mipr ■n\ S^ASi ..ll mmmmmm MMMM Hi JU JllUKilUIMW-ilOT^iipggqpppyppi, mMMi su"= y cieu-t. Cot jno. 9. g\«.£e^, at. cf 6t«^ iC^3 ,i8iiii!:!i:i:iiii!i:iiai5^^ WAR DEPARTMENT: OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF Second Section, General Staff, No. 14 A STUDY of the ILOCO LANGUAGE Based Mainly on the Iloco Grammar of P.Fr. Jose Naves Cur a of Santo Tom as J-^ Union Pro'vince^ Luzon, P. I. By Henry swift Major and Chaplain y Thirteenth United States Infantry Manila, P. /., 1907 Washington; Byron S. Adams, Printer 1909 WAR DEPARTMENT Document No. 327 Office of the Chief of Staff CONTENTS ViS \s Page Preface 11 Introduction 13 Orthography IS Mutations of letters 16 Accents, radical, accidental 17 Of the Grammatical Structure 18 I. The Ligature. Used with qualifying adjectives 19 With nouns denoting material 19 With "lalaqui" or "babay" to indicate sex 19 With demonstratives, optional 19 Between numerals and their nouns 19 In the formation of numerals 20 After "saan" 20 r, As a relative 20 ^ Before dependent verbs in some instances 20 II. The Noun. Gender, no true forms for, sex how distinguished 21 Number, plural by reduplication, irregular and regular ^ plurals in some cases, the dual 21 Vi. Cases of nouns determined by modifiers 22 I Augmentatives and diminutives 22 Abstract nouns in "ca" or Equina'' 22 Nouns in "aquin" for ownership 23 Units of measurement by "sanga" 23 Recentness by "ca" 23 Verbal nouns 24 III. The Articles. The common article; special uses of 'Ui" ; prepositions latent in the oblique cases of the article 24 The proper article, uses of, used only in the singular. ... 25 IV. The Demonstratives. One form for "this," two for "that" 25 Declension of; prepositions latent in the oblique cases.. 25 Ligature optional with the demonstrative as a modifier.. 25 Note on the occurrence of the syllables "da" and "cada" in the plural 26 V. Adjectives. True adjectives, list of 26 Plurals, how formed. Irregular plurals 27 Position of 27 Derived adjectives: in "na" in "ma" in "ca" in "naca" expressive of emotion, syncopation with adjectives in "naca" in "si" with the idea of being aflFected'by or of equipment 27 Use of "napalalo" and "nalahes" to indicate excess 29 "Only" by the adverb "laeng" (contract "la") 30 Exclamatory form in "nag {an) en/* attached to one or two words, "an" being optional 30 Comparison: comparative by reduplication; use of "ngem" or "em" for "than," "quet" used in certain instances instead of "ngem" 30 Conditional comparison ; use of "sumangca" 31 Spanish " isimo" expressed by "ingguet" 31 Superlative degree; use of "unay"; true superlative ex- pressed by the particles "ca an" 32 Paradigm of comparisons 32 4 - CONTENTS. VI. Numerals. Numeral system decimal 33> Cardinal numbers, "lacsa" from the Sanscrit ; use of liga- ture in the formation of certain numerals; use of "sanga" to indicate even tens, hundreds, etc 3S Use of the particle ''sag" in bargaining 34 "MamifC^ used with numerals to form numeral adverbs, ''namin" preterite of same 34 Numerals used in verbal forms 3S Ancient use of the particle "canica" in numeration 35 Ordinals 35 Distributives 36* VII. Pronouns. Personal pronouns, three persons and three numbers, one a true dual; "we" exclusive or inclusive of the hearer 36 Declension of the personal pronouns 36' Pronouns either free or attached 36 Syncopations of personal pronouns : 37^ Suffixes, uses of, mutations of ^. 38" Free forms when employed 38 Possessive pronouns, use of the word "cua" 39" Impersonal pronouns 40 Relative pronouns, use of the ligature for 40 Interrogative pronouns; "asin" contraction of "asino" ; "ania" not always used for "what" ; "asin" used -in asking for the name of a person 40 "Adino'' a true pronoun, translated adverbially as "where," contracted generally to "adin" ; ''adin ti yan" used in its place 42' "Casano" a true pronoun, translated adverbially as *'how" A2 Indefinite pronouns 42" Intensive forms, myself, etc 43' VIII. Adverbs. Adverbial meaning sometimes conveyed by the verb itself; adjectives used instead of as qualifiers for verbs ; use of the particle "en" for the Spanish "ya" ; adverbial sense in certain particles; "recently," how expressed ; "only," expressed by reduplication ; list of true adverbs 43^ Negative adverbs, "saan" requires the ligature except when used alone as "no" ; "di" always a prefix, re- quires a euphonic "n" before certain suffixes 46 Adverbs of time 47 Auxiliaries listed with the adverbs 48* IX. Prepositions. Latent in oblique cases of the articles, demonstratives, personal and impersonal pronouns ; latent in certain verbal formulas; independent prepositions; latent in certain verbal particles; expressed by certain nouns 50 X. Conjunctions. List given 53^ "Quen" usual meaning "and," sometimes used disjunc- tively . . . 54 Use of "da" and "cada" in the same clause when enumer- ating individuals, "quen" always before the last; the personal pronoun with "da" always in the plural 54^ . CONTENTS. 5 ^'Quef used to connect clauses and predications with meaning "and," in comparisons means "than" 55 XL InterjectioTis, Exclamatory phrase with the particles **nag (an) en*' 55 True interjections, list of 56 XII. The Verb. Verbs how classified, division into active and passive verbs 57 Active verbs with nominatives for subjects, character- istics of, subject principal determinant of active forms, object in the accusative 57 Formulas of active verbs mostly passive as to subject, not as to object, subject in the genitive, object in the accusative 58 Active verbal particles listed 58 Active verbs modified in character by formulas to ex- press certain limitations in the action of the verb... 59 Passive verbs, object principal determinant of these forms, subject in the genitive, object in the nomina- tive, passive particles listed 60 Number and person how indicated, pronominal suffixes employed, mutations of with the verbal suffixes "en** and ^'an" these latter how modified 62 Modes and tenses of verbs, infinitives, infiperatives, pret- erites how indicated, gerundives, auxiliaries, location of the auxiliaries in the sentence 62 Dependence of verbs, when of the same class, subjunc- tives dependent, verbs dependent on any adjective but those in "naca" dependent on adjectives ia "naca," on adjectives used impersonally, active de- pendent on passive verbs, dependent on either of the verbs "en/* "mapan'* or "umay" 64 XIII. The Copulative Verb. No word for the true copulative; predication how indi- cated, "ti" or "daguiti" used with the predicate when the subject is emphatic; predicate first if the neg:a- tive "saan" is used; "saan" or "di" employed in negations; "saan*' always requires the ligature; article used with the predicate if the subject is af- fected by a possessive 65 Forms given where the subject is, or the predicate is affected by, a possessive pronoun; forms when the proposition is negative 66 Uses of "adda" and "aoan," "aoan" the negation of "adda'* used to express position, existence, posses- sion ; when only temporary the person possessing is put in the dative ; not used when the object possessed is qualified by a possessive; "ti" used instead of "adda" when the idea of quantity is associated with the thing possessed 68 XIV. Irregular Verbs. "Cona" meaning "to say," preterite "quinona" ; used when the actual words are quoted; with the passive particle "i" means to imitate the motions of another.. 70 "Cano" meaning "they say," sometimes abbreviated to '^can" ; if associated with, it follows "cona" 71 ''Ammo" meaning "to know" 71 "Cayaf meaning "to will, desire" 71 6 CONTENTS. *^Ited" meaning "to give" 72 "Ay" meaning "to come"; only irregular in syntax 72 "En" irregular, takes Jts preterite from the regular verb ''mapan" ; "in" used instead of "en" ; if preterite and with a verb in the preterite depending on it "en" retains its present form; used to indicate that one goes for the purpose of buying something 72 XV. Active Verbs, in "Ag" 73 Main use to express action undetermined by an object, except in case of the formulas ; use of the gerundive frequent 73 Preterite particle is "nag" 74 Formulas given and illustrated of: Instrument 74 Place, cause, or person affected by the action 74 Person commanded 75 Time and manner of the action; subsidiary expres- sions required to indicate manner or time 75 Verbal nouns ' 76 Other Uses of "Ag": (1) To seek or hunt what is expressed by the root of the verb 76 (2) To have a sickness or disease 77 (3) To use a tool, arm, or implement 77 (4) To play a game 77 (5) To put on any article of attire or adornment 77 (6) To act a part 77 (7) To express mutual relationship 78 (8) To express equipment; this also expressed by the particle "agiagui" 78 Other Particles Grouped With "Ag": "Agsin" to denote reciprocity of action 78 Mutations of the verb with "agsin" reduplication of the verb 78 "Ag-inn ," prefix and intercalation to denote reci- procity; with reduplication of the verb it expresses the rivalry of three or more 78 "Aguin" denoting pretence of being something 79 "Aga" to denote how far on the body something reaches, as water in a stream, or clothing on the person; also means "to reek or smell of" 80 "Paga" with the first meaning of "aga" 80 "Agca" indicates the possession in common of some quality or relation by two individuals 80 "Agcaca" denotes the same as the preceding with refer- ence to three or more 80 "Agpa" to denote the commanding of the action of verbs in "ag" ; distinction noted between commanding a person and commanding an action; used also to in- dicate that a person goes in a particular direction. . 81 "Apag" to denote recentness of action 81 "Pag" to express that a thing is intended for a cer- tain use 81 XVI. The Particles "Mang, Mam, and Man." These identical in power; difference in form caused by the initial letter of the root; main use as a true active transitive verb 82 "Mang" used before all letters but b, d, p, s, and t 82 CONTENTS. 7 Formulas of "mang"; instrument, place,, time, and verbal noun 82 Gerundives in '*mang" how formed 83 "Mam" used before words beginning in b or p, formulas similar to those of "mang" suppression of the initial letter of the root after "mam" 84 "Man" used before words beginning with d, s, or t; initial letter of the root suppressed or elided after "man," formulas similar to those of "mang" 85 Other uses of "mang, mam, and man" : (1) To search or go for grass, cane, etc 86 (2) To go to buy generally, as "He has gone to buy cattle" 86 XVII. Remaining Active Particles. These to include "Um, Maca, Macapa, Macapag, Maqui, Maquipag, Maqui um, Mamag and Mama": grouped under four subdivisions namely, "Um, Maca, Maqui, Mamag" 86 The Particle "Um." Used with neuter and reciprocal or reflexive verbs, the latter so classed from the standpoint of the Spanish grammarian, answering rather to our classification of intransitive and true passive verbs 86 "Um" inserted in the root, its preterite is the prefiix "i" 87 Used to indicate the acquiring of a quality, also per- forming an action or doing something for a brief interval 87 Formulas of "um": place, time, and verbal; with the formula of time and the verbal the first syllable of the root is reduplicated; excellence implied by the verbal 87 The verb in "um" repeated with the adverb "la" inter- vening gives the meaning of an increasing or of a constantly recurring action 88 The Particle "Maca" With this are associated "macapa" and "macapag", . . . : . 88 Used to express causation, ability or inability; inability from extrinsic source calls for the use of "macapag" 88 Formulas of the three particles similar; formulas only of place, time, and verbal 89 These particles effect the change of the meaning of the root, from that of attempt to that of accomplish- ment ; as from "look for" to '*find," etc 89 Special uses of "maca" are : (1) To express some natural want 90 (2) To express the continuance of an act or state for a given period f. 90 (3) To denote capacity or how many persons or things will fit in a given space 90 The Particle "Maqui." With this to be considered "maquipag" and "maqui um" 90 "Maqui" denotes action in concert with another 90 When another joins himself to the others for concert in said action then "maquipag" is used 90 Formulas of these are similar; formulas of place, time and verbal 91 Special uses of "maqui" are : (1) To ask for fruits, etc., gratis, the thing asked for being the root 92 8 CONTENTS. (2) To ask for something other than fruits, greens, etc., gratis; verb "daoat** or "rangcap" used in such case with the particle 92 (3) "Maqui um" is used to express a great desire 92 The Particle "Mamag." "Mama** considered with this particle, difference mainly phonetic; ''mama'' gives idea also of briefness of the action 92 Formulas of the two similar; formulas are of instru- ment, place, and time 92 Particles mainly denote compelling or obliging another to act 93 XVIII. The Passive Voice. The object the determining element in passive verbs. ... 94 Passives sometimes revert to active forms 94 Formulas largely lacking, or borrowed from active verbs 94 Forms given of passives when both subject and object are personal pronouns, forms of same with nega- tives; with the negative "di" the subject becomes nominative when the object is of the third person. . 94 Particles considered in four groups : " en," " an," "i," and ''ma". 94 XIX. The Particle " en." Particle a suffix, sometimes confounded with " an," preterite "in" either initial or intercalated ^ . 97 For the formulas " en'^ passes to those of "ag," "mang," or "um" 97 Principal use as active transitive verb 97 Special uses are : (1) To feel symptoms of a complaint 98 (2) To state that an object will serve for a given purpose 98 (3) To have another in a particular relation 98 (4) To consider or hold the object as being of some especial character 98 (5) To convert one thing into another 99 (6) To use some part of the body in performing an action 99 (7) Of things being eaten by insects or animals. ... 99 (8) Of raising a quantity to a certain limit 99 The Particle "Pa." Used to denote commanding of action of verbs in " en" 100 Preterite is "pina" 100 The Particles "Pag en" and "Pa en." Differ only in phonetic use ^ 100 Indicate person commanded of verbs in " en" 100 Preterites are "pinag" or "pina" 100 Sometimes pass to forms in "agpa, mamag, or mama".. 100 Special uses are: (1) To, make a person or animal do something 101 (2) With the sense of "Do you think I have no eyes, ears, etc." 102 (3) To be treated like an animal 102 (4) To wait for a certain period 102 The Particles ''Ca-- en." Increase or diminution expressed by 102 CONTENTS. 9 Preterite expressed by "quina" 102 XX. The Particle " an," Sometimes confounded with " en" 102 Preterite is "ni" prefixed, or "in" prefixed or interca- lated 103 Used where an indirect object occurs 103 Special uses are : (1) To place one object with reference to another. . 103 (2) To change, increase, or diminish an object.... 104 (3) To indicate the kind of seed planted 104 (4) With ''manu" or a numeral with the sense of "to give" 104 (5) To express the number of parts in sharing or distribution ; 104 (6) To snare, trap, or catch animals, fish, etc 105 (7) To indicate profit or gain from work 105 The Particles *'Pa an" Used to command the action of verbs in " an". ..... 105 Preterite is "pina an" 105 Special use to indicate the tying of man or animal by some part of the body 105 The Particles "Ca an." Used to denote the accomplishment of a purpose 105 Preterite in this case "na an" 106 To signify the raising of a number of individuals to a certain limit 106 Preterite in this case "quina an" 106 To form a collective or mass noun indicating the abundance of the object in a certain place, as cane-brake, etc 106 The Particles "Sanga an." To form a collective noun indicative of a group of individuals 106 Treated of also under "Nouns" 23 XXI. The Particle "I." Always a prefix 107 Sometimes used where " en" or '' an" might seem to be indicated 107 Preterite before all letters but vowels,, I, and r, is ''in". . . 107 Preterite before a vowel is ''ii" 107 Preterite before / or r is "il" or "ir" 107 Used when the means of an action are indicated 107 Special place for an object is indicated by this particle: . 107 The "t" is not dropped when the verb assumes an active particle 107 The Particle ''Ipa." Preterite is ''inpa" < 108 Used to express "to give," as food to a horse 108 Distinction between this and "pag- en" when kind of food is mentioned "ipa" is used 108 To attribute, suspect, accuse 108 To put in a certain place or direction 108 When one of a group is differentiated in placing "paquin en" is used instead of "ipa" 108 Special use is to indicate that some object was put to a purpose for which it was not intended 108 The Particles "/ an." Denotes that the action was done in place of another person 109 lO CONTENTS. The Particles "Pai, Paipa, and Pai an" Used to command the action of verbs in "i, ipa, and ,• an" 109 XXII. The Particle "Ma." "Ma" both active and passive 110 Passive when transitive, active when intransitive 110 Preterite is "na" 110 This particle frequently causes syncopation of the root. . 110 When frequentative or negatively imperative the particle is reduplicated 110 Principal use is to denote ability 110 To express that one has or has not accomplished the result aimed at Ill Effects that the meaning of the root becomes changed in nature from what is attempted to what is accom- plished. So "shoot at" becomes "hit" or "miss" as the case may be Ill Neuter and reciprocal verbs (according to Spanish classification) expressed by "ma" 1 1 1 The formulas are the same as those of "maca" Ill When the particle "ma" is used with verbs in " en" the latter disappears 112 When affecting verbs in " an" or in "i" these are retained 112 The Particles "Ma an." Denotes that an action has reached its limit 112 Preterite is "na an." 112 Vocabulary 113- PREFACE. This wark makes no pretence to priginality. It is simply, as is shown by the title, a Study of the Iloco language. The basis of this is the Grammar of Father Jose Naves, of which book there are about three copies in the Augustinian House in Manila, and these not for sale. I was fortunate enough to secure what the Father in charge of the Biblioteca assured me was the last copy that he should sell. Father Naves belongs to a long honor-roll of Spanish Priests, who in four hundred years have done splendid work in the cause of science and literature in the Philippine Archipelago. A careful compilation and rearrangement of his book, with the aid of other information gained from Narrows Vocabulary and from living sources, will, it is hoped, be of some assistance to the student of the languages of North Luzon, to the Malaysian student, and be of some value in the science of comparative philology. Henry Swift, Chaplain 13th Infantry. Manila, P. I., May 8, 1907. INTRODUCTION. The Malaysian group of languages, almost endless in their variety^ is the dominant type in the Philippine Islands as well as in Borneo, Java, Micronesia, among the Maoris, and in the Hawaiian Islands. They belong to the Turanian family, that family which is native to both Americas, the whole stretch of the Arctic Ocean, large portions of Asia and Africa, including the great chain of Islands that guanf the coast of the Orient, and the Islands of the South Pacific. In the Philippine group there are about thirty languages spoken. This word ''language" is used advisedly, for the difference between them is as great and greater than between any of the Romance languages,, and they are assuredly much more than dialects. Among them three occupy positions of the first importance, namely the Tagalog, the Iloco, and the Bisayan tongues. The latter are extensively employed through the Southern Islands. The Tagalog is of political and commercial value as being spoken in Manila and the regions adjacent thereto. The Iloco .is the principal language of Northern Luzon. With a compe- tent knowledge of these any individual, whether in the employ of the Federal or of the Civil Government, or engaged in commerce, or casting in his lot as a settler or miner, will be all the better fitted to make his way and perform his duties, whatever they may be. The English and Dutch, as masters in the art of colonizing, make the kno'wledge of the languages of the natives a necessary part of the curriculum for students in the civil service. The Bureau of Con- stabulary offers incentives to its officers to spur them on to the mas- tery of the various languages of the Archipelago. The Spanish lan- guage has never been extensively known by the .Filipinos. In the towns, in the "Cientro de Pohlacion" where the Priest, the Presidente,. and the better and more well-to-do are to be met, there more or less Spanish is spoken, but outside of these the vast majority are limited to their own dialects. It is true that, thanks to the efforts of the Bureau of Education, the younger generation is rapidly acquiring