
cent and 93-4 per cent. Such disparities as exist at these ages, where under normal circum- stances very few males are entirely without a gainful occupation, may largely result from the presence of institutions within city limits. Thus the difference between Hamilton and London in the proportion of males employed between the 35th and 50th birthdays coincides with the presence of a large hospital for the insane in the latter city.
Probably the most significant disparities between cities in the proportions of males gain- fully employed are at the very young and very old ages. Between the 10th and 14th birthdays the number employed is usually very small. The city of Quebec takes the lead in proportion employed at these ages, with 71 boys or 1-88 per cent of the group population reported with an occupation, while Montreal holds second place with 268 boys or 1-09 per cent.
Below the 14th birthday little correlation need be expected between occupation and school attendance, since the proportion employed in any city is so small in comparison with the total male population 10-14 years of age that its effect on school attendance is masked by the other causes which keep children from school. It may reasonably be expected, however, that an inverse correlation between employment and school attendance will appear from the 14th to the 20th birthday. Table XX XV, therefore, shows the respective percentages of males at school and gainfully employed by single years of age from 14 to 17 years and for 18 and 19 years together. In a couple of instances the figures added together give a total slightly exceeding 100 per cent, a fact due to the number who attended school or college but were gainfully employed during the vacation, This overlapping tends to minimize the proportion shown as neither at school nor employed.
At the age of 14 years Quebec has the largest proportion (18-9 per cent) gainfully employed and the smallest (74-8 per cent) at school, while Montreal stands second in both respects. Cal- gary and Edmonton are at the other extreme, the former with only 2-1 per cent gainfully employed and 96-5 per cent at school, the latter with 2-4 per cent employed and 95-0 per cent at school.
At 15 years Hamilton takes the lead in the proportion of occupied males, with 44-4 per cent in this category, and Toronto, with 37-7 per cent, edges Montreal out of second place. It may be noted, however, that while Hamilton, with only 49-2 per cent of its boys of this age at school, stands lowest in school attendance, Toronto has 56-1 per cent at school as against Mont- real’s 54-0 per cent. Halifax has the lowest proportion only 16-6 per cent, returned with an occupation, outdoing Edmonton and Calgary; Halifax has 77-0 per cent at school while Calgary has 78-8 per cent and Edmonton 77-8 per cent.
Hamilton retains the leading position in the proportion of males gainfully employed at 16, 17 and 18-19 years, the respective percentages being 67-6, 77-1 and 88-0. At 16 years it is fol- lowed at a considerable interval by Montreal, with 56-9 per cent and London with 56-6 per cent employed, while at 17 years its nearest competitors are Montreal with 69-6 per cent and Toronto with 69-5 per cent. At 18-19 years, however, Montreal, which has 82-15 per cent reported with occupation, is surpassed by Windsor (85-9), Quebec (84-6), London (84-0), Halifax (82-9), and Regina (82-2), though peculiarly enough Montreal has the lowest proportion at school at this age, a distinction which Hamilton possessed at 16 and 17 years, in the latter case by a very narrow margin over Montreal. Toronto stands no higher than eleventh in the proportion of males reported with occupation at 18-19 years, a position almost coincident with its rank when the cities are arranged in order from the one having smallest school attendance at this age. The presence of good university facilities, encouraging students to continue past high school stand- ards, may help to account for the change in the comparative position of Toronto from the pre- ceding age in both school attendance and employment. The great increase in Windsor in the proportion of males with occupation at 18-19 years as compared with 17 years appears to indicate much better opportunities for employment when a man’s work can be done. Edmonton has the smallest proportion of males gainfully employed at 16 and 17 years, with percentages of 35-0 and 56-0 respectively. Halifax, with 39-9 per cent, stands second in this respect at 16 years and Vancouver, with 56-4 per cent, at 17 years. Ottawa, with 73-5 per cent employed, is the lowest city at 18-19 years, though surpassed in school attendance-by Calgary, Edmonton, and Van- couver. Only the city of St. John shows a lower total than Ottawa at this age when the pro- portions at school and employed are added together. In St. John the condition probably reflects lack of opportunity; in Ottawa also the comparative scarcity of industrial openings may be an important factor.
54554—D
l
TABLE XXXV.—PERCENTAGE OF MALES AT SCHOOL AND GAINFULLY EMPLOYED AT AGES 14-19
YEARS IN CITIES OF 30,000 AND OVER, 1921
—_—— eee EEE
City and class
Halifax— At school.................,.,.......,...,..............
At school................ nsssesceseesesneneeneesessers
At school.............,.......... sonsserenessesssseeses
At school........,........,, cs
Total..........,... ene e neces reese eneserenees At school.................,...,..,....,..,,,.......
Ottawa—
‘Quebec— At school...........,.....,..,..
gin a At school.........,..,.,,,,.,.,..........,,....,,......
St. John— ,
At school................,,,,.....,.,................
Toronto—
At school...........,.....,.......,..., cece en eeee nanan Gainfully employed..............,....,..,.....,.,..,..
Total.................,......, énssssosssesses
Vancouver—
At school......................,.......,,...,....,
At school..........,... freee erence ten enn eeesenen snes
Windsor—
Gainfully employed...... eee eee e cece eens enssssse es... Total.:......... cesar eee eens eee sees esse
Ages of males
14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18-19
years
p.c. p.c. p.e. p.c. p.c. 96-50 78-76 54°75 33-11 19-54 2:14 17-90 40-50 57-56 80-82 98-64 96-66 95-25 90-67 100:36 94-97 77-80 54-92 38-73 19-44 2-42 17:36 35°01 55-97 78-65 97-39 95°16 89-93 94-70 98-09 93-36 76-97 48-59 25-72 11-76 3-41 16-63 39-92 60-84 82-92 96-57 93-60 88-51 86-56 94-68 81-01 49:20 28-14 19-37 10-63 13-94 44-39 67-63 77°13 87-97 94-95 93-59 95-77 96-50 98-60 88-80 63-10 39°58 27-10 15-06 7-47 32-91 56°63 66-67 84-03 96-27 96-01 96-21 93-77 99-09 76-73 53-96 32-87 19-88 9-94 16-65 36°81 56-85 69-55 82-15 93-38 90-77 89-72 89-43 92-09 82-98 66-27 47-14 28-13 17-59 11-70 26-19 43-67 60-51 73-49 94-68 92-46 90-81 88-64 91-08 74-82 58-60 40-51 26-55 12-41 18-89 32-63 50-38 63-56 84-57 93-71 91-23 90-89 90-11 96-98 82:44 66-36 44-80 31-45 15-42 13-26 28-11 48-80 61-29 82-21 95-70 94:47 93-60 92-74 97-63 86-27 66-50 45-50 24-27 10-13 7-78 23-27 40-10 62-40 78-23
94-05 89-77 85-60 86-67 88-36 :
84-50 56-09 38-65 25-99 15-24 11:76 37-70 56-11 69-53 79-67 96-26 93-79 94:76 95-52 94-91 88-50 70-83 47-17 30-53 18-90 7°37 22-14 41-50 56-41 81-48 95-87 92-97 88-67 86-94 106-38 86-02 68-34 48-77 31-12 12-41 8-07 19-53 43-52 56-64 80-40 94-09 87-87 92-29 87-76 92-81 87-36 69-70 37-83 27:74 11-88 7-43 22-73 48-03 57-19 85-91 94-79 92-43 85°86 84-93 97-79 89-43 66-27 44-54 30-82 15-12 8-52 30-90 50-71 68-01 79-08 97-95 97-17 95-25 98-33 94-20
li
The mean totals for males at school or gainfully employed at the different ages and the deviations from the means for these cities are given hereunder. Simple arithmetic means were used and the average deviation was selected instead of the standard deviation as easier to compute and sufficiently indicative for the purpose in view.
The age of 17 has the lowest mean proportion at school or gainfully employed and the _ highest average deviation from the mean. The proportion is highest at ages 14 years and 18-19 years, though, of course, in the former case the great majority of boys are at school, in the latter case at work.
MALES Mean pro- portion at | Average Age . school or | deviation gainfully from employed mean B22 a 95-63 1-30 15 years. 93-20 1:98 16 years. 91-54 2-98 17 years. .. 90-88 3-50 18-19 years... ...........,...,...,.. eee essor sssesesseeseecesseresesessereeresesesesse 95-80 3-0
At 65 years of age and over the lowest proportion of employed males was in Victoria, amount- ing to only 47-2 per cent. The favourable climate and position of the city and its well known popularity as a residence for retired people are undoubtedly factors in reducing this percentage. Regina stood next in order to Victoria with 50-5 per cent, the presence of retired farmers in the community helping to reduce the figures. In contrast to these cities, the city of Quebec showed 63-5 per cent of the male population who had attained the age of 65 years to be still employed, while Hamilton and St. John both had proportions exceeding 60 per cent.