a knowledge of English — and it is no uncommon thing, now, to find, children who can readily understand and talk English, while Spanish is entirely unknown to them — but these even cling to their own lan- guages, and will for all intercourse among themselves. The Tagalog,. the Iloco, and the rest are not things of a day. Four hundred years of Spanish domination find them as virile and rooted as when Legaspi and Urdaneta first landed, and ten or twenty or a hundred years of American occupancy will not suffice to stamp them out. In the mean- while those who have to do with them are handicapped by ignorance of the language spoken by the people about them, while he is best equipped and prepared to'' do his work, especially a government official, who can meet them on their own ground. It may be observed that I have excepted the Clergy from the list of those who need to make a study of native languages. As a rule the Clergy have been pioneers in every path of philological explora- tion. Especially has this been the case among the numerous and obscure tongues of these Islands. The first prerequisite for work, that deserves the name, of a priest in any of these tribes is the great- est industry in acquiring its language. The first place must be given to the Roman Catholics who have left many noble monuments of 14 ILOCO LANGUAGE. their labors. With the entrance in of American missionaries we are justified in expecting much new and good work, agreeing also with the recent advances made in linguistic studies. This essay, which is practically little more than a translation, will adhere to the orthography of earlier times, which in the writer's judg- ment has much to be said in its favor. It will also, perhaps not so closely, adhere to the scholastic grammatical terminology employed by Padre Naves, even where the terms used vary from our pre-concep- tions. It is not believed that any great advantage will be gained by •departing from them. The structure of the Malay dialects is distinguished by several peculiarities. These will be briefly noted now, while their discussion and illustration will be deferred, as any present elaboration would swell the introduction to the size and character of a grammar. There are to be especially noted: the use of the ligature; the part played by the article; the reduplications with grammatical significance other than mere intensity or to express the plural, although these uses also occur; the large range of prefixes, suffixes and intercalations; the predomi- nant substantive character of the clause; the poverty in prepositional forms ; and also the instability of the roots themselves. The rules laid down for this last feature seem simple enough and are very neces- sary to acquire in order to make it possible to find the word (root) in the dictionary. Every student of Iloco should possess a copy of Narro's Vocabulario Iloco-Espanol, which may be procured at the Augustinian Convent, Manila, and at slight cost. The vocabulary that forms a part of this work is largely confined to such words as may occur in Naves* Grammar. It is sufficiently copious to give an abundant and useful vocab- ulary, but it is far from (and is not intended to be) exhaustive. Indeed, no grammar nor vocabulary can do more than prepare the way to a mastery of any language : that must be gained by long and personal contact with the people who speak it. ORTHOGRAPHY. In the writing of the languages of these Islands as was in use at the time of the American occupation, more especially in the Iloco, certain letters had little or no general employment except as found in a few exotics. These were f, h, j, k, v, w, x, and z. The letter k, while having a proper place in the Moro or Mahometan languages of the Southern Archipelago, was not found ift the Tagalog or Iloco origi- nally; but since the year 1898 has come to be used as a substitute for c before a,, o, and u, and for qu before e and i. There is a good deal to be said in favor of this, especially where according to the older use it becomes necessary to change, in the fluctuations of declension or conjugation, the c to qu (or vice versa) in order to pre- serve the hard sound of c or to restore the root; as hatac, bataquen. The letter / naturally gravitates to a kindred labial, generally to p; as pecha for *'fecha" (Spanish for "date"). In the Igorot, however, f takes the place of b; as fafay for babay, female; facho for bado, gar- ment or shirt. Another American use is to employ w instead of the diphthong ao, and even for u in the diphthong iu; as awan for aoan, not or no. The necessity of such substitution is questionable. A is the most frequently used and most stable of the vowel sounds. It is generally pronounced as a in father, and sometimes has the sound of a in "fat." Use and the education of the ear must be the student's guide. B is the same as in English. C is always hard. If it should happen in the course of inflec- tion that an e or i should follow c this letter, in conformity with the rules of Spanish orthography, is changed to qu. On the other hand, if qu followed by either e or i should, in the course of inflection, be separated by a consonant from its vowel then it changed to c. Ex- amples: abac, abaquen; bariques, baricsen. When k is used instead of c or qu these changes do not become necessary. The Moro dialects, employing the Arabic character, use k instead of c. D has Ihe same sound as in English. In Tagalog and irt Iloco the letter r often takes it place; as purao, pudao. E has generally the sound of a in "fate." It is often replaced by i, either being used indifferently; as seddaao or siddaao, lamesaan or lamisaan. It is occasionally used in place of a; as nana or nene, maysa or meysa. Before a final guttural it sometimes has a sound resembling the French u, as in uneg. « F is not native to the Iloco, although common in the Igorot. It occurs only in exotics, as in fiesta, Urina, familias, etc.; or in proper nouns, as Federico, usually pronounced Pederico. G is always hard as in "goat." If e or i follow, a euphonic u is in- serted to preserve the sound. So in inflection, whether there be a suffix or an intercalation, a w is inserted when necessary; as gubang, guimmubang ; imbag, naimbaguenda. H has no place in the Iloco. It occurs in a- few exotics ; as horas (hour), honras (obsequies), etc. I has the sound of e in mete. Properly it is employed in roots before consonants only, y taking its place before or after vowels. It is used, however, before vowels in inflection; as aside g, iasidegmo; uli, iulim; ulug, iulugda. l6 ILOCO LANGUAGE. J has no place in the Iloco, except as it may occur in exotics, when it has the sound of h vocalized; as in Juan, Jacinto, Jolo, etc. L, M, N : these are sounded as in English. Ng has a sound resembling that of ng in sing. It is employed either initially or as a terminal. In the syllabic division of a word the n should not be separated from the g\ thus Pangasinan would be Pa- nga-si-nan; Batangas, Ba-ta-ngas, etc. In the Bicol it is often re- placed by gn, the g (according to the Spanish usage), having the "tilda" placed over it. In the published works of the Philippine Civil Gov- ernment a long "tilda" is placed over the two letters. O has the sound of o in "note." There is a considerable freedom in the use of o and u, one being indifferently used in place of the other as : manu for mano, lupot for Input, etc. P has the same sound as in English. Q has always a silent u attached, and has the sound of hard c or of k. When in the course of inflection qu occurs before a, o, or u, it is changed to c as: quiniat, cumimat; quellaat, cumlaat. Also when its following vowel is dropped and qu is directly followed by a consonant, the same change occurs. For example : quesset with the prefix ma becomes macset. -■' R has the same sound as in English. S has the sibilant sound of s in "sin." It never has the sound of 2 nor of sh. T has the sound of t in "time." U has the sound of oo in "hoot." It is frequently used instead of o. X does not occur in the Iloco. Y has the same sound as the Iloco /, and is used before vowels. It is often used before consonants, as in Ynocencia, ylangylang, etc. ; but the use is beginning to be archaic. The diphthong ay has the sound of / in "pine." Z does not occur in the Iloco. MUTATIONS OF LETTERS. No note will be taken of mutations which occur through slovenli- ness in speaking, which is a common fault in the Archipelago, but there are certain changes that are regular and grammatical. These will be noted more particularly in the grammar. Some of these changes leave the root in sufficient integrity to make its discovery easy; but in other cases the root becomes so mutilated that considerable difficulty is found in recovering it. It will be necessary at this point to anticipate the use of some terms, which will require a fuller explanation further on. Such anticipation is deemed best, even at the cost of possible obscurity, in order that the present subject may be properly treated. When the verbal particles ca, ma, maca, or /, are prefixed to roots beginning w.^th a consonantjjftils letter attaches to the prefix, and the following vowel is dropped. If such vowel is followed by a double consonant one of these is also dropped. This rule is true of the preterites of the above particles, which are (for ma and maca) na and naca. Examples: del-lao, cadlao ; seddaao, masdaao ; decquet, nad- quetan, etc. »» -- -. , ^^ «. r^ ^ ^ The diphthongs oe or ue are changed to a or ^ when the ver])al suffix an is appended, as: ibbuet, ibbatan; singpuet, singpetan. The letter «, when it belongs to a prefix, is converted to m before b, p, or m. Examples: patoc, impatoc (for inpatoc) ; bel-leng, imbel- leng. The verbal particles en or an coalesce with the genitive suffixes co (my) or mo (thy) to form ec, ac, em, or am; and with yo (your) to form eiyo or aiyo. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 1 7 This portion does not pretend to exhaust the subject of mutations. The above instances are only illustrative. In the course of the gram- mar these changes will be more fully discussed. In some instances an essential part of the root disappears, in which case it will not always be easy to find the foundation word. Examples.: mannait from dait, umquis from icquis, macapagteng from dateng, etc. ACCENTS, Accents are of two kinds, radical and accidental. The radical accent is the accent of the root, unaffected by prefixes, suffixes, or in general by inflection. Thus the accent of siirat or of quita is on the penult. This accent is radical. If the verbal suffix en is appended the penult is still the accented syllable (surdten, quit den), but the accent becomes accidental. RADICAL ACCENTS. The following rules are given by Narro for the radical accents : (A). The accent is on the penult: 1. In quadriliterals which have the same vowel repeated between the initial and final consonant, as : ddafi, sdan, boong, booc, etc. 2. In general, words composed of two parts (the parts being usu- ally dissyllables) repeated take this accent, as : patongpdtong, cudit- cudit, paligpdlig, ylangylang. There are several exceptions to this rule, as: riquetriquet, gotocgotoc, etc. 3. Where the same or a similar syllable is initial and final, these being connected by a vowel, such connective takes the accent. Ex- amples: bisibis, Bilibid (proper noun), buquibuc. 4. Where the antepenult and the ultimate are the ^same, and the penult is a vowel, as : arimongdmong, arimocdmoc, alibuddbud, etc. 5. In trisyllables where the antepenult is separated from the two following syllables by a hyphen, as : guil-dyab, guin-doa, ar-drac, etc. (B). The accent is on the ultimate: 1. Where the word is composed of a reduplicated syllable termi- nating in a consonant, as : bacbdc, carcdr, duldul, etc. 2. In words whose last two syllables are alike, or that differ only in the initial consonant, as : arihucbuc, aripaspds, palispis, sarotsot, etc. 3. In dissyllables where there is a reduplicated syllable in ay or ao, as: baybdy, taytdy, caocdo, etc. 4. Where the ultimate is separated from the body of the word by a hyphen, as : cay-6, sam-it, i-it, etc. 5. Where the' vowel of the ultimate is preceded by two conson- ants, as: apldg, appdn, bontoc, bantot, etc. This rule is universal and applies also to words where the consecution of consonants is caused by conjugation or by inflection. These rules are not affected, whatever may be the number of sylla- bles in the Word. Accidental Accents. The following rules are given as to accidental accents, that is, where the radical accent is affected by prefixes, etc. 1. Most roots having the accent on the penult have the accent removed to the ultimate of the root when either of the verbal suffixes an or en is appended, provided there be no syncopation caused thereby, as: quita, quitdan, quitden, etc. 2. Roots that are accented on the penult, when there is a syncopa- l8 ILOCO LANGUAGE. tion caused by affixing the verbal particles an or en, lose the accent, it falling on the ultimate of the word, as: bariques, haricsen; hahdsel, babaslen, etc. > 3.^ The words amd, ind, apo, when preceded by the proper article ni, '\ have the accent thrown back from the ultimate to the penult, as : amd, ^ ni dma; ind, ni ina; apo, ni dpo. 4. Roots with the accent on the penult, when either of the verbal particles ca, ma, na, maca, or naca, is prefixed (the vowel of the penult being dropped) take the accent on the penult. For illustra- tion see verbs in ca, ma, or maca. No complete rules can be laid down for accents. Many words that are identical in spelling will vary in meaning, as the accent may determine. Examples: drac (wine), ardc (to gather for a festival); bdgui (part or portion), bagiii (body) ; basd (wetness), bdsa (to read) ; otoh (a small aperture), otob (to consider) ; etc. It is evident that in this, as in other languages, the accent of many words can only be learned by study and observation. OF THE GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ILOCO LANGUAGE. The old division of Etymology and Syntax will not be followed in this essay. In considering the etymological relations of words their syntactical connection is so intimately associated that a formal division has not seemed necessary. The Iloco ^language is particularly rich, as are all the Malaysian languages, in substantive roots. These are either concrete or class names or are abstractions' representing some quality, condition, or ac- tion. Examples: ubing, boy; imbag, goodness; basd, the condition of being wet ; bdsa, the act of reading. With the exception of the con- crete nouns these are usually found in combination with some particle. Example : imbag, the root meaning goodness ; naimbag, good ; caimbag or qinnaimbag, goodness in the abstract; imbaguen, to approve (hold good) ; naimimbag, better; umimbag, to get better, improve, etc. A thorough acquaintance with the nature and power of these various particles is necessary, as well as the ability to' detach the root word from its affecting particles, or adjuncts, inasmuch as in the Iloco, as well as-in the several Malaysian vocabularies published, the roots only are given. The laws of change are so clear, however, that much of the difficulty will disappear as one progresses in his researches. The verb is formed from these various roots. It will not be neces- sary to enter on the subject at this point, as they (the verbs) will be fully treated in their place. It is well, however, to state here that there is a great latitude and flexibility in the formation of verbs from almost every class of roots, from nouns, adverbs, numerals, etc. Ex- amples : maysa, one; pamaisaem ita naguemmo, fix it well in your mind; danum, water; danuman, to pour water (on something); dita, there; ditaca, be there; ditam, stay there; aso, dog; inaso meten, the dog has already eaten it. The first thing to be considered will be the ligature (so called) ; and after this, in their order, nouns, the articles, demonstratives, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, the adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, and finally the verb. This is treated last as it requires the most ex- tensive comment, and will embrace the larger portion of this essay. I THE LIGATURE. The ligature is a most characteristic feature in all or most of the Malaysian languages. In the Iloco there is but one. It has, however, ILOCO LANGUAGE. I9 two forms "a" and "nga." There is no difference in the use or power of these grammatically. Just as in English there is no difference in meaning between the indefinite article forms "a" and "an," so in Iloco there is no difference between "a" and "nga" The laws of euphony determine which of the two it is proper to employ. The ligature is not translatable. It has a purely grammatical use, which is to bind (ligar) together certain closely connected ele- ments. It might well be called an enclitic. When the word preceding the ligature terminates in, or when the following word begins with, the letter "a" then "nga" is commonly used. If the last letter of the preceding word and the first letter of the word following is a consonant, then the ligature is ''a." In other cases a ■wide liberty is allowed. EXAMPLES : Iti napigsa nga cabayoc. With my sturdy horse. Iti maicapito nga aldao. On the seventh day. Cuam toy a hado? Is this shirt yours? Cadaguiti natadem a imucoc. With my sharp knives. Iti aracyo a nasam-it. Your sweet wine. Agcacasucubcayo nga uppatf Are you four related? The ligature is used to denote the following grammatical relations: 1. Between a substantive and its qualifying adjective, as for ex- ample : Iti naingel a arac. The strong wine. Iti naingel a ubingmo. Your sturdy boy. Cadaguiti bumbunengda nga na- With their dull bolos. ngudel. 2. Between the noun and the material of which it is composed, Iti balay a cayo. The wooden (frame) house. Iti cucharac a pirac. My silver spoon. 3. With the word indicating the gender of animate beings; i. e., ialaqui, male ; babay, female : Ti pusa nga babay. The (female) cat. Ti vaca (baca) nga babay. The cow. Ti baca nga Ialaqui. The bull. Ni anacco a babay. My daughter. 4. Between the demonstrative and the noun which it defines; the - rule, however, not being invariable, as the ligature may b© omitted if €uphony demands : Deytoy a aracco. This wine of mine. Deyta nga al-lidmo. That wax of yours. Iti cauar ta aso. The chain of that (ta) dog (aso). Ita simbaan. In that (ita) church. Naluclucneng toy a tinapay. This bread is im^^^f^- Kt^^-^t^ 5. Between the numeral, whether cardinal, ordinal, or distributive, and the noun it defines or limits: Innem a palangca. Six chairs. Iti maicadua nga silid. In the second room. Daguiti dua nga annacco. My two sons. ^ 20 ILOCO LANGUAGE. 6. Between the cardinals four (uppat), six (innem), and nine {siyam)y with tens {polo), hundreds (gasut), thousands (ribu from aribu), tens of thousands (lacsa) and millions (riuriu) : Uppat a polo. Forty. Innem a polo quet pito. ^UVuw & fl¥Oiity -seven. Siyam a polo quet dua. vi Ninety-two. Uppat a gasut. Four hundred. Innem a ribu. Six thousand. Uppat a lacsa. Forty thousand. Siam a riuriu. Nine million. 7. The ligature is used between the adverb saan (not) and the word to which it pertains, whether noun, adjective, verb, etc. This , is true even when another word may intervene. Saan met a naruguit. It is not dirty at all (met). Saanco a balay daytoy. This is not my house. Saan a naingpis toy a baston? Is not this cane slender? Saan a nasam-it daguitoy a sabaf Are not these bananas sweet? Apayapay saanmo a pinauli ida? Why did you not tell them to come in (up) ? 8. The ligature "a" or 'Utga" is practically a relative. The reason of this seems to be that the relative clause is really an adjectival element. In the Iloco, adjectives with the ligature are employed where we would use a relative clause. The poverty as regards the copulative verb will account for this. The subject is but briefly noted here in order to em- brace all of the uses of the ligature. /// cabayo nga adda quenca. The horse which you have. Iti chocolate a nasayao daques. Chocolate that is thin (claro) is bad. Dacayo a maingel. You who are brave. /// libro nga adda cadacuada. The book that they have. The book that {nga) is {adda) *to them {cadacuada). g. The ligature is used to show the dependence of one verb on another when : a. The dependent verb is an infinitive and each is in the same voice, i. e., either active or passive ; b. When the dependent verb is in the subjunctive mood whatever may be the voices of the verbs. (a) Cayatco a quitaen ida. I wish to see them. / ^" '* ~ Here the two verbs are classified as passive. . ( Aggaguetca nga agadal. ^ am diligent to study (m my studies). ^- '^ Here the two verbs are classified as active. (b) Cayatco nga alaendan. I want them to take it away now. (I want that they may take it away now.) Saanco nga ammo a immayda. I did not know that they had (may have) come. These, the present and the following, cases will be treated later on. They are simply introduced at this point in order to give a complete view of the uses of the ligature. The terminology must appear obscure and even misleading, especially the names "active" and "passive." Their discussion must be reserved, however, for a subsequent section. 