Females 14 to 19 Years of ageat School or Gainfully Employed in Certain Cities.—The proportion of females gainfully employed at ages 10-13 years did not amount to as much as one per cent in any of the cities listed, and only approached within reasonable distance of this figure in the cases of Quebec and Montreal. -
Table XXXVI corresponding to Table XX XV for males, presents the percentage of females reported with an occupation in the 15 cities under review at ages 14, 15, 16 and 17 and 18-19 years, in conjunction with the percentage attending school. As in the case of males, Quebec, with 13-5 per cent of its girls of 14 years reported with occupation, has the highest proportion employed at this age, and has likewise the lowest proportion at school. Montreal holds second place in both respects. At ages 15, 16 and 17 years Hamilton takes the lead in the proportion employed with 37-0, 56-3 and 64-0 per cent for the respective years. Toronto follows next in order in each of these three years. But although Hamilton shows the smallest percentage of school attendance at 15 years of age, it is higher than Montreal at 16 and than Montreal and Windsor at 17 years, while Toronto has higher proportions at school at 15, 16 and 17 years than either Montreal or Quebec.
The city of Windsor, while having only about 48 per cent of its female population of 17 years of age employed gainfully, has a lower percentage of girls of this age at school than any other city of Canada in this category except Montreal.
For the ages 14 to 17 years Calgary, Edmonton and Victoria are consistently high in school attendance and low in proportion employed. St. John, however, while low in each of these years _ in gainfully employed, lower than any other city at the age of 17 years, does not stand in a high position in the matter of school attendance at any of these ages.
At 18-19 years Winnipeg with 68-3 per cent and Regina with 68-1 per cent take the lead in the proportion of females employed, surpassing Hamilton (66-5 per cent), which, as already noted, led at 15, 16 and 17 years. The position of these two cities of the middle West may be partly explained by the migration of female workers from the older provinces and from overseas, a factor which could hardly count materially at the younger ages. ;
54554—p}
lit
TABLE XXXVI.—~PERCENTAGE OF FEMALES AT SCHOOL AND GAINFULLY EMPLOYED AT AGES 14-19 YEARS IN CITIES OF 30,000 AND OVER, 1921
Ages of females
18-19 years
City and class | 14 years | I5 years | 16 years | 17 years
Calgary— At school................,,..........,.,..........,.... Gainfully employed..
Edmonton— At school............. Gainfully employed
Hamilton— At schoo!.........,......,........,..,..,.,,,,,,.,,... Gainfully employed.. sae
Total...
London— At school........... Gainfully employed
Total.. Montreal—
At school.............
Gainfully employed
Ottawa— At school........... Gainfully employed
Total... Quebec— At school......... Gainfully employed
Regina— ” Atschool................,,......,...,,.,..,.,,,2 Gainfully employed... .
St. John— Atschool........... Gainfully employed
Total... Toronto— ‘ At school........... Gainfully employed
Windsor— At school............. Gainfully employed.
ésssesserensse 65-78
Winnipeg— At school 89-77 68-17 48-36 27-25 11-65 Gainfully employ: 4:10 18-87 38-73 56-27 68-25
liii
The inverse relationship between the percentage gainfully employed and at school was less marked in the case of girls than of boys. In the first place, many cases arise in which a girl is withdrawn from school to keep house or assist in the work at home; in the second place, of course, marriage enters as an important factor at ages 18-19 years. The difference between this relationship for the proportions gainfully employed and at school in the case of the two sexes may be seen from comparison of the statement hereunder with that already given above for
males.
FEMALES Mean pro- A ortion at ‘VOTERS Age . "school or dev iation gainfully tenn employed ean 14 years... 90-66 3-98 15 years... 83-55 4:79 16 years... 79°88 . 6-43 17 YOaTE. ccc cece eee eee ee eee cere nee eee OPO REE SOOO EEE OHO EE EE ER USE ESHER eet EteES 76-28 7-02 72°34 6-02
18-19 cs: a esse secs se sorenesesceccssececssesessesesesessesesenesesesee
The mean proportions for girls at school or gainfully employed are lower than for boys throughout. The gap between the percentages accounted for at school or employed and the total population widens with each increase of age. It is interesting to note that although the mean proportion at school or gainfully employed is higher for girls of 17 years than of 18 or 19 years, the average deviation at the latter age is lower than at 17 or even at 16 years. This seems to suggest that as between the different cities marriage exerts an equalizing influence to offset the varying proportions in which girls are withdrawn from school to stay at home.