10. When a verb in the infinitive is dependent on an adjective used impersonally with the copula, or on an adjective formed with the ILOCO LANGUAGE. 21 prefix "naca" the ligature shows their relation, provided that the de- pendent verb is in the passive voice. Nalaca nga quitaen. It is easy to see him. Nacaladladingit a dengguen. It was saddening to hear him. Note. — Before proceeding to the further consideration of the several parts of speech it may be well to speak of the use of particles in this language. The use of particles attached or embodied in the words is a very characteristic feature of Turanian languages, especially of the Malaysian and American type. A few examples from the Sioux or rather the Dakota language may serve as illustrations. The word ''cya" means "he says." From these may be formed other concepts by agglutination, as, for example : eciya, he says to ; ceciyay he prays ; ceciciya, I pray to you ; wicunkiciyapi, we pray to them. Ksa, a root not used independently but signifying a cutting action; kaksa, he cuts with an axe; iglaksa, he cut himself; bayaksa, you cut (as with a saw) ; icakse, an axe, etc. So in the Iloco there are a large number of particles attached to or intercalated in roots, whether nouns, adjectives, or verbs, giving a wide variety of meanings or restricted applications. These must not be confounded with other particles which, while used only as affixes, are really independent words, as personal pronouns for instance, or the signs of the future or the subjunctive. II. THE NOUN. As has been previously stated, nouns form a very great proportion of the Iloco root-words. Many of these, especially names indicative of action or state, are employed only in composition, others descriptive of qualities are used sometimes alone, but more frequently serve as the base of adjectives, while class-nouns are used as they standi as for example : aso, dog ; pirac, silver ; d alan, field, etc. dalan, field, etc. / . * '\ GENDER, There is no terminal, nor any pronominal, distinction of gender. When it becomes necessary to distinguish the sex of living creatures, this is done by using the words lalaqui (male) and babay (female) with the ligature. Examples : calding a lalaqui, he-goat ; babuy a babay, sow, etc. A few words indicate the gender, as : ina, mother ; ama, father ; iquit, aunt, etc. There are no separate words for boy and girl, son and daughter; these requiring the use of the aforementioned words when there must be a definite statement. Unless especially required it is not necessary to give a plural form to nouns, the number being sufficiently signified by the accompanying article jot demonstrative, as: ti or iti, the (singular) ; daguiti or cada- guiti, the (plural); ditey, this; daguitoy or cadaguitoy, these; etc. Iti babuy. J'\<^p'\ The pig. Daguiti nuang, ' v The carabaos. Iti canen daguiti tnanoc. The chickens' food. Daguitoy gayang. These spears. Daytoy pirac. This money. If, however, it is considered necessary, the plural is generally formed by reduplicating the first syllable of the noun with the following con- sonant, if one be contiguous. 22 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Cadaguiti balbalay. In the houses. Daguiti silsilid ti conventoyo. The apartments of your convent. Daguiti tattao. The men (people). Daguiti nunuang ti caarohaom. The carabaos of your neighbor. //* ruguit daguiti pingpinggan. The dirty condition of the dishes^ Cadaguiti tautaua ti simbaan. Through the church windows. In this last instance the diphthong "au" is reduplicated. This may- be considered a general law for diphthongs, which are "ao," "au/*" *'iu," "ay." A few nouns have an irregular plural. They are given below: Uliteg, uncle; uuliteg, uncles. I quit, aunt; iiquit, aunts. Ubing, child; ub-ubbing, children. Cabsat, brother (or sister) ; cacabsat, brothers or sisters. Casucub, relation; cacasucub, relations. The following have both a regular and an irregular plural: AnaCj son or daughter; annac or an-annac, sons, etc. Ama, father; amma or am-amma, fathers. Ina, mother; inna or in-innaj mothers. Apo, grandfather, master; appo or ap-appo, grandfathers. Asaua, spouse (whether husband or wife) ; assaua or as-asaua,, husbands, wives, the married couple. The Spanish grammarians, clinging to classic precedent, give as the cases the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, and ablative. This classification seems cumbersome and unnecessary. There is no inflection whatever of the noun. There do appear, however, certain inflections in the article, the demonstrative, and in the personal pro- noun, which would justify a distinction of cases. But for all practical purposes it would seem that the nominative, genitive, dative and accusa- tive would suffice. The consideration of case will be deferred until the article and pronoun are discussed. SPECIAL FORMS. There are no special forms for augmentatives and diminutives. To- express these the adjectives dacquel (large, big) or bassit (little,, small) are employed. Ti pusac a bassit. My kitty (Sp. gatito). Ti asoyo a bassit. Your little dog (poodle, perrito).. Iti balayna nga dacquel. His mansion. Certain special classes of nouns are formed by affixing particles. WITH CA OR QUINA. Abstract nouns are formed from roots by prefixing the particle ca or quina. Iti quinaimbag ti Dios. The goodness of God. Maipoon ti quinasicapna. By his shrewdness. Iti naisangayan a quinalaingna. Her extraordinary beauty. Casano ti cangato ti balaymof What (casano) is the height (cangato) of your house? Gapo ti quinaalumamay daguiti sa- By the sweetness of his words. sadna. Iti quinadaeg ti Dios. The majesty of God. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 2^ FORMS IN AQUIN. The particle aquin prefixed to a noun makes the word to mean the owner, proprietor, or author of a thing or work. Asin ti aquinhalay daytoy? Who is the master (dueno) of this (day toy) house? It is to be observed that the demonstrative .applies only to balay (house) and not to the master of it. Asin ti aquincua daytoy a relos. Who is the owner of this watch? Cuac. It is mine. This answer is given in order to show the peculiar and idiomatic placing of "aqiiin." "Cua" is the root forming the base of the posses- sive pronouns; and this is frequently used, diverting the particle ''aquin**^ from the object, and making with the particle the meaning "master^ owner," etc. Asin ti aquincua ita a cabayof Who is the owner of that horse? Aquinaramid or aquingapuanan. The author or doer of a work or action. FORMS IN SANGA. When the unit of measurement or form in which an article is traded, handled, referred to, etc., this has prefixed to the root the word sanga. This means one, but is used only in combination, and therefore may be regarded as a particle. Sangavara. A "vara" (Spanish yard). Sangachupa nga manteca. (About a) pound of butter. Sangahuquel a tinapay. A loaf of bread. Sangahuquel a itlog. An t^g. (Buquel means any / round object, as a bead on a rosary, loaf or roll, etc.) Sangareppet nga root. A bunch of zacatc* Sangaili, A stranger, a guest from another town (///). The meaning of this is obscure, unless it be that the stranger is a representative of the town from which he comes. There is another form which indicates the solidarity of a group. This is formed by prefixing sanga and affixing the true particle an, Sanga is sometimes abbreviated to sang. Sangailian. A town. Sangapututan. A family (putut or putot mean- ing descent). ^ Sangabalayan. The inhabitants of a single house. Sangaasauaan. A married couple. Sangapatosan. A pair of shoes^ FORMS IN CA. The particle ''ca" prefixed to a root, whose first syllable and follow- ing consonant is reduplicated, gives the idea "recently accomplished or produced." It is more commonly employed with adjectives. Aramid (work). Caararamid (work recently com- plied). Itlog {tgg). Cait-itlog (a fresh-laid ^%^). / 24 I LOCO LANGUAGE. The passive verbal particles ''ca an" uniteS to the simple root make a noun denoting a group or a place where there is an abundance of the thing represented by the root. Baquir (bosque, grove brush). Cabaquiran (jungle). Darat (sand). Cadaratan (sand-pit). Cayo (tree). Cacayoan (forest). Root (grass, zacate). Carootan (meadow). Bolo (bamboo). Caboloan (bamboo thicket). VERBALS. The subject of verbal nouns will be reserved until we come to the treatment of the verb proper; the verbal being an element in the con- jugation of the verb. A few examples are here given without com- ment: Iti mammarsua, the creator; dumadanio, a fine singer, prima donna; daguiti manangluto, the cooks. III. THE ARTICLES. In the Iloco, as in other languages of the Philippine Archipelago, there are two classes of definite articles. One is used for substantives in general, with a few exceptions that will be noted; and this will be called the Common Article, when it becomes necessary to make a dis- tinction. The other is used with proper names of persons and a few other words; and we will call this the Proper Article. THE COMMON ARTICLE. The Common Article has two forms in the singular and two in the plural. In the singular it is "iti*' or "ti/* In the plural it is "daguiti" or " cadaguiti" Ti is used with the nominative and genitive. Iti is used with the nominative and with all other cases but the genitive. Iti also embraces within itself the meanings of "to, for, with, by, etc." ; it is also to be observed that it contains the meaning of the Spanish d when this indicates the accusative with persons, whether nouns or pronouns. The context must determine the particular relation. Daguiti is used for the nominative and genitive plural, while cadaguiti is used for other ciases, and also embraces within itself the prepositional powers of iti. EXAMPLES. Iti olo ti balay. The roof of the house. Iti riquep ti balay. Through the door of the house. Ti calding a babay. The she-goat. Daguiti nuang ti caarcbaom. The carabaos of your neighbor. Cadaguiti balbalay. In the houses. Daguiti caucaues daguiti babbay. The garments of the women. OTHER USES OF TL The form or word "ti** or ''daguiti" is of extensive use in the Iloco, especially "//." It has in many instances the force of the copulative verb, and will be treated of under that head. It also enters largely into the construction of sentences, being associated directly with verbs and with verbal clauses, these being treated in effect as substantive concepts. / ILOCO LANGUAGE. 2$ To discuss these in detail at present would involve a recapitulation under the proper headings, or an anticipation now, necessarily obscure, of a subject that can be more intelligently treated in its proper place. A few examples only will be given at present. Sica ti gaiyemmi. You are our friend. Deytoy ti nasudi a imuco. This is a beautiful knife. (Em- phatic.) Naquiting daguiti sapinmo. Your pants are short. Cayatco ti agpaspasiar. I like walking (for exercise). Narigat ti agsurat. Writing is difficult. Mono ti dinaitanda? How much do you earn by sew- ing? THE PROPER ARTICLE. There is in the Iloco, as well as in other Filipino languages, a form of article that is used with nouns in the singular number, these being proper names of persons or terms of relationship and affection. In the nominative it is "ni" ; in the genitive, *'ni" ; m the oblique cases, and with a prepositional force, ''qtien." In the plural the common article is employed. Ni Pablo. Paul. Ni Antonio. Of Antonio (Antonio's). Iti ruangan ti silid ni Andres. The entrance to Andrew's room. Naquisaritacam quen Basilio. We were talking to Basil, The proper article is also employed with names denoting kinship or the ties of affection, when these have attached to them a pronoun in the possessive or genitive case, whether the pronoun be singular or plural, and if in the first or the second person. Note that with the words for father or mother the possessive pronoun, in the first person singular, is not expressed, but is implied by the use of "ni." Ni amam, thy father. Ni ina, my mother. Quen ulitegco, for my uncle. Ni apo Padeiyo, your pastor (Padre). Quen gayyemmi, for our friend. IV. DEMONSTRATIVES. The demonstratives are daytoy (deytoy or toy), dayta {deyta, dita or taj, deydi (dayti or rfi), and dediay. The^ first means "this" and corresponds to the Spanish ''este." The second means "that" and corresponds to the Spanish "ese." Each of these has its own plural. Daydi and dediay correspond to the Spanish "aquello"^ that. They have one common plural. Daydi refers to an object pointed out, d^iay to an object previously spoken of. These dempnstratives, as in Eng- lish, may serve either as definitive adjectives or as pronouns. When used as adjectives the ligature may or may not be employed. Their declension is herewith given: DAYTOY. SINGULAR. Daytoy, deytoy, or toy. This, of this. Itoy. For or to this. Iti deytoy, or itoy. In, with, by, etc., this. 26 ILOCO LANGUAGE. PLURAL. Daguitoy. These, of these. Cadaguitoy, To, for, with, by, etc., these. DAYTA. SINGULAR. Dayta. deyia, dita, or ta. That, of that. lia. For or to that. Iti dayta, or ita. In, with, by, etc., that. PLURAL. Daguita. Those, of those. Cadaguita. For, to, in, with, by, etc., thosc DAYDI AND DEDIAY. SINGULAR. , Daydi or di. Dediay. That, of that. Idi or iti daydi. Idiay. For or to that. Idi or iti daydi. Iti dediay or dediay. In, with, by, etc., that.. PLURAL. Daguiti or daguidiay. Those, of those. Cadaguiti or cadaguidiay. For, to, in, with, etc., those. EXAMPLES. Dayta tao a bulding. That deformed (crippled) man.. Toy dacquel a ican. This large fish. Ta lamisaan a bassit. That little table. Itoy naruguit a baso. In this dirty glass. Deyta danunt a nalamiis. That cold water. Iti daydi a balay. In that house. Iti dediay (or idiay) a dalan. On that road. Nadaeg a cabayo daguitoy. These are fine horses. Daguitoy ti naimbag a sacafuegos. These are good matches. Cadaguidiay nga ub-ubbing. With those children. In the plural of the article and of the demonstrative the use of ''da*^ and "cada" should be noted. "Da" indicates the plural, perhaps coming, from the plural of the third person of the personal pronoun (cfa or ida). The "ca" of "cada" in the oblique cases will be found not only with these, but also with all of the personal pronouns. V. ADJECTIVES. Most adjectives are formed from roots by means of adjunct particles. There are a few, however, that are used directly as adjectives, that are simple roots. Some of these are also employed as nouns without under- going any change ; as, "blind, deaf, hunchbacked," etc. Others need the aid of particles to become nouns; as "depth" from "deep," etc. The- principal of these (true) adjectives are herewith given : Ababa. Short. Daan, Old (things). Ababao. Shallow, low, su- Dacquel. Large, tJ^ll. perficial. Daques. Bad. /:■ ILOCO LANGUAGE. 27 Acaba. Adalem. Adu. Aquiquid. A tiddag. Atiddug. Baac. Bacneng. Balasang. Baquet. Barenghareng. Baro. Bassit. Biig. Bin-ig. Bircug. Bugagao. Bulding, Bulsec. ColoU Cub-bo, Cuppit. The plural of bulsec, bubulsec; irregularly, and Broad. Labang Dappled (as cow^ Deep, profound. dog, calica- Much, many. horse, etc.). Straitened. Lacay, Old (males). Long. Lam pong. Long-haired. Long. Lugpi, Infirm. Sour, rancid. Paguyud, Lone-haired. Noble, illustri- Pangquis, Cross-eyed. ous. Pasig, Pure, unmixed. Young, unmarried Pulos, Pure. (females). Pultac, Bald. Old (females). Puquis, Bald. Vain, frivolous. Pudao, White. New, young, un- Purao, White. married (males) Risay, With the ears. Little, short, few. torn. Pure, unmixed. Sabali, Other. Pure, unmixed. Sapasap, Common, for pub- Vagabond. lic use. Blue- or gre^n- Tuleng. Deaf. eyed. Tuppol, Toothless. Deformed. Ub-bao, Vain, unstable. Blind. Ulila, Orphan. Curly-headed. Umel. Dumb. Hunchbacked. >Umiso. Just, reasonable. Flat- or broad- Ur-uray. Vile, low, despic- nosed, able. ' ^ pangquis, papangquis; etc. A few form their plurals are here given : SINGULAR. / Baro. Balasang. Lacay. Baquet. Dacquel. Young. Young. Old (males). Old (females). Great, tall, v Bab-baro. Bab-balasang. Lal-lacay. Bab-baquet. Dad-dacquel. Elders, parents (n) The adjective in general precedes the word which it qu^ifies or defines. Qualitative adjectives may, however, follow the noun. Ex- cept when used as a predicate the adjective always requires the liga- ture. Cadaguiti nalaua nga taltalonna. Cadaguiti pusam a nasayaat. Iti nalibeg a danum. Iti naimbag a balay-yo. Iti tabaco a naingel. Iti colot a booc^a. Daguiti [birctig a tao, Iti caues~daguiti bab-balasang. In his broad fields. For your pretty cat^. The turbid water. In your good house. The strong tobacco. His curly hair. The tramps (vagabond men). The dresses of the young (wom- en). Derived Adjectives. The greater portion of qualifying adjectives are formed from roots by the use of particles. The particles employed are na, ma, ca, naca, si,. and nag (an) en. These will be considered in their order. 2S ILOCO LANGUAGE.. FORMS IN NA. Adjectives are formed from abstract and concrete nouns by prefix- ing the particle na. These forms do not admit of a plural. With abstract nouns the meaning of the adjective is readily apparent. As, for example : itnbag, goodness ; naifnbag, good. With concrete nouns or names of objects this particle gives the idea of abundance of the thing represented by the root; as nanuang, having many carabaos; natao, thickly populated; nahalitoc, abounding or rich. in gold; nadarat, sandy; nasalapi, rich or having much money. /// naingel a arac. The strong v^^ine. Cadaguiti bumbunengda nga nata- With their sharp bolos. dent. Jti ftalucmeg a asoc. My fat dog. Deytoy nasayaat a ubingda nga This pretty girl of theirs. babay. Toy napudot a digo. This hot soup. /// a napagay. A town abounding in (rich in) rice. Nabato a dalan daytoy. " This is a stony road. Namanteca nga babuy. A fat pig (of much fat). Nabooc a tao. A man with a good head of hair. FORMS IN MA. V The following roots are converted into adjectives by the. prefix ma, their plural being formed by the prefix agcaca, the same plural being if . also used as a substantive; V Sirib, wisdom; masirib, wise; daguiti agcacasirib, the wise; mgel, ^ , , valor, spiritedness ; maingel, valiant, spirited; agcacaingel, the valiant. This is also expressed by the ordinary form naingel, i' ' " Naquem, prudence, judgment; manaquem, prudent, judicious (the T >, quality having been acquired through experience) ; agcacanaquem, > ^' -^ the prudent, the judicious. There is also a form manacman for the singular formed by eliding "«^/' converting "q" into "c" and affixing the particle ''an/' Nanaquem or nanacman means innately . prudent. , '^' Uyong or uyung, madness, foolishness; mauyong, crazy, silly, fool- - ^ ^ ish ; agcacauyong, the crazy, the fools. X FORMS IN CA. 4^ The idea of being recently done or accomplished obtains in the adjective that is formed from a root by prefixing the particle ca and reduplicating the first syllable and the consonant following. Sometimes this assumes the form of a noun expressing recentness; as itlog, t^g; caitiflog, a fresh-laid egg. Luto, the act of cooking. Calutluto, just cooked. Aramid, an act, work. Caararamid, recently done. AnaCy a child. Cayananac, new-born. Sang pet, arrival. Casangsangpet, just come. Idda, the act of lying down. Caididda, just gone to bed. FORMS IN NACA. Adjectives indicative of the causing of some emotion, as dreadful, horrible, laughable, etc., are formed by prefixing the particle naca and reduplicating the first syllable and following consonant. This form / V ILOCO LANGUAGE. 