In the discussion of the proportions of females gainfully employed in the various provinces for the age-groups 20-24 years and upwards (see page xxviii) it was shown that even when the influence of marriage on these proportions was excluded a considerable range of variation re- mained. A similar computation has been made for the cities and is presented in Table XXXVII hereunder. In the first and second age-groups Regina has the highest and Quebec the lowest percentages gainfully employed; in the last two groups the position is reversed. The range, it will be noticed, is very considerable. In the third age-group Regina is still the highest city, but Quebec shows a proportion employed higher than London, Victoria, Halifax and St. John. The high proportions in Regina at the younger ages must be largely attributed to the fact, already noted, that a community which attracts female immigrants will tend to have a larger percentage of its single women employed; the exchange of position with Quebec at the later ages is explained by the considerable percentage of religious workers classified amongst the employed in the latter city at this period of life, and the much higher proportion of widowed to single females in Regina.
TABLE XXXVII—PROPORTION OF GAINFULLY EMPLOYED FEMALES IN CERTAIN AGE-GROUPS, TO THE TOTAL OF SINGLE, WIDOWED AND DIVORCED FEMALES IN THE SAME AGE-GROUPS,
FOR CITIES OF 30,000 AND OVER, 1921.
A à 3 a | $ s e El 8 | à Fy 8 3 sooo | 3158/2 /2/ 2) 3) 8) 2/418] 8 lé) 214] 2 “a 3 g is} à ; a A
Sia (alta |alslélélalélse | | E/E
p.c. p.c p.c. | p.c p.c. | p.c. | p.c. | p.c p.c p.c. p.c. p.¢. p.c. | p.c. | p.c. 20-24 yoars........….. 88-92] 81-12] 75-81] 87-19| 81-92] 72-50] 83-09] 62-27| 89-22} 71-99] 83-78] 80-23] 73-96] 83-37| 88-50 25-34 ‘ ..,....., 94-50] 90-18| 75-31] 87-22| 81-25] 76-49] 83-27) 64°18] 97-34! 70-38] 87-31| 86-47] 74-35} 86-43] 94-35 85-49 “ ..,,...., 81-39] 81-57| 61-25] 70-03| 62-881 68-41] 73-66] 63-79] 84-03) 53-46) 72-87| 77-78] 62-12] 64-26) 83-69 50-64 “ ......... 31-62| 32-45] 31-86] 33-43] 32-62] 38-65] 37-96] 42-99] 25-17] 28-55] 34-26] 34-13] 30-12 ae Si
9-56) 8-18] 9-65] 15-93) 13-56) 19-28) 2-36) 7-81) 7-96] 5-65] 6-90
65 yoars and over...| 7-57] 10-24
liv
Distribution of Gainfully Employed by Nativity, 1911 and 1921.—Table XXXVIII gives the numerical distribution of the gainfully employed male and female population 10 years of age and over in each occupational group for 1911 and 1921 classified by two broad nativity groups—native born and immigrant born. In the Census of 1911 the classification of the gainfully employed according to birthplace was limited to these divisions. The occupational classification of the gainfully employed in Table XX XVIII and the two following tables is according to the grouping adopted in the census of 1911.
#
TABLE XXXVII—NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN EACH INDUSTRY CLASSIFIED AS CANADIAN BORN OR IMMIGRANT FOR CANADA, 1911 AND 1921 AS CLASSIFIED IN 1911.
191t 1921 Industries Nati Tami A Nati Tami n ative mmigran ative mmigran: Total | born born Total | born orn MALE No. No. No. No. No. No.