29 sometimes finds no equivalent in the English, and it becomes necessary to translate by a phrase or even a relative clause, v Nacapungpungtot fi daques a His bad habits that excite (our) auidna. indignation. Nacagurgura ti im-imisna. His trifling which excites one's an- ger (or disgust). Nacalulua dayta nga damag. Those tear-causing hews. Sometimes the prefixing of the particle causes a syncopation, the vowel of the first syllable being dropped. In such case the ca of naca with the first consonant of the root is reduplicated. From Seddaao : Daguiti nacascasdaao a aramid- Your wonderful work. mo. From leddaang: Ti nacalcaldaang a daga. In this melancholy (depressing) region. It will be observed that in the course of syncopation one of the double letters is dropped. This occurs through the natural laws of euphony. The discovery of the root in this case presents its difficulties. FORMS IN SI. By prefixing the particle si to the root with its initial syllable redu- plicated an adjective is formed indicating that the subject qualified is to an extreme degree affected by that which the root represents. Siruruguit daytoy a vaso. This vase is all covered with dirt (extrinsic dirt, very dirty). Naimbag toy a dalan, ngem siro- This road is good, but it is alt root. grown up in grass. Sililing-etca man? Why are you so sweaty? Siseseddaaoca. You ar>e amazed. (Full of aston-^ ishment). Sililiday cami. We are overcome with sadness. Sibabasaca. You are all wet. Siaayatda unay. They are very well satisfied. B. The same form is used also to indicate that one is supplied with,, equipped with, clothed in, the article indicated by the roo^. Sipapanescayo? Are you in mourning? Sibobotitosda. They are wearing boots. Sipapandiling iti nalabaga dayta That woman is dressed in a red nga babay. skirt. Sipapaltoogda. They are armed with guns. Apayapay a sibubunengcayo? Why are you equipped with bolos ? Addacay ditoy a sisasagaysay nga You are (plural) attired with balitoc. . golden combs. USE OF NAPALALO AND NALABES. The adverbial concept "too," "excessively," etc., is expressed in Iloca by the adjectives napalalo or nalabes, which mean excessive, abounding,. ^O ILOCO LANGUAGE. etc., the adjective as it would be in English being a substantive, and •the subject qualified being put in the genitive. Thus "She is extremely beautiful" would be rendered "Her beauty is extreme." Napalalo ti sayaatna. She is extremely beautiful. (The suffix na with sayaat (beauty) means "her.") Nalahes ti tacrotyo. You are exceedingly cowardly. Napalalo ti laadda. They are awfully homely. Napalalo ti nginada. They are excessively dear (high- priced). -Napalalo ti pigsana. He is very strong Napalalo met. Very (strong) indeed. The adjective "only" (Spanish solo or unico) is expressed in Iloco by the adverb "laeng" and will be treated under the head of adverbs. Example : Daytoy iaeng ti daques. This only is bad. But it is also expressed by reduplicating the first syllable of the word defined with the following consonant: Detdetoy ti daques. This only is bad. Sisiac ti nacacaasi. I only am to be pitied. Sicsica ti natangsit. You only are proud. Lim-lima. Five only. (This is properly an adverbial use as the cardinal ''lima" is the word qualified.) EXCLAMATORY ADJECTIVE. Adjectives in exclamatory phrases, whether wonder is expressed by some quality, or for other reasons, have the particle "nag" prefixed to the adjective, while the particle "en" or "n" is appended to the last word of the phrase. The abbreviation *'n" is used when the word to which it is affixed terminates in a vowel. \i this word ends in "g" the "letter "u" is inserted before the suffix. ,^.-if the word ends in "c" this becomes "q" and "uen" is appended. If the word ends in "ng" which is a single vocalization, the suffix is not affected. Nagadu ti baton! What a quantity of rocks! (H many rocks!) Nagadu ti nuangen! What a lot of carabaos ! Comparison. There is no true inflectional comparison of adjectives as occurs in languages of the Aryan family. The degrees, however, are expressed by various methods so as to indicate the same distinctions. THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE. The comparative degree is generally expressed by reduplicating the first syllable of the root and taking with it the consonant of the fol- lowing syllable. The plural of nouns is formed in the same way appar- ently, but it is to be observed that in comparison it is the first syllable of the root that is reduplicated. The true or root adjectives in form- ing their plural reduplicate only the first syllable, not taking the con- sonant of the succeeding syllable. Thus, hulsec (blind), bubulsec (the l)lind), bulbulsec (blinder); bato (stone), batbato, (stones), nabatbato (more stony). Dacdacquel daytoy. This is larger. Nadaldalus daytoy nga arac. This wine is clearer. Ualuclucneng toy a tinapay. This bread is softer. ow ILOCO LANGUAGE. 3 1 The conjunction "than" is ngem or em, "em'' being used after the labials b, m, or p. Naim-imbag daytoy ngem dayta. This is better than that. Nasirsirib em sica. He is wiser than you (thee). Ad-adalem ti carayan ngem idi caU The river is deeper than it was man, yesterday. Nasicsicapca ngem siac. You are shrewder than I am. Naingingpis toy a pinggan ngem This plate is fkier (more delicate) dayta. than that. Naugugaoca ngem ni cabsatmo. You are more extravagant than your brother. Manacnaquem em isuda. He is more prudent (judicious) than they are. USE OF QUET. The conjunction quet is used instead of ngem when in conversation a comparison is made with a previous statement of quality in the positive degree. ^ ^ — .. ^^ / f ' Adu daguiti tabacom. Adadu auet daguiti t You have many cigars. And yoo-have more. Naalsem toy a arac. Naalalsem quet daytoy. ) ^^^ This wine is sour. And this is more so. ^^^S / Masirib ni gayyemmo. Masirsirib quet ni cabsatco. i^' ^ Your friend is wise. My brother is wiser. ^^ . USE OF SUMANGCA. There is what may be called a conditional comparison. The sen- tence is introduced by the conjunction '*no" (if), the adjective in the first clause has its ordinary form, while in the contrasting clause the adjective loses its characteristic particle, if it have one, and this is replaced by the particle sumangca; followed by "pay," which may be rendered as "still, yet, however," etc., sometimes by "quet." No nasayaat ni Dolores, sumangcasayaat pay ni Encarnacion. If Dolores is beautiful, Incarnacion is still more so. No nabacnangcayo, sumangcabacnang pay ni gayyemco. If you (plural) are wealthy, my friend is even wealthier. No tuleng daytoy, sumangcatuleng pay dediay. If this (man) is deaf, that one is still deafer. No nadaroy toy a chocalate, sumangcadaroy pay ti chocalatem. If this chocolate is weak, yours is still more so. USE OF inggup:t. There is a form of comparison, which by Naves is placed with the superlative, and by him and Spanish linguists rendered by the (Span- ish) forms in "isimo," which is a survival of the Latin superlative in 'issinius." In Spanish it might be called the exaggerated superlative. It docs not indicate a judgment of the relative merits of more than two contrasted objects, but may be applied to a single thing or circum- stance, with which there is nothing cont^asted. Thus we say in Eng- lish "He is a most delightful companion," without meaning that there are not others equal to or even superior to him. This conception is rendered in Iloco by the use of the independent word "ingguet," which as thus defined by Carro: "Adverbio que unido a nombres abstractos ^2 ILOCO LANGUAGE. les hace significar superlativamente, v. gr. ; ingguet sam-it, dulcisimo, . . . ". As sam-it is a noun meaning "sweetness" it might be more proper to speak of ingguet as an adjective, translating it by "superla- tive, great, exceeding," etc. The same idea of excellence is equally- expressed in Iloco by the use of the comparative (reduplication) form. Thus we can say "It is extremely sweet" in two ways : nasamsam-it, or ingguet sam-it. The absence, however, of the ligature places the classification in some doubt, and if ingguet be regarded as an adverb, sam-it (or any other abstract noun) must be regarded as a quality adverbially modified. As the other comparative form may replace this we have put it among the comparatives. Iti ingguet sam-it a moscatelmo. Your very sweet raisins. Iti ingguet sayaat a silidmo. In your extremely beautiful apart- ments. Jti tulhec ti ingguet pateg a relos- The key of your very precious mo. watch. Nalamlamiis toy a danum. This water is exceedingly cold. Nasamsam-it. It is very sweet. The Superlative Degree. The true superlative (classified by Naves as a comparative) is formed by prefixing to the root the particle ca and affixing the particle an. This indicates that the thing qualified has the highest degree of that quality as compared with others. Daytoy ti casayaatanda amin: This is the prettiest of them all. (The suffix da after the suffix an means "them.") Sica ti casaldetanda amin. You are the most intelligent of }fK them all. Dacayo ti caulpitan*aaguitoy. You (plural) are the cruelest of )^ these. Dediay ti caturedanda amin. That man is the bravest of all. Daytoy ti casulitan. This is the most difficult. Ti cocheroc ti caliuayan. My coachman is the most care- less (i. e., of my servants). use of unay. The intensive superlative (usually expressed by "very") is denoted by the adverb unay following the adjective in its simple or positive form. Nasadutca unay. You are very indolent. Uray, ta nabacnang unay, daguiti No matter, for my parents are dadacquelco. very wealthy. Nagaguet unay ti ubingyof Is your boy very active? Naimbag unay toy a bagas. This is very good rice. Natadem unay ti imucom. Your knife is very sharp. If there be any declension at all of the adjective, that is, as far as degrees are concerned, the reduplicated form for the comparativ*e, and the form in ca an for the superlative, would approach most nearly- such an idea. POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. Naimbag (good), J^aimimbag (better), Caimbagan (best). / Adalem (deep), Adadalem (deeper), Caadaleman (deep- est). Masirih (wise), Masirsirib (wiser), Casiriban (wisest). / ILOCO LANGUAGE. 33 VI. NUMERALS. The Iloco numeral system, in common with all Malaysian languages, is decimal. The Malay counted with his fingers, and his word for hand and five is lima. In the Filipino language this "lima" (five) is always present, but the word for hand in Iloco is ima, the 1 having dis- appeared. In the language of the Bontoc Igorots lima means arm. An exhibit is here given of the Iloco cardinal numbers : Siam a polio, Sangagasut, Sangagasut, sangapolo quet tal-lo, Duagasut, Up pat a gasut, Innem a gasut, Siam a gasut, Sangaribu, D\iangarihu, Uppat aribu, Limangaribu, Innem aribu, Siam aribu, Sanga lacsa. Uppat a lacsa. Sangapolo a lacsa, Innem a pol-lo a lacsa, Sanga riuriu, 9,000,000 Siam a riuriu. The word "lacsa'' comes from the Sanscrit, and jmeans in India one hundred thousand. This word is the root of the exotic English word "lac," as in "a lac of rupees." Note the use of the ligature with uppat, innem and siam, before tens, hundreds, tens of thousands, and millions; also its use between sangapolo, duapolo, etc., and lacsa. 1 Meysa, /90 2 Dua. V 100 3 Tal-lo, 113 4 Uppat, Lima, 200 6 Innem, 4rjo 7 Pito, 600 8 Ualo, /900 \/l,000 9 Siam, 10 Sangapolo, 2,000 11 Sangapolo quet meysa. 4,000 12 Sangapolo quet dua, 5,000 20 Duapolo, 6,000 28 Duapolo quet ualo, / 9,000 y 10,000 30 Tal-lopolo, 50 Limapolo, 40,000 60 Innem a pol-lo. 100,000 70 Pitopolo, / 600,000 x/i,ooo,ooo 80 Ualopolo, USES OF SANGA. The particle sanga (one) is prefixed, as has been shown, to units of tens, hundreds, etc. It appears in Tagalog "sampu" (ten), etc. It is also used to indicate units of measurement, weight, and even more widely than our ideas of units would go. A few examples will illustrate its use in this particular : « Sangadeppa. Sangavara. Sangachupa nga manteca. Sangasalup a bagas. Uray sangamursac nga tinapay. Uray sangaigup a digo. Sangabuquel a chocolate. Sangabuquj^l a itlog. \ Sang^pesadd nga root. A "brasa" (arm-stretch, about six feet). A (Spanish) yard. A pound (about) of butter. A "ganta" (about two quarts) pf rice. Not a crumb of bread. Not a mouthful of soup. A tablet of chocolate. One tgg. (For meaning of "bu- quel" see the vocabulary.) A bundle of zacate. 34 ILOCO LANGUAGE. USE OF SAG. In trading where something of value, as a horse, watch, house, field, etc., is in question there is nothing especially idiomatic in the sentences ; but where small articles are sold by the piece, as bananas, sacate, man- goes, etc., the custom is to prefix the particle sag both to the numeral or other term of price and to the interrogative ''manu" (what), each of these having its first syllable reduplicated. The examples given will include, not only numerals, but other money terms, this being an appropriate place to introduce them. Abel a naingpis day toy. Sagma- mano ti sangavaraf Sagbihiniing, Sagmamano daguitoy pinaf Saglilimu nga centintos. Sagmamano daguitoy a manga f Daguiti babassit saggaysa nga bassit (a cuarto, half- a cen- tavo) ; daguiti dacdacquel sag- sisiping (siping, two cuartos, one centavo). Sagmamano daguiti burnay? Sagsasalapi. Sagmamano ti meysa nga bo t el la ti aracf Sagsisicapat. Manu ti ngina toy a cabayo? Sangapolo quet dua nga pisos quet salapi. This is fine cloth. How much is it a yard? Two reals. How much are these pineapples ? Five centimos (apiece). How much are these mangoes ? The little ones are a cuarto apiece ; the large, a centavo. How much are these jars? Medio peso (fifty cents Conant). How much is that -wine a bottle? One real (worth about six and a quarter cents). What is the price of this horse ? Twelve pesos and fifty centimos (salapi) . USE OF MAMIN. The cardinals are used with the prefix mamin (preterite, namin) to indicate once, twice, etc. It also has the form maminpin (naminpin), meaning "only so many times." This particle is used also with the subject of the verb (in inquiries) as a suffix meaning **how many times." The suffix sometimes causes the syncopation of the numeral. The preterite form of the particle is a very characteristic feature of the Malaysian languages. These words should be treated of under the head of adverbs. They are referred to here (as will be some examples of the incorporation of numerals into verbs) in order to give an idea of the uses to which the numeral may be put. Maminsan, maminpinsan. Mamindua, maminpindua. Mamit'lo, maminpit-lo. Maminpat, maminlima, maminnem, mamiftpito, mamin-ualo, mamin- siam, maminpoh, etc. Namin-anoca nga nagtalao? Naminpinpat. Namin-ano a nagtaray ti vaca? Naminlima a nagtaray. Once, only once. Twice, only twice. Thrice, only three times. Four times, etc. How many times did you slip off? Four times, nq more. How many times did the cow stray away? It strayed away five times. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 35 USE IN VERBAL FORMS. A few examples only will be given now of the use of the cardinals in verbal forms. Their present explication would be premature. Nagcamano ti luhungf Nagca- lima. Agcamanonto toy a tinapayf Agcapitonto, pitocami. Pagcatloecto laeng, Manu nga itlog daguitaf Ualua- loda laeng. Sangapuluenda. Manu nga manga ti guinatangmo f Sangpol-lo quet innetn. Dua- pul-luem. Manuaiyo toy a cabayo? Lima- pol-loanmi a pisos. Pinol-loanda nga pisos laeng, Caualoannacam ni Pedro, Into how many parts is the world divided? Into five. Into how many portions shall this bread be divided? Into seven, for there are seven of us. I am going to buy three only. How many eggs arie there? Only eight. Make them ten (i. e., make them up to ten by bring- ing two more.) How many mangoes are you buy- ing? Sixteen. Get twenty. How much are you giving for this horse ? Fifty pesos. They gave only ten pesos for it. Let Peter be the eighth (i. e., make up the party or number to eight). USE OF CANICA. • An ancient and almost obsolete (deservedly so) method of counting is by using the particle canica. By this system the numerals from eleven to nineteen, inclusive, would be considered as belonging to the second group of tens (twenty) ; the tens between one and two hundred would belong to the second group of hundreds (two hundred) ; etc. So twelve would be canicaduapolo quet dua, one hundred and seventy would be canicaduagasut quet pitopolo, etc. If the second term should lie midway or about midway between it may be omitted. So canicat- loribu might signify two thousand five hundred or four hundred or six hundred at pleasure. Of this system Naves says "El modo de contar con la particula canica se usa ya muy poco." Canicaduapolo quet meysa, Canicatlopolo quet lima, Canicaduagasut quet canicatlopo- lo quet uppat. Canicaduapolo. Canicaduagasu t. Canicaduaribu. Eleven. Twenty-five. One hundred and twenty-four. Fifteen. One hundred and fiftyt Equally "one thousand four hun- dred," "one thousand five hun- dred," etc. V This use will not be referred to again. THE ORDINALS. The ordinals, with the exception of "first," are formed from the car- dinals by prefixing the particle "maica." With three, four, and six, there will be noticed a syncopation of those numerals. The ligature is always used between the ordinal and the noun which it limits. The ordinal precedes its noun. 36 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Iti omona, Iti maicadua, Jti maicatlo, Iti tnaicapat Iti maicalima. Iti maicanem. Iti maicapito. First. Second, Third. Fourth. Fifth. Sixth. Seventh. Iti maicaualo. Iti maicasiam. Iti maicapulo. Iti maicapulo quet meysa. Iti maicaduapulo. Iti ntaicagasut. Iti maicarihu. Eighth. Ninth. Tenth. Eleventh. Twentieth. Hundredth.. Thousandth.. DISTRIBUTIVES. The use of these seems to exist in certain idioms. For example, irr trading when the article is sold by the piece, as eggs, mangoes, etc.,. or by the yard, pound, etc., we have the use of the particle sag with the reduplication of the numeral to show how much a piece, or a yard, etc. This has already been treated of. There is another idiom to be found among the passive verbs, which indicates how many in a distribution comes to each individual. This^ will be explained in its proper place. A few examples are here given : Manuancantof Pitoanacto, Manuanto a saba ni Juan? Lima- annanto. What will be your share? Seven.. How many mangoes will John re~ ceive ? Five. VH. PRONOUNS. THE PERSONAL PRONOUN. The personal pronoun in IIoco has three persons, three numbers, and' three cases. It has no distinction of gender. The persons are as in English, first, second, and third. The numbers singular, dual for the first person, and plural. The plural of the first person has also two forms; one including the person or persons addressed, the other ex- cluding them. We shall call these for distinction the first person plural exclusive and inclusive. The cases are the nominative, genitive or possessive, and an oblique case which includes the idea of the accusa- tive, dative, and ablative,' this case, like the article and demonstrative,, containing a prepositional power, in, to, by, etc., which the context must determine. In their inflection it will be seen that many cases. have two forms, one free, the other used only as a suffix. DECLENSION OF THE PRONOUNS. FIRST PERSON. SINGULAR. Nom. Gen. Ace. Free, Free, Siac, Caniac, DUAL. Suffix, Suffix, Nom. Gen. Ace. Free, Free, Data, ^ Cadata, Suffix, Suffix, PLURAL INCLUSIVE. Nom. Gen. Ace. Free, Free, Datayo, CadatayOj Suffix, Suffix, -ac, -co or -ta, -ta, -tayo, -tayo. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 37 PLURAL EXCLUSIVE. Nom. Gen. Ace. Free, Fcee, Dacami, Cadacami, Suffix, Suffix, cami, mi. SECOND PERSON. SINGULAR. Nom. Gen Free, Free, Sica, Quenca, \ Suffix, Suffix, ca, Ace. ftio or PLURAL. -"U Nom. Gen. Ace. Free, Free, Dacayo, Cadacayo, /,, ., THIRD PERSON Suffix, Suffix, cayo. — yo, r. ^!^ SINGULAR. Nom. Gen. Ace. Free, Free, Isu, Quencuana or ^ caniana, PLURAL. Suffix, na, Nom. Gen. Ace. Free, Free, Isu da or ida, Cadacuada or caniada, v SYNCOPATIONS Suffix, Suffix, da, da, The independent pronouns datayo, dacami, and dacayo, and the suf- fixes tayo, cami, and cayo, lose their final vowel in the body of a sen- tence; when they occur at the end they are not syncopated. An ex* ception to this rule is to be noted in the examples under section "b/' Independent Nominatives. i-Datay gayyem Ida. They are not our friends. Dacay ti natured. You are brave. Cacahsatnacami. We {cami) are his {na) brothers. Saannacam a caarroha. We are not his neifirhbors. Addacay ditov fl( inalddo. You are here every day. Dacam ti natacrat: We are the cowardly ones. f INDEPENDENT NOMINATIVES. The independent or free forms of the nominative, as well as the soli- tary form of the third nominative singular (isu) are employed as fol- lows. (a) When used alone as the answer to a question : Asino deytaf Siac. Who is that? I. Asino pay? Isuda. Who else? They. Dediay ti ubingmof Isu. Is that your boy? It is (he). Asinno daguitoy? Dacami, Who are these? We. (b) They are employed when used with emphasis as the subjects of SS ILOCO LANGUAGE. the verbs "to be" and "to have," and also when used as subjects of active verbs (whose character will be explained under the caption of Verbs) ; and in such cases they must precede the verb or predicate, and be joined to the same by the article ti. Sica ti napigsa. You are brave (valiant). Dacayo ti naimbag. ^ You are the ones who are good. Datayo ti natacrot. We (i. e., all of us) are cowards. Isu ti nalaad. He is ugly. Dacayo ti mannacagaud. You are able to row. Siac ti namagtugao cadacuada. I made them sit down. Sica ti nanalus iti paltoogcof Did you clean my gun? USE OF THE SUFFIXES. When there is no especial stress on the subject, that is, of active verbs and of predications with "to be" or '*to have," the nominative suffixes are used, appended to the verb or to some other word of the clause. The genitive suffix is employed to indicate possession, and also as the subject of passive verbs. This latter can not well be explained at present, though a few examples will be given. Of these suffixes co and mo are subject to certain mutations : (a). When a word ends in a consonant or in one of the diphthongs ay, uy, iu, or ao, there is no change in these pronouns ; but if the word terminate in a vowel then "c" or "w" are used instead of *Vo" or "wo" (my or thy). (b). When these possessives are appended to the verbal suffixes "an" or "en" the n of the suffix and the o of the pronoun are dropped, and instead of anco, anmo, enco, enmo, these become ac, am, ec, em. When these verbal suffixes "an" or 'V»" precede the possessive "yo" (your), the "n" of the verbals is changed to "i"; anyo, enyo, become changed to aiyo, eiyo. The other possessive suffixes suffer no change, except as has been previously noted. There is no suffix for the pronoun of the third person nominative singular. Unless as previously noted, there exists some especial neces- sity, isu is not expressed. The other persons always need to be ex- pressed. Daguiti bototisco a lalat. My leather boots. //* cal-logongmo. Your hat. Jti balayco. In my house. Agpasagadca iti silid. Have the room swept. Agbadangbadangcami. We help each other. Manginanamaac iti naimbag a na- I rely on your good judgment quemmo. (discretion). Ania ti pinangaramidyo iti nasa- How (with what) did you make mitf the "dulce." Asin ti manait cadaguiti badba- Who makes your shirts? domf Adin ti panaitna iti badocf Where is she (na) making my shirt? Leppasentapay ti surat. Let us first finish this letter. Painumeiyo daguitoy. Give them some water to drink. Adin ti naguinggaam a nagbasa? How far have you read? Apayapay layatannac? Why do you threaten me? Asin ti nangisquis quenca. Who brushed your hair? Aoan ti ammoc. I know nothing. Sabatec coma ida. I should go to meet them. I LOCO LANGUAGE. 