All Industrles...............,..... 2,358,813 | 1,576,453 782,360 || 2,683,019 | 1,762,485 920,534 Agriculture. ...............,................ 917,848 667,207 250,641 || 1,023,706 720,948 8302, 758 Building trades......... seas wee 245,990 157,274 88,716 284,052 186,214 97,838 Domestic and personal. 75,133 38,597 36,536 77,783 33,903 43,880 Civil and municipal gov. 72,631 40,356 82,175 81,959 49,019 82,940 Fishing and hunting . 34,547 31, go . 2,946 29,241 24,067 5,174 Forestry........... . 42,901 31, 11,498 39,808 28,499 11,309 Manufactures.. . 392,781 258, $83 138,899 449,348 276,609 172,739 Mining......... . 62,706 29,890 32,816 £0,860 24,191 26, 669 Professional..............,..,...., ee 62,781 43,811 18,970 103,479 67, 863 35,616 Trade......................,..,.. ose 240, 903 167,289 73, 614 295,836 197,003 98, 833 Transportation............................., 210,692 115,143 95,549 À . 246,947 154,169 92,778
eee
FEMALE nn ———__]_—_—_EEEEEEEEEE No. No. No. No. No. No.
All Industrles....;:................ 364, 821 277,985 -86,836 490,150 361,171 128,979 Agriculture. .......,......,,,..,.,,,,....,.. 15,887 11,954 3,933 17,912 12,862 5, (60 Building trados........ see 211 176 35 627 473 Domestic and personal 137,005 89,326 47,679 134, 632 88,936 45, 08 Civil and municipal governments. tee 4,078 3,522 551 12,582 10,378 2,204 Fishing and hunting..........:.... wee 265 258 7 51 46 ' 5 Forestry............. sees wee 13 8 5 7 5 2 Manufactures.............,.....,.. eee 100,435 82,818 17,617 106,410 78,268 28,142 Mining....... eeee eee 61 51 10 203 162 41 Professional 57,835 49,862 7,973 118,670 97,864 21,306
rade. ........ 42,184 34,471 7,713 77,911 57,403 20,608 Transportation... 6,852 5,539 1,313 21,145 15,274 . 6,871
Table XXXIX which is based on the absolute figures of the preceding table gives the per cent proportion of the gainfully employed males in each occupational group classified as native or immigrant born in 1911 and 1921. The table shows that the native born males possess a smaller percentage of the total number reported gainfully employed in every occupational group in 1921 than at-the previous census, excepting for building trades, civil and municipal government and transportation. Of the occupational groups which show a smailer percentage of gainfully em- ployed in 1921 as compared with 1911 there are several such as, agriculture, manufactures, and professions which had an actually larger number reported gainfully employed in the Sixth Census than in the Fifth but the numerical increase was not great enough to maintain their relative position of 1911. Conversely the immigrant male population has increased its percentage of gainfully employed to the extent by which it was surrendered in these occupational groups, by the native born.
lv
In 1911 native born male workers were 66-8 per cent of workers in all occupational groups as compared with 65-7 per cent in 1921. Table XX XIX shows that for five classes—agriculture, fishing and hunting, forestry, professions and trade, the percentage of native born gainfully employed was greater than the average for all occupations. With the exception of the professional service group they held the same position in this particular in 1921 but was smaller than the total average percentage for all other occupational groups listed in the table.
The total female population 10 years of age and over gainfully employed increased by 34 per cent from 1911 to 1921. During this period the female workers of this age category showed an increase of 30 per cent for native born and of 48 per cent for immigrants. For all industries in 1911 native born females had an average proportion of 76-2 per cent employed as compared with 73-7 per cent in 1921. Table XX XVIII shows that only in four occupational groups are the numbers of female workers of major importance, viz., domestic and personal service, manufac- tures, professions, and trade; foreach census approximately 90 per cent of all gainfully employed females were reported under these four occupational groups. In each of these groups the per cent proportion of gainfully employed females, native born, exceeded their average for all occupa- tions except in the case of domestic and personal service. It is also to be noted that the per- centage of native born females in each occupational group, except domestic and personal service, was smaller in 1921 than in 1911 while conversely for the same groups the immigrant born showed increased proportions for the decade.
TABLE XXXIX.—PER CENT PROPORTION OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED IN EACH INDUSTRY CLASSIFIED AS CANADIAN BORN OR IMMIGRANT FOR CANADA, 1911 AND 1921.