39 THE DUAL NUMBER. The pronouns data and ta are true duals, meaning "we" and comprising only the speaker and the person addressed. Iti aracta. Our wine (your and mine). Iti hado ti ubingta. Our servant's shirt. I Ufa maquipagtulag cadacuada. Let us go with them to make the compact. Deydi nga ur-urayenta idi. That is the man we were expect- ing. Saanta nga suruten ida. We do not follow them. DACAMI, DATAYO. ^he pronouns of the first person plural, datayo, dacami, differ in that datayo includes the person or persons addressed, while dacami ex- cludes them. Saan a deytoy ti forlonta. This is not our carriage. Intono hi gat ti panagpasiarta. Let us take a walk tomorrow morning. Agcacailicami a lima. We five are neighbors. A gcacadalancami. We are school-mates. Intonano ti pammolota? When shall we go to get bamboo? Ita mangrorootcami. We are going after zacate now. Nacataoencami sadi Manila. We were in Manila a year. Mannaquipagdennaca met cada- Would you like to join us? cami? Singirenmi ti utangmo. We (will) pay your bill. Saritaem ti biagmo cadacami. Tell us the story of your life. Uminanatayo. Let us rest for a moment. POSITION OF PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES IN NEGATIVE DECLARATIVE SENTENCES. In negative sentences the pronominal suffixes of any case are at- tached to the negative term. Saanyo a taltalon daguitoyf Are not these your fields? Saanco a gayyem ida. They are not mv friends. Saanco a hasol dayta. That is not my fault. Diacto agsubli ditan. I will not return there again. Saandacam a paguiddaenf Did you not bid us retire (go to bed)? Dinacay pinagsapulf Did he not tell you to search (for it)? Saanca nga nacadait idi caiman? Were you unable to sew yester- day? POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. * The possessive pronouns are formed by adding the genitive suffixes to the root "cua", which means, thing, article, chattel, etc. They are as follows : cuac, mine ; cuam, thine ; cuana, his or hers ; \y/ cuatayo, cudmi or cuata, ours ; cuayo, yours ; cuada, theirs. Asin ti aquincua daytoy a relosf Whose is this watch? It is mine. Cuac. Saanco nga cua dayta imuco. That knife is not mine. (In this sentence the suffix is attracted from the word "cua"* to the neg- ative "saan" and takes its full form "co.") 40 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Cuam toy a badof Cua ti ubing, Cuada toy a calesa? Deytoy ti cuada. Is this shirt yours? It belongs to the boy. Is this calesa theirs? This is theirs. IMPERSONAL PRONOUN. To correspond to the impersonal English "the/^ (as in the phrase "they say"), the German "man" (as in "man sagt"), the French *'on" (as in "on dit"), etc., the Iloco has datao, (Oblique case cadatao). No nagaguet datao, adda laeng pirac. No nabannog datao, nadagsen ti bagui. Naragsac datao, no adda iti balay daguiti gagayyem. No aoan ti pirac cadatao, naladi- ngit ti rupa. If one is industrious, one has al- ways money (silver). When one is tired one feels dragged down (the body is heavy). One is glad to be in the house of friends. When one has no money (when there is no money to one) his face is sad. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. For the relative forms who, which and that, the ligature a (or nga) is employed in the Iloco. There is, indeed, no true relative in the language. We find the relative idea contained in many of the adjec- tive forms in naca, as has been already shown (see forms in naca). The relative expressions "he that," ''they that" or the compound rela- tives "who" or "what" are indicated by iti, daguiti or //; at the be- ginning of a sentence or clause by iti or daguiti, in the body of a clause by ti. Dediay calding a adda idiay. Iti libro nga adda cadacuada. Dacayo a maingel. Daguiti babuy a nalucmeg. t^*-' Dacayo a nalamiis ti dara^o. Daguiti nacapuy a cas cadacami. Daytoy ti adda caniac idi. Quet daguiti adda idiay. That goat which is there. The book that you have. You who have any spirit. The pigs that are fat. You who are cool-blooded. Those who are weak as we are. This is what I had before. And those that are there. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. The interrogative pronouns are asin (contraction of asino or asinno), who; ania, what; adino (translated adverbially into English, but used as an adjective in Iloco), where; mano or manu, how much, how many. Adino is commonly and correctly contracted to adin. This interrogative is usually found in its abbreviated form "asin.*' It is used with verbs and predications, and in such cases is followed by ti. The forms asino and asinno seem to be used indifferently with- out regard to number. The case of the interrogative has to be deter- mined by the context. In the question **What is the name of ?" a.ym is used when indi- viduals are referred to, but in the case of animals, places, things, etc., the pronoun ania is employed. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 4I Asmo daguitoy? Who are these (people) ? Asin ti adda idiay situtugaof Who is that person sitting there? Asinno dediay a nauacray ti booc- Who is that woman with her hair na. ^^ down ? Asin ti aquincua ngarud? Whose is it then? Asin ti nagan/ubingf What is your name, boy? Asin ti nagan ti Padi ti ilim? What is the name of your pastor (Father of your pueblo) ? Asin ti agpuccao? Who is that calling? Asin ti pagtamedam? To whom were you bowing? Asin ti paquisasaoaiyo? With whom are you talking? This interrogative has a restricted use as a rendering for the English *'what?": for it is not used in asking f6r the name of an individual, 4isin being employed instead; nor is it used in asking the price of an object, the proper word for this being mano or manu. It is used in ordinary questions as in English, except as noted. With verbs it plays an important part, and is often rendered by "why ?" ; other times with prepositions, the form of the preposition being largely determined by the character of the verbal particle attached to the root. This will be iully entered upon under the head of "Verbs." Ania ti aramidmo ditoy? What are your duties here? Ania ti nagan daytoy? Tulbec ti What is the name of this? It is nagan daytoy. called a key. Ania ti nagan ti adda iti olom? What is the name of that thing on your head? Ania ti nagan ti asom? What is your dog^s name? Ania ti gapuna 7iga agsangit ti For what reason is your boy cry- ubingmof ing? Ania ti pagladingitaiyo? Why are you sad? Ania ti pagpadaitmo? With what are you sewing? Ania ti pinangatepda iti simbaan? With what are they roofing the church ? Ania nga horas ti panagmisa ti At what time does the priest say Padi? mass ? Manu or mano means "how many." Its use in trading has already been spoken of. (See uses of sag under the head of "Numerals.") In the question "How old are you, is he," etc., this pronoun is used with // and taoen (year) ; as for example, "Manu ti taoenmo?" "How many years have you?" This numeral is used with certain verbal particles to form a verb with the sense of division or partition, the signification "ho^^ many" re- maining. In the idiomatic use of this pronoun (as the examples will illustrate) the translation may sometimes be "what," "how," etc. Its meaning, liowever, is sufficiently obvious. Manu ti taoen ni amam? How old is your father? Manu ti tangdanmo? What salary do you receive? Mano ti nginaf What is its price? Sagmamano daguitoy a sabaf How much are these bananas? Agcamanonto ti bacaf Into how many portions shall this beef be divided? Mano a quita daguiti pinggan? How many kinds of dishes are there ? 42 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Manonsa ti ngina daguiti alfom- How much might {sa) these rugs- bra? be worth? (A euphonic n is intercalated between mano and sa.) This pronoun almost always appears in its abbreviated form "adin,"' It is a true pronoun, but its rendering into English is almost invariably by the adverb "where." The phrase "adin ti yan" ("what is the place of") frequently occurs and is best translated adverbially. It occurs without the ''yan" in certain modifications of the verb, and has the same rendering. Adin ti yanna? Where is he? Adin ti pagurayanda caniac? Where are they waiting for me?* Adin ti pagturungan toy a dalan? Where does this road lead? Adin ti panglacuanda cadaguiti Where do they sell mangoes? manga ? Sadin ti nangalaan iti apugf From what place did you get the sand? {Sadi or sadin, probably from an original sadino, means always "from what place,"" "whence." Adin ti nanacaoanna? Where did he commit the theft?' In making inquiry as to dimensions the interrogative pronoun casana is employed. It is most conveniently translated by "how" with the ad- jective of the dimension in question. Literally the phrase would be "what is the height, width, etc." Casano ti cangato ti balaymo? .How high is your house? Casano ti catayag (tayag, height How high is your horse? of human beings and other ani- mals) ti cabayomf Casano ti calaua dayta nga abel? How wide is that cloth? INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. The most important of the indefinite pronouns are: adu (much),. bassit (little, few), which are used either as adjectives or pronouns; aoan (no one, nothing), and adda (some one, something), which are used also as verbs and as adverbs; sabali (other), maysa ti maysa ti (the one the other), daguiti dadduma (some, others),. amin (all). Adu cano. They say that there are many. Aduda nga mangan. There are many to eat. Nabassit aeon. Little remains to me now. Aoan ti adda. There is nothing. 1 Aoan ti napan. No one has gone. Adda agcurang. Something is lacking. No ita aoan ti agcurang. Now nothing has been omitted. Adda sabali ditoy, ni! See, here is another! Maysa ti agdait quet maysa ti One is sewing and other is read- agbasa. ing. Agbasa daguiti, dadacquel, quet The elder ones are reading and daguiti dadduma aglualoda. the others are at prayer. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 43 Daguiti dadduma addadalfi siroc, Some are below, the others are in daguiti dadduma addada idiay your room. silidmo, Ajilo^ ^ Addada amin m^oyrA • Are all here? Addada aininen. ^ All are here now. INTENSIVES. For the intensive forms of the personal pronouns, myself, etc., the adverb met laeng is employed. This form is also used for "the same."" Siac met laeng ti agsurat. I shall write myself. Isu met laeng. He himself. Dacay met laeng a dacayo. You yourselves in person. Dayta met laeng. That is the same. VIII. ADVERBS. In using the word adverb we are speaking from our own point of view rather than from that of the Iloco. While there are a number of true adverbs, there are again adverbial ideas expressed in various ways, as for instance : (A) by the inherence of the adverbial element in the root itself, whose best translation into English will generally be by a verb with its qualifying adverb; (B) by a true Iloco verb form with a qualifying word, which may be rendered sometimes as a noun qualified bv an adjective, the verb assuming a substantive character in transla- tion ; (C) by the power of some particle, whether affix or intercala- tion ; (D) by a noun qualified by an adjective, where we would employ an adjective and its adverb. Sometimes the adverb, even when it is at other times used inde-^ pendently, is embodied in the word qualified. Among these are several auxiliaries, and it has been thought well to introduce here as a distinct sub-class all of these under that heading (Auxiliaries). While certain negatives will be treated elsewhere as verbs, they will* also be treated of here, as having a distinct adverbial character. The dividing line between the adverb and the conjunction is, in some instances, rather shadowy and arbitrary. We shall endeavor to place them where they seem to belong logically. A verbal root may contain within itself the idea both of a verb and adverb, and in rendering into English these must appear. A few ex- amples are given for illustration. Agaluadca. Go carefully. ♦ Aguinayadca nga agsurat. Write slowly. (The root inayad signifies "slowness." For the use of the ligature between the two active verbs aguinayadca and agsurat see Article I (the Ligature), Section 9 a.) Agsiglat (also Agcarting). To do anything briskly, efficiently, Aguin-inot (from inot). To do anything at intervals (poco a poco, as one has opportunit)r in the multiplicity of duties). Aguin-inotda nga agalad. Let them build the fence (agalad} at odd times. 44 ILOCO LANGUAGE. An adjective is used to qualify the verb, which then appears to :assume the character of a substantive. Naintbag ti turogco itoy a rahi-i. I slept well tonight. Daques unay ti pannuratda cada- They write (the letters) very guiti sursurat, badly. Naimbagca nga dumait. You are a good sewer. Nalaca ti panagala iti darat. Hauling sand is easily done. Napigsa ti tudo. Does it rain hard. (Literally: *'Is the raining hard.") Nalibeg pay bassit ti danum. The water has cleared a little. Adayo pay bassit ti fiesta ti Hi. The town-feast is rather (bassit, a little) distant yet. By the use of particles (verbal and others) an adverbial meaning is frequently given. The power of the verbal particles will be considered in discussing the several classes of verbals. Reduplication also, or the repetition of the verb and of other parts of speech conveys an adverbial -significance. The particle en appended to a word often gives the meaning of the Spanish *Va" (now, just, already). When the word ends in a -consonant or one of the diphthongs the full form is used. If the word -ends in a vowel the "e" is elided. After the personal pronoun of the first (siac), and aft^r the abbreviated personal suffixes of the first and second persons singular "c" and "m"), the en becomes on. Addaca ditoyen? Are you here already? Addaac iti tugaoen. I am seated now. Adda ditoy ti natilioen. The prisoner is here now. Siac on. It is just I. Cabayomon. The horse is now yours. Rumabiin. It is just now clearing up. Bumaba cayon. Go down now. The idea of '^recently" is indicated by the use of certain particles, as : -cpag with the root, or by ca with the first syllable and its following consonant reduplicated. Apagluto. Recently cooked. Apagcasar. Lately married. •Casangsangpet. Recently arrived. Caititlog. A freshly laid tg^. Catugtugao. Just seated. 'Caararamid. A work or thing recently done. The interrogatives ania, adino, sadino, acquire with certain verbal modifications and the use of "ti'^ an adverbial character. Adin ti manusaaiyo Hi ubing? Where did you punish the boy? Anta ti pagladingitamf Why are you sad? Sadin ti paggapuan ti angin? Where does the wind come from? Ania ti saanyo a nagsagadan iti Why have you not swept my room silidco. yet ? Certain verbal particles carry with them an .adverbial significance, as IS illustrated by the following examples: Isu ti namosipos (from posipos or He revolved the globe for a pusipus) iti glob o. while (nam). ILOCO LANGUAGE. 45 Innac bumasa. I am going to read for a little- while (wm). Tumudo laeng. It rains only a little (ww), Saanca nga naquirangcap quencu- Did you not ask him for the vinc- ana iti suca? gar gratis (naqui) ? Agbadangbadangcami, We aid each other mutually^ (agbadang). The simple reduplication of the first syllable and following consonant sometimes gives the force of "only" ("unicamente") . Sicsica. You only. / Up-uppat. Only four. / Ual-ualoda. There are only eight. Sicsica ti natangsit. You only are vain. The adjective reduplicated and with the possessive suffix, preceded bjr adda or aoan, has in it the adverbial idea of "slightly," "a little bit," etc Adda pangpangquismo. You are a little cross-eyed. Aoan ti tactacrotda. They are not a bit afraid. ' Adda tul-tulengna. He is slightly deaf. The repetition of the verb, with la {laeng) and the ligature n^a in- tervening, gives in certain instances the meaning of "constantly," "more* and more," etc. Lumamiis la nga lumamiis. It is getting colder constantly. / Ngumisit la nga ngumisit It is getting blacker and blacker all the time. Agsangit la nga agsangit She is crying more and more. The adverb man seems to be an expletive, like "well" in English,. "done" in the French, or "schon" in the German. It is used with the particle en, or it is used itself as a suffix to the first word of a-. phrase, with en as a suffix to the last. Dica man mamatif Why (pray) do you not believe?' Umayca man. Come, please. Addaac manen ditoy. I am here again. (In combina- tion with en the meaning is. "again" [otra vez].) Addacayman ditoy en f Are you here again? The numeral adverbs are formed with the cardinal numbers and the prefixes mamin, maminpin, namin, naminpin, the forms mamin, namin,, make the simple numeral adverb; the forms maminpin, naminpin, indi- cate "only" in addition to the numeral. The forms in "w" are for pres- ent time, those in "n" for past. ♦ Maminsan, mamindua, mamit-lo, Once, twice, three times, etc. mamin pat, maminlima, mamin- nem, maminpito, maminualo, maminsiam, maminpolo, etc. Maminpinsan, maminpit-lo, mam- Once only, only, three times, only inpinnem, etc. six times, etc. Naminpolo a nagtarayan ti baca. The cow ran away (escaped) teit times. The English "too," "exceedingly," etc., or the Spanish "demasiado/'' are expressed in Iloco by the adjective napalalo (from the root palalo^ 46 . TLOCO LANGUAGE. or lalo, demasia) or by nalabes (from labes, demasia). This qualifies the noun, which signifies the property defined and has the possessive as a suffix. Where we would say, for instance, "it is too dear," the Iloco would say "its price (ngina) is excessive." Napalalo ti ingpisna. He is excessively simple. Napalalo ti pigsana. He fs extremely strong. Napalalo ti nginana. It is too dear. Nalabes ti tangquenda. They are too hard. TRUE ADVERBS. The true adverbs may best be shown by examples. The same ad- verb may occur free or incorporated as euphony or custom of language may demand. Addada ditoy daguiti soldado? Are the soldiers here? (ditoy), Agpaditoyta man, gay y em. Friend, let us go this way ( ditoy ta man). Adda dita ti pagtinteruanen? Is the inkstand there yet? {dita en). Oen, addada idiay a agbasbasa. Yes, they are reading there (idiay). Agpaidiaycayo. You go in that direction ( idiay ) . Sadino ni cabsatmo; idiay baquirf Where is your brother; in the woods? (sadino). Adin ti yan ni amam? Where is your father? {adin ti yan). The words used in expressing the superlative degree or in compari- son have been already noticed in that connection. Ingguet is thus de- fined in Narrows Vocabulary: "Adverbio que unido a nombres abstrac- tos les hace significar superlativamente, v. gr. : ingguet dalus, limpi- simOj . . ." Nagaguet unay ti ubingco. My boy is very active {unay). Nalaoag unay ti panagbalicasda. They pronounce very distinctly {unay). Nangrona unay iti bigat. Especially in the morning (nang- rona unay). Iti ingguet sayaat a silidmo. In your very fine apartment (ing- guet). Iti ingguet laing a maguingna. On her very beautiful brow (ing- guet). The negatives are aoan, saan, and di . Aoan signifies "there is not," "has not," "is not" (when referring to location or position, or that an article is in supply or exists). Saan and di (with the same meaning) denote simple predication. Saan always requires fhe ligature after it. Di always has some particle attached to it. All these negatives are used as verbs. Saan and di take the pronominal suffixes and the auxiliary particles to and sa. When these are attached to di a euphonic "»" is intercalated. Both aoan and saan are employed as free negatives. Aoan dita ti cal-logongmo. Your hat is not there (aoan dita), Aoan pay ti cocherof Is the driver not here yet? (aoan pay)- Aoan pay. Not yet (aoan pay). Ta aoan a pulos ti inapuymi. Because we have not a bit (a pu- loSy absolutely) of (boiled) rice. (aoan a pulos). ILOCO LANGUAGE. 