1911 1921 Industries Nive) Immigrant | immi ; Nati T
ative mmigran ative mmigrant
Total | born born Total | born orn
MALE
p.c. ° p.c. pe. p.c. p.c. p.c. All Industrles...................... 100-0 66-8 33-2 100-0 65-7 34-3 Agriculture. .............,.,.......,...,,,,1 : 160-0 72-7 27-3 100-0 70-4 29°6 Building trades...... a 100-0 63-9 36-1 100-0 65-6 34-4 Domestic and porsonal 100-0 51-4 48-6 100-0 43-6 56-4 Civil and municipal governments............ 100-0 55-6 44-4 100-0 59-8 40-2 Fishing and hunting...................,..... 100-0 91-5 8-5 100-0 82-3 17-7 Forestry.............. 100-0 73-2 26:8 100-0 71-6 28-4 Manufactures..... 100-0 64.6 35-4 100-0 61-6 38-4 Mining........... 100-0 47-7 62-3 100-0 47-6 52-4 Professional........ 100-0 69-8 30-2 100-0 65-6 34-4 Trade........... 100-0 60-4 30:6 100-0 66-6 33-4 Transportation 100-0 54-6 45-3 100-0 62-4 37-6
FEMALE
P.G p.c p.c. p.c p.c p.c All Industries... .................. 100-0 76-2 23-8 100-0 73-7 26-3 Agriculture.........,..........,......,,..,. 100-0 75°2 24:8 100-0 71-8 28-2 Building trades.........,,.,,,...,.... .. 100-0 83-4 16-6 100-0 75-4 24-6 Domestic and personal...........,.... . 100-0 65-2 34-8 100-0 66-1 33°9 Civil and municipal governments 7 100-0 86-5 13°5 100-0 82-5 17-5 Fishing and hunting......................... 100-0 97-4 2.6 100-0 90-2 9-8 Forestry.............. 100-0 61-5 38-5 100-0 71-4 28.6 Manufactuies..... 100-0 82:5 17-5 100-0 73.6 26-4 Mining......... 100-0 82-6 16-4 100-0 79-8 20-2 Profossional...... 100-0 86-2 13-8 100-0 82-0 17-9 Trade........... . 100-0 81-7 18-3 100-0 73-7 26-3 100-0 80-8 19-2 100-0 72-2 27-8
Transportaticn
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Table XL shows the percent distribution of the native born and immigrant born males and females 10 years of age and over gainfully employed by occupational groups in 1911 and 1921. The Table needs no explanation or comment beyond reference to the caution given on page XXXI regarding women reported gainfully employed in agriculture who are land owners.
TABLE XL.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED IN EACH INDUSTRY CLAS- SIFIED AS CANADIAN BORN OR IMMIGRANT FOR CANADA, 1911 AND 1921
1911 1921 Industries Nati Tmmigrant Nati Tmmigrant ‘ative mmigran ative mmigran Total | born born Total | born born MALE p.c. p.c. + PC. p.c. p.c p.c. All Industries. .....,.......,..... 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 Agriculture. ........,.,,..,,,,.............. 38-9 42.3 32-0 38-2 40-9 82-9 Building trades......,,,.........,.......,., 10-4 10-0 11-3 10-6 10-6 10-6 Domestic and personal..........,........... 3-2 2-4 4-7 2-9 1-9 4-8 Civil and municipal governments............ 3-1 2-6 4-1 3-1 2-8 3-6 Fishing and huntin; un 1-5 2-0 0-4 1-1 1-4 0-5 Forestry... 1-8 2-0 1-5 1-5 1-6 1-2 Manufacture: 16-6 16-1 17-8 16-7 15-7 18-8 Mining...... 2-6 1-9 4-2 1-9 1-4 2-9 Professional . 2-7 2-8 2-4 3-8 3-8 3-9 Trade.......,..........,................ 10-2 - 10-6 9-4 11-0 11-2 _ 10-7 Transportation......,.,............,......... 9-0 7-3 12-2 9-2 8-7 10-2 FEMALE p.c p.c p.c p.c p.c p.o All Industries... .................. 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 Agriculture........ 4-4 4:3 455 3-7 3-6 3-9 Building trades.... @) 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 Domestic and personal........... . 37-6 32-1 54.9 27.5 24.6 35-5 Civil and municipal governments............ 1-1 1:3 0-6 2-6 2-9 ~ 1-7 Fishing and hunting......................... a 0-1 (t) @) - :. 27-5 29-8 0-3 21-7 21-7 21-8 Q) a) a) @) (1) à 15-9 17-9 9-2 24-2 27-0 16-5 11-6 12-4 8-9 15-9 15-9 15-9 Transportation.. 1-9 2:0 1-5 4-3 4-2 4.6
(1) Less than one-tenth of one per cent.
Variation in Proportions Employed, of Native Born and Immigrants, by Industries 1911 and 1921.—From Tables XXXVIII, XXXIX and XL the following statement has been prepared to show the preference of the native born and of the immigrant population for certain occupations and how the tendency to enter these occupations has changed from 1911 to 1921.