47 Dipay agbunga toy a cayo, Ditay gayyem ida. Diac macagunay. Viae soroten ida. Dinto daques? Saanco a halay daytoy. Saan met. Saancay nga ageaina? Oen, adda met ni cabsatco. Saan, sabali ni inac. This tree does not as yet bear fruit (dipay). They are not our friends (di ). I am not able to move (it) idi ). They do not follow me (di ). Is it not bad? (di ). This is not my house (saan ). Not at all (saan met). Afe you not children of the same mother? (saan ). Yes, he is also my brother (oen, met). No, I had a different mother (saan). Laeng is classed by Naves as an adjective. Its place seems to be among the adverbs, meaning "only" ("solo, unico, unicamente"). It is sometimes abbreviated to la ("Agsangit la nga agsangit.") It some- times has the meaning of the Spanish "ya." Lima laeng dacami. Ita pay laeng. Inapuy laeng ti adda. Sica la ti natangsit. Ditoy m£t laeng ti pagsuratac. We are only five (laeng). Right now (ita pay laeng). There is only morisqueta (boiled rice) (laeng). You only are vain (la). Right here is where I do my writ- ing (ditoy met laeng). Adverbs of time should properly include such phrases as every day, in the morning, etc., especially as some of these are indicated by idiomatic constructions. Ita, ita unay, itatta. Ita nagtalao. Masapaca ditoy no bigat. Naladaoca nga immay. Aguyec iti sagpaminsan. Patinayon ti panagpaspasiarda. No dadduma agbasaac, no daddu- ma agsuratac. Ita nga aldao. Idi caiman. Inton bigat. Itay bigat, malem, rabi-i. Intono (or no) bigat, malem, rabi-i. Cadaguiti malmalem. fnfonn bigat ti pandgpasiartaf Now. Right now. At this very moment; instantly. He escaped just now (ita). Be here early in the morning ( sapaca ditoy no bigat). You are late in coming ( ladao ) . He coughs occasionally (sagpa- minsan). They are taking a walk all the time (patinayon). Sometimes I read, sometimes I write (no dadduma). To-day (ita). Yesterday (idi). To-morrow (inton). In the morning, evening, night (itay). (Future time) in the morning, etc, (intono or no). In the evenings (mat ). Shall we take a walk tomorrow morning? (intono). * The particle (intercalated) in is commonly used to signify "every" 48 ILOCO LANGUAGE. (portion of time) as years, months, etc. the form patinayon a, Binigat, or patinayon a bigat. Minalem. Inoran-horas, Inal-aldao. Dinontingo (from Spanish Do- mingo). Binulan-hulan. Tinauen-taoen. Addacay ditoy a tnaldao. Instead of this may be used Every morning ( in ). Every evening ( in ). Hourly (in ). Every day, daily (in ). Weekly ( in ). Monthly ( in ). Annually ( in ). You are here every day (in -)^ A few more of the most important adverbs are given, although this does not pretend to exhaust the list. Casano has been treated before as an interrogative pronoun. Ania ti gapuna is practically a complete form of the interrogative, meaning "What is the reason?" Ania ti gapuna (from gapo, cause, reason), nga agcatcatua daguiti uh-uhhing? Apayapay a sitatapucca? Ta sitatapuc met ti dalan, Apayapay a agsangsangitca? Casano ti panagsirvi ti cocinerom? Casano ti panagbasa ti ubing? Casano ni imam? Casano ti caracadmof No tuleng daytoy, sumangcatuleng pay dediay. - Why are the boys laughing ^ (ania ti gapuna). Why are you all covered with dust? (apayapay). Because the road was also dusty (ta met). Why are you crying? (apayapay) ^ How does your cook please (serve) you? (casano). How does the boy read? (ca- sano). How is your mother? (casano). How are you? (What is the state of your health?) (casano). If this one is deaf, that one is also just as deaf (pay). The adverb pay has been given before. It will be noted that it always follows, and is frequently incorporated in a word, as in the following: I also had Idi ubingacpay adda met bassit ti piracco. Ammac cadi. Caasiannac cadi. Apaman a nangted. Apaman adda danum iti daytoy a burnay. Dael ta maquita dediay a bituen. When I was a boy, (but) little money ( pay). Perhaps I know (cadi). Have pity (pray) on me (cadi). He gave hardly anything (apa- man). There is scarcely any water in this jar (apaman). One can hardly see that star (dael ta). THE AUXILIARIES. A number of the auxiliaries are true adverbs. It has been thought well to give all of these here in a group, although some are properly conjunctions. 1st, Preterite indicative: Idi. When (historical), then. Caano. When (historical). 2d. Future indicative: to. When this suffix is attached to a word ending in a vowel, a eiiphonic "n" is intercalated. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 49 3d. Present subjunctive: Ngata. Probably, possibly, as indicating a certain degree of un- certainty. sa. The same as ngata. When the word to which it is attached ends in a vowel, as with to, a euphonic 'V is intercalated. IntonOj tono, anton-ano, no. When. This is used of an un- certain or problematical future. Although (aunque). Although (aunque). Nupay. Uray. Imperfect subjunctive: No coma, or (simply) If. Where the phrase is em- ployed there is always an inter- vening word. Pluperfect subjunctive: No coma no. Optative : Sap ay coma ta. If. These words are not rated. sepa- "O that he may or might," "would God that." (Spanish ''Ojala" with the subjunctive.") Note. — The future particle " to" often needs to be rendered by our potential, or by some equivalent expression indicating necessity, as: "ought to," "should," etc. EXAMPLES : Adu ti piracco idt. Idi addada pay ditoy. Addada ditoy idi caiman, Caano ti pinagcasar ti andcmof Caano ti pinaggatangda cadaguiti taltalon? Caano ti pinagpunasda cadaguiti pinggan ? Adunto ti piracmo, Addaacto ditoy. Napigsanto daytoy a aso. Addacanto ditoy no malem. Aoan ngata ti sarmingmof Manu ngata. ti hacanaf Nalutulot ngata ti dalan. Dicansapay nagdigos? Mangmangansa. Aggapunsa iti abagatan. Daan san. Intono naimbag ti tiempo, Inton-ano ti panagdaitmo iti sa- pinco ? Intono agsardeng ti tudo. I had much money then. While they were still here. They were here yesterday. When was your son married? When did they buy those fields? When did they wash the dishes? You will have (make) much money. I will be here. This dog ought to be brave. You should be here this evening. Have you not a mirror? How many cattle has he (prob- ably) ? ♦ Possibly the road is muddy. Have you not bathed yet? (Un- certainty as to answer denoted by sa.) Possibly he is (he may be) eat- ing. It seems to come from the South. It must be old now. When the weather is good. When will you sew (mend) my pants ? When the rain stops. so I LOCO LANGUAGE. Nupay adu daguiti caldingyo. Nitpay aoan ditoy ni ama, Cray aoan ti piracco. No acan coma asom. No adda coma ditoy. A'O nahnbag coma ti aracda. No coma no nasingpetca. No coma no saanda nga nacarit. No coma no aoancay ditoy. No nagsagadca coma, nadalus coma ti si lid. Agdigosac coma. Agpalaudac coma. Sapay coma ta adda ditoy. Sapay coma ta aoanda iti uncg. Sapay coma ta saan a isu. Though you may have many goats. Although my father is not here. Although I have no money. If you should not have a dog. If he were here. If their wine were good. If you had been sincere. If they had not been obstinate. If you had not been here. If you swept the room it would be cleans. I should like to bathe. I should like to go west. Would that he were here. Would that they are not within (the house, at home). Would that it were not he. IX. PREPOSITIONS. In treating of the article, demonstrative, and the personal pronoun, it was stated that in the oblique cases certain prepositional ideas were implied. Thus in the genitive "of," in the dative "to" or "for," and in the (so-called) accusative "by," "with," "in," the Spanish "a" with the accusative of persons, and others were implied. There is no diffi- culty in determining what the preposition should be with genitives and datives. Nor in other instances is the difficulty very great. As will be shown hereafter, the verb is formed by means of certain verbal particles incorporated into the root. With active verbs each of these particles is further modified as to its particle to denote the direc- tion of the action, whether referring to the instrument of the action, the cause or purpose, the person to whom it is directed, the time when, or the place where it was done, or the manner in which it was per- formed. In rendering such concepts into English or almost any other modern language the use of a preposition becomes necessary; and the particular character of the verbal particle will indicate with greater or less precision what the preposition should be. We shall give some examples from one or more classes of verbs to illustrate our meaning, reserving further explication until the Verb itself is treated of. The root ''dait'' means "the act of sewing {'cosfura')/' If to this be prefixed the particle ''ag" it becomes ''agdait" which is the simplest form of the verb in "ag," and means "to sew." From this the modifications before referred to are made. Ania ti pagdaitmo? Iti balay ni Incarnacion ti pag- daitac. Asin ti pagdaitam? Asin ti pagdaitemf With (pag) what are you sew- ing? I am sewing in (pag) the house of Incarnacion. (Or: at Incar- nacion's.) For (pag) whom are you sew- ing? Whom do you order to sew? (In Spanish the preposition "a" would be required in transla- tion; *'A quicn," etc.) Ania nga horas ti panagdaitmo? At (panag) what time do you sew? ILOCO LANGUAGE. 51 FORMULAS WITH "MANG." Mangalaca iti meysa nga pala- ngca. Iti bolo ti pangatepda iti simbaan. Adin ti panglacuanda cadaguiti manga ? Ita ti panangyegda cadaguiti itlog. Bring a chair. (This is the sim- ple, primary form.) They are making the roof of the church of (or covering with [pang] ) bamboo. In (pang) what place are they selling mangoes? They are bringing the eggs now (at this time). INDEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS. There are a few independent prepositions. The principal of these are: gapo (by), idiay (in), maipoon (through), ruar (without, outside of), sadi (at, in), sipud (from), taga (of origin, i. e., place from which), uneg (within). features. Agcaingelda. They are equal in strength. Agcaaroba ti halay da Juan quen John's and Peter's houses are ad- Pedro. jacent. Agcaamacami, ngem sabali ni We have the same father, but inac, quet sabali ti inana. different mothers. If there are three or more individuals the particle agcaca is used.. Sometimes the particle an is appended to the word denoting the point of likeness, but its use is optional, and it does not seem to affect the meaning. Agcacapin-ano cayof In what grade are you? Agcacasucubcami nga uppat. We four are relations. Agcacaadalancami. We are schoolmates. Agcacaadalcami. We are schoolmates. Agcacalugananda antin. They are all fellow voyagers (shipmates.) ILOCO LANGUAGE. 8l The particle agpa is used mainly to indicate the ordering of an auc- tion. The distinction must be noticed between- the formula of com- mand and commanding the action of the verb. The latter is simply a formula; the former is subject to modification through all the for- mulas, corresponding exactly to ag, with the addition of the syllable pa. The formulas are given below: Class, Present. Preterite, Simple form, Agpasurat. Nagpasurat, Instrument, Pagpasurat. Pinagpasurat, Cause, Pagpasuratan, Nagpasuratan. Command, Pagpasuraten. Pinagpasurat, Time, Panagpasurat. Pinagpasurat. Verbal, Ma nagpasurat. Managpaaramidac. I am the foreman. Agpapunasac cadaguiti pinggan, I order the dishes washed. Pagpunasenca cadaguiti pinggan. I order you to wash the dishes. Agpasuratcayo. You have them write. Pagpahasaec ti uhingco. I told my boy to have them read. Ania ti pinagpadaitmo? With what did you order the sew- ing done? Ania ti pagpasagadayyof Why did you order the place swept ? Agpa has some special uses, as will be found to be the case with nearly all the verbal particles. It gives the meaning of going in a cer- tain direction, commanding oneself. Nagpaabagatan ni amamon? Has your father already gone to the South? Agpalaudac coma. I should like to go West. Agpaditoyta man, gayyem. Friend, let us go this way. Agpaidiaycayo. Go (you) yonder. The expressions "Does it seem to you," "Do you think," etc., with negations are also expressed by this particle. Ania, dica agpadengngeg caniac? What, do you think that I have no ears (can't hear) ? APAG. This particle is used to express the idea of recentness, or of having been recently accomplished or done. * Apagluto. Recently cooked. Apagcasar. Just married. Apaganacac, I have just given birth to a child. Apagitlog. A fresh-laid egg. PAG. This particle prefixed to a word whose first syllable is reduplicated indicates the use to which the thing is put. Pagtutudo toy a payong. This umbrella is to use when it rains. 82 ILOCO LANGUAGE. XVI. MANG. The active particle mang is used primarily and principally to make the active transitive verb. The phonetic principles of the language do not permit the use of ^'ng" before certain consonants, to be specified pres- ently. In such cases either mam is used or man. The grammatical significance of the three forms is the same. The formulas of mang are herewith given, the elementary form being placed first. The root employed is "alad," to fence. FORMULAS. Class. Present. Preterite. Elementary, Instrument, Place, Command, Time, Verbal, Mangalad. Pangalad. Pangaladan. Pangaladen. Panangalad. Manangalad. EXAMPLES. Nangalad. Pinangalad. Nangaladan. Pinangalad. Pinangalad. ELEMENTARY. Mangalaca iti maysa nga palang- Bring a chair. ca. Siac ti mangagas quencuana. Manglacoda iti lana. Manginanamaac iti naimhag a naquemmo. Asinonto to mangeddep iti silao? Asin ti nanglaco cadaguiti pamu- sian ? Asin ti nangalad la huertaf Siac ti nangaramid idi caiman. I (will) cure him. They sell oil. I trust in your good will. Who will put out the light? Who sold the hens? Who fenced the garden? I did it yesterday. INSTRUMENT. Ania ti pangatepda iti simhaatr? Ania ti pangiddepyo iti apuyf Ania ti pangsatsat iti badomf Ania ti pinangaramidyo iti nasa- mit? With what are they roofing the church ? With what do you extinguish the fire? With what are they ripping your shirt? With what did you make the candy? PLACE. Sadin ti nangalaam iti apugf A din ti panglacuanda cadaguiti manga f Ania ti pangatepda day toy? Asin ti panginanamaaiyo iti ba- dang? Asin ti panggatangam iti arac? Asin ti nanggatanganda iti cab ay o a nangisitf From what place did you bring the lime? Where do they sell mangoes? Why are they fixing this roof? From whom do you expect aid? For whom are you buying wine? For whom did they buy the black horse? ILOCO LANGUAGE, 83 While Narro in his appendix gives a formula for the person com- imanded, the use in this case seems to revert back to the particle "ag" It is to be remembered that the same root may be used with one and /' this letter is suppressed and mang becomes mam. The formulas are herewith given, omitting that of the person commanded. The root will be patit, to strike. FORMULAS. Class, Present, Preterite. Elementary, Mamatit. Namatit. Instrument, Pamatit. Pinamatit. Place, Pamatitan. Namatitan. Time, Pammatit. Pinamatit. Verbal, Mammatit. EXAMPLES. ELEMENTARY. Asin ti mamatit iti campana? Who is ringing the bell? Asin ti namarsua iti luhong? Who created the world? Mamatica cadaguiti saoc? Do you believe my words? Isu ti namalubos quenca? Did he giv^e you permission? Sica ti namasia quencuana. You have conquered him. Asin ti namisbis cadaguiti lasonaf Who watered the onions? INSTRUMENT. Iti bofoboto ti pamatitda iti cam- They strike the bell with the clap- pana. per. Ania ti pinamisim iti tinapay? With what did they cut the bread? Ania ti pamariquesda? With what do they gird them- selves ? Daytoy ti pamariquesco. I gird myself with this. PLACE. Ni Senor Obispo ti pamatitanda iti They are ringing the bell for the campana. Bishop. Ania ti pamautanda iti ubing? Why are they whipping the boy? Adin ti namasiaanda quencuana? Where did they overcome him? Adin ti pamisiaiyo iti tinapay f Where do you distribute the bread? Idi caiman ti pinamatitda iti cam- They rang the bell yesterday. pana. Inton-ano ti pammasibugda cada- When are they going to w^ter guiti lasonaf the onions? Intono bigat isunto ti pammaotco To-morrow I shall give you a quenca. whipping. Daguiti mammatt. The believers. Iti mammasia. The victor. Iti mammaot cadaguiti ub-ubbing. The one who beats the children. Iti mammarsua. The Creator. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 85 MAN. When the root begins with ''d" "s," or "t" such letter is dropped after mang, and the particle itself is converted into man. The for- mulas are given with "dait" to sew; the formula of the person com- manded being absent. FORMULAS. Class, Present. Preterite, Elementary, Manait. Nanait. Instrument, Panait. Pinanait. Place, Panaitan. Nanaitan, Time, Pannait. Pinanait. Verbal, Mannait. EXAMPLES. ELEMENTARY. Sica ti manalus (from dalus) ca- Are you washing the dishes? daguiti pinggan? Siac ti nanait cadaguiti mediasmo. It was I who mended your stock- ings. Ni Marcelo ti nanacao cadaguiti It was Marcelo who stole my ci- tabacoc. - gars. Asin ti manurat cadaguiti sur- Who writes your letters? suratmo? Sica to nanaplit iti uhingcof Did you strike my boy? INSTRUMENT. Ania ti panaitmo? With what are you sewing? Ania ti pinanaitda cadaguiti pan- With what did they sew the diling? skirts? Ania ti panuratmo? With what are you writing? Ania ti pinanagadmo iti agdan? With what did you sweep the stairs? Adin ti panaitanna iti hadoc? Where is she making (sewing) my shirt ? Idiay silidna ti panuratanna cada- He is writing the letters in his guiti sursurat. room. Adin ti nanusaaiyo iti uhingf Where did you chastise the boy? Ania ti dica panuluyan iti surat? Why do you not finish the letter? TIME. ^ Naimbag ti pannaitmo cadaguiti You are making (sewing) the badbado. shirts very well. Naladao ti pinanugquelmo iti can- You are putting in the candle late. dela. Daques unay ti pannuratda cada- They are writing the letters very guiti sursurat. badly. Caano ti pinanacaoda iti babay? When did they rob the woman? VERBALS. Mannusaca cadaguiti ub-ubbing. You (seem to) take pleasure in punishing children. 86 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Daguiti manuaplit cadaguiti aso. The dog-beaters. Daguiti mannulad iti naimbag. The followers of (that which is> good. OTHER USES OF MANG, MAM AND MAN. In addition to the general uses of this particle in its several modi- fications, it is also employed with the name of the article in ques^ tion as the base of the verb, in the sense of going or searching for grasses, canes, fire-wood, and other things of the\kind. Inton-ano ti pammolota (from When shall we go for bamboo- "bolo") ? (fine) ? Ita mangrorootcami. We are now" looking for grass. ("sacate"). The gerundive form here is in rule denoting continu- ing action. Asin ti mamanao? Who is hunting for cogon {pan- ao)? Napan met nanguay. He has also gone to seek bejuco.. Inta manungrod. Let us go for fire-wood {sun- grud). This particle is also employed with the meaning "to go to buy,'^ the object which it is desired to purchase being the root of the verb, Intay mangmanoc. Let us go to buy chickens. Incam nangapas. We went to buy tree-cotton (ca- pas). Saanca nga napan nangayo? Did you not go to buy wood {cayo) ? Inca nangnuang? Did you go to buy cattle? (Note- that in these examples the pur- chase is spoken of in a general way.) xvn. REMAINING ACTIVE PARTICLES. Under this head will be embraced the remaining active particles to* be treated, which will be Um, Maca, Macapa, Macapag, Maqui, Maqui- pag, Maqui um, Mamag and Mama. These will be classed under four subdivisions : Um, Maca, Maqui and Mamag; for the others are- simply modifications of one or the other of the ones just given. Narro states that Um is used to form neuter and reflexive verbs^ and from the standpoint of the Spanish grammarian he is right; but it must be remembered that the true passive is commonly expressed in Spanish as a reflexive verb, as : ''No se Hjc carteles aqui," "Bills must not be posted her^," etc. The so-called reflexives in question here are mostly what in English would be expressed by the passive voice. The **neuters" will be our intransitives. Besides this, um is used to indicate the acquiring: of a quality, as "He is growing old," "She is turning gray," "He is becoming childish.'^ This particle lacks the formula of instrument and that of the person commanded. It practically lacks also that of place and cause in the^ present, although sometimes the elementary form is employed, some- ILOCO LANGUAGE. 