The statement also shows to what extent the per cent of the native and immigrant born em- ployed in each industry in 1911 and 1921 is either above or below the average percentage of all gainfully employed. In 1911, for example, 72-7 per cent (Table XXXIX) of the total number of males reported in agriculture were native born, but as the percentage of native born gainfully employed in all occupations was 66-8 per cent of the male population 10 years of age and over gainfully employed of all nativities, it follows that the native born males reported in agriculture exceeded the average proportion by nearly 9 per cent. For the same census the proportion of the immigrant born males 10 years of age and over reported in all occupations was 33-2 per cent. In agriculture, however, they contributed only 27-3 per cent or about 82 per cent of their expected proportion thus showing a deficiency of nearly 18 per cent or 177 per 1,000. That is to say, if the
lvü
native born and immigrant born were equally distributed among all occupations, the per cent proportion in each occupation would be the same as that shown by them for all occupations. Therefore; where the proportion in any occupational group or industry was above the percentage of the total employed in all occupations, it indicated an excess over the expected proportion and where it was below that figure, a deficiency. The statement further shows the variations which have taken place from 1911 to 1921 in the proportion of native and immigrant born in each of the industries listed.
The purpose of the statement may further be illustrated by a reference to Table XX XVIII. In 1911 the census reported 667,207 native born males 10 years of age and over in agriculture as compared with 720,948 in 1921. This gives an actual increase in number employed of 53,741 in the decade. Notwithstanding this gain in the actual number of native born males 10 years of age and over employed in agriculture in 1921 over 1911, yet they did not maintain the relative stand- ing of 1911 in 1921. In the former year, employing 1,000 as a basis, they exceeded the proportion for all industries by 88; whereas in 1921, although there was an increase in the absolute number employed of 53,741 they exceeded their proportion only by 72 which represents a loss of 16 points in 10 years, in relative standing. On the other hand the immigrant population of the same age category employed in agriculture increased by 52,117 from 1911 to 1921. Notwithstanding the fact that it registered a smaller numerical increase from 1911 to 1921 than did the native born, yet it improved its standing from 823 per 1,000 to 862, while the native born, despite a larger numerical increase in the decade showed a falling off in expected proportion in 1921 as compared with 1911. To put it in another way, the actual increase in the number of native born reported in agriculture in 1921 over 1911 was not sufficient to maintain its relative position in relation to’ its proportion in all occupations.
The statement also shows in a manner, which is not fully apparent from Table XXXVIII, that the native born population have not entered occupations such as agriculture, trade, domestic and personal service, fishing and hunting, forestry, manufactures and professional service, in sufficiently large numbers to maintain the same per cent proportion to all occupations in 1921 as 1911.
From 1911 to 1921, male workers increased by 13-7 per cent and female workers by 34-4 per cent. Of the increase in gainfully employed females in the decade about 66 per cent was supplied by native born and 34 per cent by immigrant females gainfully employed. The increase in female workers of native birth during the period was 29-9 per cent as compared with a gain of 48-5 per cent for the immigrant class.
For females, the figures are significant only for the following occupational groups, domestic and personal service, civil and municipal government, manufacturing, professional and trade. In the other groups the percentage of females employed is so small as not to be of importance in any study which may be undertaken (Table XL). Reference to the original records has dis- closed that the large majority of females reported in agriculture, at each census, were farm owners, usually widows who were heads of families. Consequently the numbers reported for agriculture at either census has no statistical or economic significance in a study of occupations. Tables XXXVIII and XL show that from 1911 to 1921 there was an actual falling off in absolute numbers and per cent proportion of females reported for domestic and personal service for both native born and immigrants, the effect, however in both cases was not the same. The proportion per 1,000 expected in 1911 for native born females in “domestic and personal service” was 856 as compared with 896 in 1921. That is the proportionate falling off in this occupation, during the decade, for the native-born females, was less than for the total female population, the reverse is true for immigrants.
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—_—— eee . 1911 1921 : Industries : N ‘ative |Immigrant|| Native { Immigrant born | born born born
MALE
All Industrles................ Cees eeeecenee sees, ieee eee eeenaes 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
Agriculture............
Building trades........ oe ever eacarere 957 1,087 998 1,004 Domestic and personal. ......... . 769 1,466 664 1,644 Civil and municipal governments......,.,,...........,............... 833 1,337 910 1,171 Fishing and nunting . 1,369 257 1,253 516 Forestry... 1,095 808 ,090 828 Manufacture: 967 1,066 937 1,120 Mining......... 713 1,578 724 1,528 Professional.......,.......,.., a 1,044 911 998 1,003 Trade...........,,,....,..4 essences cccceceseseseneseces 1,039 921 1,014 974 Transportation. .......ccceecseconcceceetcscscnetesssensesceecectseecs 818 1,367 950 1,095 ee FEMALE a tt a No. No. No. No.
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
987 1,040 974 1,071
856 1,462 896 1,290
1,135 568 1,119 666
1,082 737 988 1,005
1,131 579 1,113 682
1,072 768 1,000 1,000
1,061 805 980 1,055
ee
Tables XLI-XLIV, which deal only indirectly with occupational statistics, have for their main purpose the bringing out of the fact that the immigrant population of Canada averages much older than the native born and consequently shows a much higher percentage gainfully employed. In other words the differences between the nativity elements in their proportion of employment are mainly, if not altogether, due to differences in age distribution. The Canadian born show a smaller proportion employed than the other classes because they have larger propor- tions of the population below and above the normal working ages than have immigrants. The same principle applies to the differences in the proportions of Canadian born males employed in the different provinces, e.g. for instance we find 77 -64 per cent in Prince Edward Island and only 66-07 per cent in Alberta. The former province, however, has only 33 per cent of its Canadian born population under the age of 15 years, while the latter has 56 per cent.
For Canada as a whole nearly 30 per cent of the male population was under 10 years of age while for the immigrant males the percentage under 10 years of age ranged from 0-42 per cent for the Asiatic born to 8-62 for those born in the United States. Immigrants from the British Islands had only 2-88 per cent of males under 10 years of age and from European countries 1-19 per cent. Table XLIIT.
Distribution of Male Population 10 Years of Age and Over by Nativity, 1921.—Table XLI distributes by absolute numbers and by percentages the male population 10 years of age and upwards, in 1921, for Canada and for provinces, by birthplace. It will be seen that nearly 70 per cent of the total male population of this age was born in Canada or combining all classes of British born, it shows that more than 85-5 per cent of the total population of this age * was of Empire stock. In Alberta more than one-fifth of males, this age, were born in the United States while the European born constitutes about the same proportion, of this age group, in Saskatchewan. Neither the absolute numbers nor the percentage which persons born in Asia constitute of the male population 10 years of age and over are of particular significance in any province, excepting British Columbia, where they form 11-8 per cent of the total popula- tion of this age. The table following illustrates the effects of immigration on the distribution of population in the several provinces. Beginning with the Maritime provinces, where the popu- lation increment is almost wholly due to natural increase, the percentage of native born males 10 years of age and over shows a regularly descending curve in each westward province until it drops to 36-62 per cent of the total in British Columbia where it is almost displaced by immigrants from other parts of the empire with 35-5 per cent.
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TABLE XLI.—NUMERICAL AND PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE MALE POPULATION, 10-YEARS OF AGE AND OVER CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO BIRTHPLACE, FOR PROVINCES, 1921
a aaa SS
Birthplace Province ses Other : . on British : ‘ All birth- British United ; counties places Canada Isles Posses- States Europe Asia and not | given NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION
mr Canada.............. «+. /35461, 238 12,413,694 | 528,904 20,529 | 179,098 | 270,245 46,989 1,729
Prince Edward Island a 35,031 34,038 373 119 450 22 24 5 Nova Scotia.................. ..| 205,528 183, 697 8,472 6,192 2,754 3,687 573 153 New Brunswick. . 148,959 138,882 4,789 478 3,167 1,301 310 31 Queboc.......... .…| 868,377 | 774,984 40,771 2,497 18,155 28,606 3,069 295 Ontario...... .+ 41,173,349 | 843,081 | 225,230 4,542 30,557 62,913 6,530 496 Manitoba........ ...| 240,602 121,638 59,328 742 10,096 47,396 1,384 118 Saskatchewan. . 302,423 135,481 55,413 659 45,141 62,718 2,847 164 Alberta............. .….| 245,906 93,727 53,118 1,071 61,818 42,210 3,758 204 British Columbia.................. 241,063 88,266 81,410 4,228 16,960 21,392 28,494 313 ma Se a
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION I
Canada... 100-00 69-73