87 times the particle "an" is appended to the root; in general, however, for the formulas of instrument and place the verbal *'ag'' in its proper modifications is used. The forms of the preterite appear below. Class. Elementary, Place, Time, Verbal, FORMULAS. Present Bumasa. Bumasa or Basaan. Ibabasa. Bumabasa. Preterite. Bimmasa. Binasa or Binasaa'n libabasa. Note that for the formula of time (and manner) the first sylla- ble is reduplicated, and that for the verbal the first syllable is redupli- cated, the particle being inserted between the initial consonant and the following vowel of this reduplicated syllable. The form of particle "li" is given by Narro in his appendix for the preterite of the formula of time, and it has been inserted accordingly. This form is common in the passives, as will presently appear. The verb employed in the para- digm above is ''basa" the act of reading or "to read." This particle also has the sense of performing some action for a brief interval, "awhile," *'for a moment," etc. EXAMPLES. ELEMENTARY. Uminumca. Uminanatayo. Tumugaodapay. Tumudo laeng. Sumuratca. Sadinonto ti pagsuratac iti nabiit^ Lumacaycayo. Simmayaat unay ti rupam. Rumuarda aminen. Umulicayo man. Dipay limmuom daguiti saba. Apayapay pumudao ti boocmo? Drink a little. Let us rest for a while. Have them sit down just a mo- ment. It is raining only a little. Write a little. Where shall I write a little? (Note that here the phrase re- verts to the verbal in "ag" and that the phrase "iti nabiit'* meaning **a little while" is in- troduced to preserve the signifi- cance of the verbal in "um." You are getting old. Your face has grown very beauti- ful. (Se ha hermoseado mucho tu semblante.) Let every one go now. Won't you come up? The bananas are not yet ripe. Why is your hair turning gray? PLACE. Apayapay dica sumungbat cani- ac? - . ^ Ania ti dicaf sungbatan caniac? ^ Ania ti gapuna nga sumangitda? . Ania ti sangitanda? 1 Ania ti gapuna dida immuli? \ Ania ti dida inulian? ) Asin ti dinacquelam? Why do you ndt answer me? Why are they crying? Why did they not come up? With whom were you raised? A din ii linahagaam? Adin ti linucmeganif ILOCO LANGUAGE. Where did you get such a color (get so red) ? Where did you take on so much flesh? Ita ti isasangpet ni ama. Inton-ano ti ihahasami? My father has just now arrived. When shall we read for a time? VERBALS. Dumadaitca. Naimhagca nga dumait. Sumasaoca iti sao ti Iloco (or) Naimbagca nga sumao iti sao iti Iloco. Dumadanio ni asauarn. Sumasala met. You are a good sewer. (With the reduplication the verbal in ''um'' gives the idea of excel- ence. The same idea could be conveyed by the use of "um" without the reduplication, some adjective being employed.) You are a good sewer. You speak Iloco well. Your wife sings well. She is also a good dancer. To express the idea of a growing or increasing quality an idiomatic form is used with ''um," which will be illustrated best by examples. It consists in the repetition oi the verb with la (abbreviation of laeng) and the ligature generally intervening. A similar use exists in English, as : "She laughed and laughed," "older and older," etc. Also in the Iloco, under other forms and with the intervention of la, the repetition of the same thought appears. However, the idea of increasing or de- creasing quality seems to be best represented by the verb in "um." Bumassit la nga bumassit. Umadu la nga umadu. Ngumsit la nga ngumsit. Pumudaoca la nga pumudao. Agsangit la nga agsangit. Mangan la mangan. It is constantly decreasing. It is getting larger every day. He gets blacker and blacker. You are becoming whiter all the time. (Note that the second verb does not take the pro- noun.) He cries and cries (keeps cry- ing.) He eats and eats. " MAC A. Under this head will be considered maca, macapa, and macapag. These particles indicate true causation, effect, or result. Maca has its own special uses (idiomatic), which will be considered at the end of this section. Maca also denotes ability or inability to accomplish an act. When the inability proceeds from some extrinsic cause macapag is employed. Maca also serves to indicate the accomplishment of an anticipated action, as: "They are preparing to go,** "Now they have gone." In the latter sentence the proper particle would be "maca." The formulas lack those of "instrument" and of **the person com- manded." They are given below with "basa" "to read," as a base. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 89 FORMULAS. Class, Present. Preterite. Elementary, Place, Time, Verbal, Macabasa. Pacabasaan, Pannacabasa, Mannacabasa. Nacabasa. Nacabasaan. Pannacabasa, Macapa and macapag have the same formulas^ the syllable "pa" or *'pag'' being inserted as may be required. EXAMPLES. ELEMENTARY. Macapapatay ti sabidong. Iti naimbag a arac macapabilig iti nacapuy. Macapagpipia daguiti naimbag a agas iti masaquit. Iti nabagas a canen macabiag iti tao. Macadanoncayto sadi Tarlac? Macaulica? Nacauliacon, Dicanto macasangpet iti Hint; ta dicanto macasang-at. N acadaitac iti bayat ti dua nga horas. Diac macapagsurat, ta adu ti sa- ngailic. Saan a macaulog, ta agpudpudot. Saanda nga macapagsagad, ta aoan ti pagsagadda. . Agquitquitacami, ngetn saancam a macaquita. Agrubrubbuat. Nacarubbuaten. Poison causes death. Good wine strengthens the weak. Good medicines benefit the sick. Substantial food sustains a man. Will you be able to reach Tarlac? Can you come up? I have gotten up now. You will not be able to reach your town ; for the way is impassable. I was able to sew for the space of two hours. I am not able to write, for I have many callers. She is not able to come down, for she has a fever. They can not sweep, for they have no brooms. We are looking, but we can not see. He is getting ready to leave. Now he is gone. PLACE. /// taua nga dacquel ti nacauliac, I was able to get up through the large window. Sadin ti nacauluganda? By what way were they able to descend ? Isu di diacpay pacabasaan. For that reason I an^ not able to read as yet. /// diac pacapaspasiaran, ta pila- I am not able to go walking, for yac. ' I am lame. Asin ti pacaalaam ti casta unay a From whom did you get such nasayaat a arac? good wine? Ania ti dida nacaruaran? Why have they not been able to go out? TIME. Inton-ano ti pannacabasam toy a When could you read this book? librof Caano ti pannacasalogdaf When could you have gone down? 90 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Intonanno ti pannacapagpasiarta? When shall we take a walk? Inton-anonsa ti pannacadaitna iti When could she mend a pifia shirt maysa nga bado a pina nga ad- that I have? da caniac? VERBALS. Ska ti mammacaaramid. You are the one who can do the- work. Ni apo Dios ti mannacahalin antin. God is all-powerful. Dacayo ti mannacagaud. You are the ones who are able to row. ESPECIAL USES OF MACA. Maca is used when it is desired to express some natural ^ant. Macaturogac unay. I am very sleepy (want very much to sleep). Macainumda cano. They say that they want a drink.- Diac pay macaidda; ta adu pay ti I can not go to bed yet, for L aramidco. have much to do. Maca prefixed to the name of week, month, or year, makes of the same a verb denoting continuance of action or of state for such period. Mano nga domingom ditoyf Na- How many weeks were you here?' cadomingoac laeng. I stayed one week only. Macabulanacto sadi amianan. I shall be in the North one months. Nacataoencami sadi Manila. We lived for a year in Manila. Mano nga aldao ti bayagmo iti How many days were you delayed dalan? Nacabulan laeng. on the road? Only a month. In speaking of purchases, when the number of objects that one desires, to purchase is mentioned, maca is prefixed to the numeral, whose first syllable is reduplicated. The same use obtains when the number is given of persons or objects that will fit into a certain space or thing. ManggatangcaynanoF Macatatal- Are you buying chickens? I anr. loac laeng. I only going to buy three. Manggatangcay iti itlog? Ma- Are you buying eggs? We want cauaualocam laeng. only eight. Nalaua ti forlonyo ; macadudua Your carriage is narrow; only laeng. two can ride in it. \ Macalilima ti forlonco. Five can go in my carriage. MAQUL With this particle will be treated the particles maquipag and maqui um, which while limited in their applications are of a class with maqui. The formulas of these are similar, "pag" or ''um" being: inserted when required. The formulas of maqui are here given, with "sarita" "to converse," as the base. Maqui primarily and principally is used to denote the company in which the subject acts. When a thircf joins himself to the others to participate in the action then maquipag is employed. Maqui is also used to denote that a thing is asked for gratis. If the article asked for is fruit or greens the article itself is made the base or root of the verb. If it be not these, then the verbal root ''dauat" "to ask" or "rangcap" "to give," is used, the article de- sired being then the true object of the verb. When simply a great de- sire for a thing is expressed (including actions), then maqui urn- is used, the thing desired being the root of the verb. Examples wilK ILOCO LANGUAGE. 91: be given of maqui and maquipag in the sense- of association; while \r^ the other uses the examples will be given separately. Class. Elementary, Place, Time, Verbal, FORMULAS. Present. Maquisarita. Maquisaritaan. Pannaquisarita. Mannaquisarita. EXAMPLES. ELEMENTARY. Preterite, Naquisarita. Maquisaritaan. Pannaquisarita. Maquisaoda caniac. Maquipaspasiarac cadacayo. Maquiidda cadacuada. Naquianida quen Antonio. Naquisaritacam quen Pedro. Innac maquisao quen Capitan. Innac met' maquipagsao quenca. Inta maquipagtulag cadacuada. Saancay a naquicuyog quencuana? Oen, quet naquipagcuyog cada- cami ni Pedro. They are talking to me. I am going to walk with you. He sleeps with them. They were harvesting with An- tonio. We were conversing with Peter^ I am going to talk to the Captain. I will also go with you to speak to him. Let us gfo with them to make ar- rangements. Were you not in his company? Yes, and Peter joined us, too. Asin ti paquisasaoaiyo? Asin ti naquiasauaannaf Ania ti paquicuyogam quencuana f Ania ti paquipagcuyogam caniac? Iti nalaua nga talonco ti paquiani- anda cadacuada. Iti halay ti ipagna ti naquiburruac quencuana. With whom are you talking? Whom did he marry? Why do you go in his company? Why do you join me? They are harvesting with them-. in my large field. I was playing ''burro" with him in his sister-in-law's house. TIME. Inton-ano ti pannaquisaoc quen- When can (shall) I have a talk ^^^ with you? When were you talking to them? Caano ti pannaquisaritam cadacu- ada? Idi pannaquipagsaritam met. Idi pannaquipagcuyogco cadacayo. Caano ti pannaquisaom quen gay- emmo ? At the same time that you were talking. When I accompanied you. When were you talking to my friend ? VERBALS. Mannaquiringgorca. Mannaquiapacayo. Mannaquisugalcayo. Mannaquicuyogcayo. Mannaquipagdennaca cami. met cada- You are quarrelsome. You are contentious. You are gamblers. You people are fond of going to- gether. And you also are fond of join- ing us. 92 ILOCO LANGUAGE. MAQUI, IN ASKING^ GRATIS. FRUITS, ETC. Saanca nga naquibayabas quencu- Did you not ask him for guavas? anaf Innac maquinateng quen ipagco. I am going to ask my sister-in- law for some greens. Naquitabacocansa quencuana idi You asked her for cigars yester- calman. ' day possibly. Naquimamaac laeng quencuana idi I only asked her for "huyo" yes- calman. terday (betel). Maquisirguelasca met, ta adu Ask her for some cherries also, quencuana. for she has abundance. OTHER ARTICLES. Maquidaoatca iti arac quen apo Ask the priest (Padre) for some Padi. wine. Caano ti pannaquirangcapmo When did you ask him for salt ? quencuana iti asinf Idi pannaquidaoatco met quen- At the same time that I asked him cuana iti bagas. for rice. Innac maquirangcap iti manteca I am going to ask my aunt for quen iquitco. some butter. MAQUI UM FOR DESIRE. Maquisumaritaac. I have a great desire to converse. Maquiuminumac iti arac. I have a longing for wine. Maquipumaspasiarda. They want to take a walk. Maquisumangpet iti ilina. He is anxious to get to his town. Maquicumitaac ti Manila. I am desirous of seeing Manila. (Note in maquicumitaac that the root is quita, the "qu" be- ing changed to particle um.) This particle is the same (with one exception) as mama. Narro says «X.. that where "ag" is (phonetically) permissible mamag is used; other- ! wise mama is employed. I can find no rule for determining this. In the vocabularies "ag" is found to occur before every letter but "e*' and *'i" and in such cases it is only that a "u" has to be inserted before them to preserve the sound of the guttural. The idea of these particles is to cause, make, oblige, etc. Mama conveys with it at times the idea of the action continuing only a little while. The formula of the person commanded is naturally lacking, as the idea of command belongs to the particle itself. This form lacks also the verbal. We will take "taray," "to run," as the root for the exhibit of the formulas in "mamag." FORMULAS. Class. Present. Preterite. Elementary, Mamagtaray. Namagtaray. Instrument, Pamagtaray. Pinamagtaray. Place, Pamagtarayan. Namagtarayan. Time, Pammagtaray. Pinamagtaray. -f ILOCO LANGUAGE. QJ EXAMPLES. ELEMENTARY. . Asin ti viainagtubo cadagiiiti ro- Who makes the plants to grow? root? Asin ti mamagtaray iti forlonf Who (what) makes the carriage Daguiti cabayo. go? The horses. Ti angin a sumbrec ti mamagpu- The wind entering makes the sipos iti globo. globe revolve. Ni amac ti namagsurat caniac. My father made me write. Asin ti namauli cadacuada? Who had them come up. Asin ti mamacan cadaguiti caba- Who fed the horses (i. e., made yo? the horses eat)? Asin ti namainum quenca? Who eave him drink? (In these two examples the supplyi^ig of the wherewithal by which the appetite is to be satisfied is re- garded apparently as "causing or occasioning.") Asin namadigos cadaguiti cabayo T Who bathed the horses? Asin ti mamasuso iti taguibi? Who is giving nurse to the child?" Isu ti namatugao cadacuada. He had them sit down -for a while. In these latter examples with ''mama" the idea of making or com-^ pelling is only remote. Indirectly one is made to eat, drink, bathe,, nurse, etc., by having the opportunity given to them by some agent. The direct act depends on the will or instinct of the active agent. It might seem that in "mama'' inheres such a power, that is of causing^ an action by giving the subject the opportunity to act. INSTRUMENT. Ania ti pamagpusiposna iti globo? With what does he revolve the globe? Iti imac ti pinamagpusiposco. I turn it with my hand. Iti pagbaot ti pinamagtarayco iti I make the horse go (by using) cabayo. the whip. ' Iti napigsa panaguicquisco ti pa- I make the dogs go out (down) maulog(ft) cadaguiti aso. by calling at them loudly. Ania ti pamaruaram cadacami? Why do you force us to leaved Ania ti pamasusuanna iti ubing iti Why does she give nurse to the casta unay? child so much? Iti siroc toy a cayo ti namacanam. Feed the horses under this tree. cadaguiti cabayo. Ania ti saanmo a namaruaran di- Why did you not put the cats toy cadaguitoy a pusa? out of here? Casano ti pinamaulogmo cadacu- How did you make them go- ada? down? Casano ti pammagtarayyo quen- How do you make him hasten? cuana ? Intan-auo ti pammagtalaomi quen- Wlien shall we assist him in es- cuana? caping? (This particle here would seem to require such a -94 ILOCO LANGUAGE. meaning, the assisting being in the nature of obliging, making to do.) ■pm ILOCO LANGUAGE. 97 Saandata nga suruten. Saandacam a suruten. Saandatay a suruten. Didata suruten. Dicacam suruten. Didatay suruten. Saandacay a suruten. \ Didacay suruten. j Saanda nga suruten ida. ] Dida suruten ida. J They do not follow us. They do not follow you. They do not follow them. Note that when the object of the passive verb is a pronoun of the third person, singular or plural, and the subject is a personal pronoun of any number or person, this subject, when the negative di is employed, is nominative. Dica suruten. Diac suruten ida. Dida suruten ida. You do not follow him. I do not follow them. They do not follow them. XIX. EN. With this particle is closely connected the particle pa, which is used to command the action of verbs in "en" although the latter disappears. The particles pag en, pa en, and ca en will also be considered in this section. ''En" is the most extensively used of the passive parti- cles. Its preterite is 'Hn." The former is always a suffix; the latter is either a prefix or is inserted in the beginning of the root. The prin- cipal use of this particle is to form an "active transitive verb" (speak- ing from the standpoint of the English grammarian). It has a number of idiomatic uses, which will be considered in their turn. It is some- times used when "an'' might seem to be the proper particle. This point will be taken up under the latter particle. For the ideas con- veyed by the formulas of the active verbs, those in "en" pass generally to the forms of the active "mang," sometimes to those in "ag" or in "urn." EXAMPLES. Sapuleiyo ti cahayo, Patitem ti campana. Dadaitec daguiti badoc, Singirenmi ti utangna, Bashasaenda ti surat, Aramidem day toy, Inaramidcon. Aoan ti sinaludsudco. Dinac cavatf Inayatca idi nabay- ag, Alaeiyo dayat payong. Inala ni Juanen. Hunt the horse. Ring the bell. I am mending my clothes (shirts). We (will) pay his account. They are reading the letter. Do this; I have done it already! I was not asking about anything. Do you not love me? He used to love you. Take that umbrella. John has already taken it. Examples are here given of the passing of verbs in "en" to the forms in *'mang" "ag," etc. This is in order to indicate the meanings con- veyed by the formulas; manner, time, verbals, etc. Baludenda ni Pedro, cano. They say that they have arrested Peter. 98 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Ania ti pamaludanda quencuana? Why have they arrested him? Ti pamaludanda quencuana ta H- They arrested him because he nacaona ti relosco. ' stole my watch. Adin ti nanacaoannaf Where did he steal it from? Casano ti pannacaona? How did he (manage) to steal it? Pinidutna idi aoan ti tao idiay. He took it when there was no- body around. Calcalienda deydiay a cayo. They are digging out that wood. Ania ti pacalida? With what are they digging? Tengngelem ti cabayo; ta nasiglat Rein in the horse; that he may go ti pannagnana, slowly (gently). SPECIAL USES OF EN. This particle is used to express that one feels or has symptoms of some illness or infirmity. The word denoting such infirmity becomes the root. In appearance the verb seems to revert to an active form, the nominative pronoun appearing to be the subject of the verb, but according to the genius of the language it remains a true object. Thus according to our ideas and ways of speaking we would say "I have a fever"; but to the Iloco the thought is "The fever has me." Borkngennacsa. I fear I am going to have the smallpox. Ania, gurigurencaf What, have you any fever? Pudutennac no dadduma. At times I am feverish. Batihatenacsa no rabiy. I feel as if I were going to have bad dreams (nightmare) to- night. Talimodauennacsa. My head feels very light. It also is used to indicate that an article or material is good for a certain purpose. Here the thing for which the article will serve be- comes the root of the verb. The first syllable of the word is, in this use, reduplicated. Aadiguien toy a cayo. This tree will serve for house- posts. Babadoen daytoy a abel. This cloth is good for shirts. Lalamesaanen toy a tabla. This board will make a table. Guguyuden ti vacant. Your ox will be a good draught animal. Papalangcaen daytoy a cayo. This wood will work up into chairs. En also serves to express that one has a person or a thing for some particular purpose or relation, the said person or thing being the root of the verb. Asin ti apoem? Who is your master? Aoan ti apoec. I have no master. Ni apo Antonio ti Padiec. Father Antonio is my Pastor. Asin ti inounaeiyof Whom have you for an elder brother ? This particle also expresses the idea "it seems to," the quality or character in question being the root of the verb. It also expresses the idea, which is in the same line of thought, "to have for," "to count, consider," etc. Imbaguenda ti daques. They make evil their good. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 99 Adayoec ti Manila em ti Vigan, Sinayaatda ti halayco ngem ti ba- laymo, Tacroteiyo ti asoc? Ngininada ti cabayom, Bassitempay dayta nga pirac. Aduec quetdi. Singpetenca idi. It seems to me that Manila is further off than Vigan. My house seemed finer to them than yours. Does my dog seem to you to be cowardly ? They considered your horse dear. Does that seem to you to be lit- tle money? On the contrary it seems to me ' considerable. I took you for a sincere man. To convert or make one thing into another is denoted by this parti- cle, the object into which the thing is converted being the root of the verb. Sapinem toy a lupoh Aramidem a sapin toy a lupot. Balineiyo a buneng toy a landoc. Bunengeiyo toy a landoc. Cauarenna toy a balitoc. Make up this cloth into panta- loons (under this head the same idea is conveyed by the use of aramid or balin, meaning '*to make" or **to convert.") Make pants of this cloth. Make a bolo of this iron. Make a bolo, etc. Let him make a chain of this gold. When some part of the body is employed as the instrument, of the action, such part of the body is used as the root of the verb with *'en" there being a reduplication of the first syllable and its following consonant. Apayapay sacsacaeiyo ti agmasa, Agcalicay ditoy. Aoan ti pagcaU imi. Ramramayeiyo ti agcali. Matmataeiyo ti agsucat iti arac? Ania, dapdapanem ti agsagadf Why are you stamping with your feet? Make a channel (trench) here. We have nothing to dig with. Dig with your fingers. (In the last sentence is a good illustra- tion of the dependent verb.) Are you measuring the wine by guess (i. e., with the eye) ? What, are you sweeping with your feet? To express that a thing has been eaten, is being, or is ir^ danger of being eaten by some insect or animal, the particle "en" is used; the name of the insect or animal becoming the root of the verb. Inca alaen ti tinapay, dila mama- ninano nga asoen. Inaso tneten, Addapay nasam-itf Inipes amin- en. Dinto cotonen tov azucarT Go bring the bread, lest the dog eat it. The dog has already eaten it. Are there any "sweets"? The cockroaches have already eaten them. Will not the ants eat this sugar? When speaking of quantity in cardinal numbers it is required to luring the amount up to an even ten, twenty, hundred, etc., or in money lOO ILOCO LANGUAGE. Up to a specific coin value, as a peso or a dollar, the said number or value required is made the basis of the verb with the particle ''en" Manu nga itlog daguitaf Ualualo- da. Sangapoloenda. Manu nga manga ti guinatangmof Sangapolo quet innem. Dua- poloem, Agcurang ti pirac. Manguiruarca pay. Saan a umanay ti innem a sicapat. Pisoem ngarud. How many eggs are there? Eight only. Let them bring ten. How many mangoes did you buy? Sixteen. Get four more (i. e.^ make it up to twenty). There is not enough money. Go- get some more. Six reals (37^4 cents U. S. Cy.) is not enough. Make it a peso then. To command the action of verbs where the particle ''en" has been em- ployed, that particle is dropped, and "pa" is used ; the person command- ed being put in the dative, and the direct object of command being in the nominative. The preterite of this particle is "pina." Paa Inca alaen ti cal-logongco. lacto. Sapuleiyo ti cabayoc, Pasapul- minto. Daitem toy a bado. Padaitconto quen asauac. Saganaentay ti paguiddan. Pina- gaganac iti ubing. Patitenda ti campana. Pinapatitco cadaguiti sacristan, Pinalacoc quen asauac ti asin. Go bring my hat. I will give or- ders to have it brought. (This is a good example of agglutina- tion. The root '*ala" is "to> bring," *'to" is the sign of the future, the contraction of "co"^ into "c" is the genitive subject, while "pa" indicates the com- manding of the action.) Hunt my horse. We will have search made for it. Mend (sew) this shirt. I will have my wife mend it. Let us make the bed. I gave or- ders to the boy to do it. Let them ring the bell. I ordered the sacristans to ring it. I ordered my wife to sell the salt. -EN AND PA- -EN. To indicate the person commanded the particles "pag en'' or "pa en" are employed. The latter is used when the root does not permit the use of "ag"; but even if it m^y, when the action is for a brief interval "pa en" is used. The preterites of these are "pinag"' or "pina." Instead of this form may be used the active forms in "mamag" or "mama," sometimes that in "agpa." Let them command the boys to sweep. I wish (bid) you to mend this. Let me read this book. Let us rest. ("To permit," "let,"" etc., are included under this class.) Have that dog beaten. Whom shall I bid beat it? Do you oblige me to depart? Have them sit down for a mo- ment. Pagsagadenda daguiti ub-ubbing. Sic a ti pagdaitoc day toy, Pagbasaennac toy a libra. Paguinanaennacami, Pasaplitmo ti aso. litec? ParruarennacT Patugaoem ida. Asin ti pagsap" ILOCO LANGUAGE. lOI Painanaennacami. Apayapay pinaguiddam idaf Ni casinsinco ti pinadaitco. Apayapay saanmo a pinauli ida? Permit us to rest a little. Why did you make them go to bed? I told my cousin to do the mend- ing. Wliy did you not allow them to go up? SPECIAL. USES OF PAG -EN AND PA- -EN. These particles are used to denote making or causing another (per- son or animal) to do a certain thing, or giving to, as giving food or drink to an animal, and thereby indirectly causing said animal to eat or drink, etc. The same rules exist here and in the other special uses as to the phonetic limitations of the particles. It would seem from the examples as given that before a, c, i, r, s, t, and u, the particle "pa en" should or may be employed. Painumeiyo daguitoy. Pacanenda daguiti cahayo. Pagparintumengem ti ubing. Patabacoeiyo daguiti sangili. Pinatahacomi idan. Pagdigusem daguiti cahayo. Paangotendac toy a sabung. Dica pagtarayen daguiti cabayo. Agbaliquidca. Diac macabaliquid. Pagbaliquidencanto. Pagarabeiyo daguitoy a baca. Pagling-etem toy a masaquit. Give them to drink. Feed the horses. (If the horses were grazing and eating what they could find, the proper word would be "mangan" ; but here, where they are taken care of, they are considered as made to eat.) Have the child kneel. Give the guests something to smoke. We have already given them some cigars. Bathe the horses. This flower scents me. Don't make the horses run. Turn over. I cannot turn over. I will turn you over. (In these three examples is a good illus- tration of the relative values of the particles "ag'' "maca'* and "pag en") Take these cattle to pasture. Give this sick (man) a sudorific (make him sweat). There are given here some examples of the passing of this form to forms in "mamag" "mama" and "agpa." , Pauliem ida. Siacto ti mamauli cadacuada? Pacanenda ida. Asinto ti mama- can cadacuada? Dinacam pinagtugao. Asin ti namagtugao cadacayo? Asin ti mamadigos cadaguiti ca- bayo ? Ti cochero ti agpadigos cadacua- da. Asin ti mamaarah cadaguiti nuangf Tell them to come up. Shall I tell them to come up? Have them fed. Who is to feed them? He did not allow us to sit down. Who did allow you to sit down ? Who is bathing the horses. The coachman is bathing them. Who is taking the carabaos to pasture ? 102 ILOCO LANGUAGE. These particles are also used in the sense of "Do you think I have no ." Also in the sense of being treated like an animal. In these cases the name of the animal or the part supposed to be lacking; becomes the root of the verb. Do you think that I have no eyes (can't see) ? Do you think I have no ears (can't hear) ? (ISTote the dif- ference in construction between the particles "agpa" and "pag- enr) They treat you like a pig. They treat us like dogs. The expressions **wait till," "hold on until," etc., are also rendered by the use of these particles, the root of the verb being the action of the thing waited for, as: the setting of the sun, the rising of the moon,, etc. Dinac pagmataen. Ania, di'ca agpadengngeg caniac? Ania dinac pagdengngeguenf Pababuyendaca. Paasoendatayo. Paruarem ti bulan. Palennequentay ti init. Pinagsardengda ti tudo. Pasirapem ti init. Wait till the moon rises. Let us wait till sun-set. They waited until it stopped rain- ing. Wait till the sun rises. -EN. To express increase or diminution, whether in quantity or time, is done by means of the particle "ra en." The preterite of this is "quina/' the "en" being dropped. The word expressing the increase becomes the root of the verb. Caaduem ti canen. Caatiddugeiyo dayta tali. Cabiitenda ti agpatit. Cabassitenda ti aguited. Casapaeiyo ti umay. Caababaenda ti cauar. Quinabayagda ti agpatit f Quinabayagda iti caguddua nga horas. Luctam toy a botella. Nilucata- con. Isu gapuna nga bassit ti aracnan. Quinabassitcon. Quinaadum ti canen f Increase the (amount of) food. Lengthen that rope. Let them ring (only) a short time. Let them give a little. Come a little early. Let them shorten the chain. Did they ring for a long time?' They rang half an hour. Open this bottle. I have just opened it. ^ Therefore it has lit- tle wine in it. I diminished (the quantity) just now. Did you increase the amount of food? XX. AN. With the particle ''an*' will be considered the following: ''pa a«/' "ca an/* and "sanga an." The last has been already treated under the head of **Nouns." -While this particle has its characteristic uses, and is also employed idiomatically, it is sometimes confounded with "en" i. e., is used where "en" would seem to be the proper particle. The close resemblance of ILOCO LANGUAGE. IO3 the two, and the /^Toyenliness of d ictiop^especially as regards the vowels, tha t is s o characteristic of the tihpinos ; and, in addition to this, the , »fiRfa t>iljtg>pf a language that has little or no written literature ; and the narrow local habitat of a dialect, where an adjoining town, a few miles away, may have a different dialect; these may serve to account for such irregularities as may appear. The preterite of this particle is "in,'* either as a prefix or an inter- calation, and sometimes "ni" which is a prefix. This also occurs some- times with verbs in ''en." The characteristic of this form is the acting of the verb on an in- direct object. According to the genius of the language, that is some- times regarded as the indirect object which we would regard as direct. For instance, to sweep a room would suggest to us the room as the direct object, whereas the Iloco would regard the dirt that is swept up as the direct object, even though the word is not expressed. There are a number of idiomatic forms which will be treated of later. In these and other idiomatic forms the distinctive characteristic seems to be the formation of the verb from nouns, adjectives, etc., while the normal form has its verbs constructed from true verbal substantives. EXAMPLES : Ania ti daoateiyo? Asin ti daoa- What are you asking for? Of taiyof whom are you asking it? (The distinction between the use of "en'' and "an" is here exhib- ited.) Ni apo Santa Maria ti cararagac. I am praying to the Virgin Mary. Asifi ti umuli? Ni Ricardo. Ri- Who is coming up? Richard. quepam ti ruangan. Close the door on him. Lucatam ni gayyemtayo. Open for our friend. Asin ti vinotosam a capitan? For whom did you vote as cap- tain? Asin ti sinacsiam? For whom did you testify? Apayapay layatannac? Why do you threaten me? Sagadaiyo ti silid. Sweep the room. Escohaam ti sapinco. Brush my pants. Saplidanna daguiti palangca. Let him dust these chairs. (Where it is stated explicitly what is to be dusted off, or acted on, the form in "en" is employed, e. g., saplidenna ti tapuc daguiti palangca. Let him brush the dust from the chairs.) Cuscusaiyo ti lamisaan. Cuscu- Scrape the table. Let them scrape senda ti ruguit ti lamisaan. the dirt off of the table. SPECIAL USES OF AN. To cast or place one object on another, or in another place is ex- pressed by using this particle, commonly with the name of the thing to be placed. Dapuaiyo toy a ruguit. Throw some ashes over that filth. Puuranna toy a cayo. Let him put fire to this wood. Putaoanda. Let them put him behind the bars. Innac pulotan ti masaquit. - I am going to administer extreme unction to the sick (man). Nirae panda daguit taltalonda? Did they do their transplanting? Caluhan ti burnay. Put the cover on the jar. Asinam ti canen. Salt the food. 104 ILOCO LANGUAGE. -f This particle is also employed to diminished, or changed. Acaba unay toy a tahla. Quissa- yam bassit. Dacquel toy a pano, Cartibam bassit. Sucatam ti badom, Ababa toy a adigui. Silpuanda. Lucasaiyo toy a burnay. indicate that a thing is increased, This board is too broad. Trim it down a little. This cloth is (too) big. Cut it with the scissors. Change your shirt. This (house) post is too short. Let them splice it. Open (take the cover off of) this jar. To signify the seed with which a piece of land is sown the particle *'an" is used with the name of the seed as a root. Saanyo a pagayantoy a talon f Maisanminto. Tayomaiyo quetdi. Quet capasaiyo day toy meysa. Bifialatunganmi idi napan a taoen. Are you not sowing rice in this field? We shall sow Indian corn. You had better plant indigo. And in this one plant cotton. We planted mongos (a small bean) last year. When the value or price of an object, which one desires to purchase, is asked, the particle "an" may be affixed to "tnanu" thus making of it a verb; and in giving the price a verb is made of the numeral, or the word expressing the price, either in the present or the preterite. Manuaiyo toy a cabayo? Limapoloanmi a pisos. Minanuanda ti baca. Pinol-loanda nga pisos. Mamtam toy a calding? Pitoac a pisos. Minanuaiyo toy a balay? Tinal-loan a gasutmi a pisos. Manu ti inabacmo a pirac? Inabacco Pedro. innem a pisos quen How much do you (will you) give for this horse? We (will) give fifty pesos. How much did they give for the cow? They gave ten pesos. How much for this goat? I gave seven pesos. How much did you give for this house? We gave three hundred pesos. ' How much money did you win at play (gambling) ? I won six pesos from Peter. To express the number of parts into which anything is divided for the purpose of sharing or distribution this particle is used with the numeral indicating the share. Malem no bigat ti pammingayda cadaguiti manga. Manuancantof Pitoanacto. Manuanto a saba ni Juan? Limaannanto. Quinanna (from canen) amin? Inparangcapna daguiti dadduma, quet nilacona daguiti dadduma^ quet meymeysa ti quinanna. Tomorrow evening they will dis- tribute the mangoes. What will be your share? I shall have seven. How many bananas will John re- ceive ? He will receive five. Did he eat them all? He gave some away, some he sold, and he ate only one. i i ILOCO LANGUAGE. IO5 To snare, trap, catch, etc., some animal or fish, etc., is expressed by making a verb of the means employed for such purpose with the par- ticle "an/* Siloam dayta cabayo. Lasso that horse. Bannitacto dayta ican. I will try to hook that fish. Betengaiyo ti ugsa nga sumalug. Put up a net to catch the deer that went down yonder. Appananda dediay a tumatayab. Let them set a snare for that bird. To express the profit or gain arising from any occupation or work the particle "an" is appended to the source of such profit or gain. Manu ti tinalonamf How much did you make out of your rice-field? Tinalonac ti limapolo nga pisos. I made fifty pesos. Manu ti dinaitandaf How much did they earn by sew- ing? (Note that in these ex- amples the *'an" does not dis- appear in the preterite.) Dinaitanda ti innem a pisos. They earned six pesos. Adaddunsa ti tinibiaiyo idi nala- You probably made much money bes a taoen. last year by spinning. Duagasut nga pisos ti tinibbianmi We made two hundred pesos. idi. PA AN. To command the action of verbs in "an" the particles "pa an'^ are employed. The preterite of this form is "pina an." There is also an idiomatic use which will be noted presently. EXAMPLES. Papaltoogam dayta aso. Have some one shoot that dog. Papuuasam- daguiti pinggan. Have the dishes washed. Pasagadam ti silidco. Tell some one to sweep my room. Pinasagadacon. . I have already given orders to have it swept. Pasacayam ti cabayo nga labang. Have the piebald horse exercised. Pinasacayacon. I have already given orders to have it ridden. Pinatnlbecanda ti riquep. They gave orders to have the door locked. To tie, bind, or secure, either a man or an animal by some part of the body is expressed by making a verb of such part with the par- ticle ''pa an." , Pataquiaganda. They are tying him by the arms. Pinasacaandacami. They tied us by the feet. Pinasiquetanda ida. They tied him by the waist. Pinatengngedac. I tied him by the neck. The particles "ca an" have certain uses which are idiomatic, one •of the forms being a substantive. These are given below. The pret- erite is "quina an.*' The main use is to indicate the accomplish- ment of some end designed. The verb with these particles denotes its consiummation. I06 ILOCO LANGUAGE. EXAMPLES. Bagbagaam ti ubingmOy bareng no Reprove your boy to see if he will cabagbagaan. profit thereby. 1 Ibilagyo toy a pagay, bareng no Put this rice out in the sun and. y" caibilagan. see if it can be dried. Surutam dayta, bareng no casuru- Follow that man and see if you* tarn. can overtake him. P alt 00 gam dayta cauitan, bareng Fire at that chicken and try to- no capaltoogam. hit it. The preterite under this use is ''na an" which is the same as the preterite of '*ma an" a form which will be considered under the particle "ma" The particle "ma" can be used instead of "ca an" as can also its derivative "ma an" having the same meaning as \m the cases given above. Sinurotco, ngem diac nasurotan. I followed, but I could not over- take him. Binagbagaanna, ngem saan a na- I reproved him, but it did no- bagbagaan. good. When a number of individuals is given, as for the performance of some duty, and the request is made to increase that number to a cer- tain point, with some expression as "make them," "raise the number to," etc., this is done by combining the particles "ca an" with the number required. The preterite in this case is "quina an" Manu cayo? Lima cami. Incay How many are you? We are auiten deydiay cayo. Capitoan- five. Go and bring that log.. nacami. Make up oqr number to seven (i. e., give us two more men). Casiamandacami. Increase our number to nine. Caualoannacam ni Pedro. Give us Peter sq that there may be eight of us. Up-uppatda quet quinasiamac ida. There were but four and I in- creased their number to nine. "Ca an" is also used to form a collective substantive, or a noun- indicating abundance of that which the root signifies. This is merely noted here to complete the uses of these particles. Cabaquiran. A range of forests. Casabaan. A banana grove. Cadaratan. A sand-pit. Caboloan. A cane-brake or bamboo thicket.. Cauayan. A thicket of rattan. Carootan. A meadow. SANG A AN. Naves places this particle among the verbs. Its true place should be among substantives, where it has been already mentioned. Its simi- larity as in forming collectives to "ca an" perhaps entitles the com-^ bination to notice here. Its use is to denote an aggregation of indi- viduals. Sangailian. A town (i. e., the people rnhabit- ing a town). Sangaputotan. A family. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 107 Sangabalayan. Sangaasauaan, The people dwelling in one house^ A married couple. XXI. I. In connection with this particle will be treated the forms "ipa" and "i an." The particle 'H" is a prefix. The preterite is ''in" if the root begins with any consonant but "I" or "r" If the root begins with one or other of these the "n" is converted to that consonant. If the root begins with a vowel then "in'- becomes "ii" This particle may be called the particle of "means." It is employed when that is referred to by which the action of the verb is accom- plished or accompanied. In addition "i" is often used when it would seem that the proper particle should be "en" or "an." The probable origin of variations of this character has already been discussed. EXAMPLES. Gatangem toy a cahayo. Aoan ti igatangco. Iriquepmo ti ruangan. Itaraymo daytoy. Ania ti igapom sadiayf Iruarmo ti botella. Ania ti inpatayda? Iruarmo dayta^palangca. Ir-ruar- con. Ilacom dayta cahayo. Il-lacocon. Ibunongmo daguita sirguelas. Inbunongcon. lulim ti maletac. lyulicon. Buy this horse. I have not the wherewithal to buy it. Close the door. (In this exam- ple the means of closing the "ruangan" or entrance is to push to the "riquep," which is a single part or valve of the door.) Go quickly (running; with this. What are you bringing out from there? Bring out a bottle (come out with). Of what did they die? Bring out that chair. I have al-^ ready brought it out. Sell that horse. I have just sold it. Distribute those cherries. I have already distributed them. Bring up my valise. I have just brought it up. SPECIAL USE OF I. This particle is employed to denote that a thing is or is, to be put in a particular place. Iditoymo dayta. Idiaymo dayta. Irabaomo toy a relos iti lamisaan. Isirocmo. lasidegmo ditoy. Place that (article) here. Put it there. Put this watch on the table. Put it below. Bring it near. Note. — Sometimes verbs of this class pass to the active form. In such cases they do not lose the passive particle. Apayapay inbulosmo ti cahayo? Saan a siac ti nangibulos. Why did you loose the horse? It was not I who did it. io8 ILOCO LANGUAGE. ^sin H nangibitin toy a badof Jnbitinco ta naslep, Asin ti nangipacat cadaguiti cab- ay of Dicapay coma incapat. Who hung up this shirt? I did, for it was wet. Who harnessed up the horses? You should not have harnessed them. IPA. V^ To attribute, suspect, accuse, apply, etc., are expressed by the par- ticle "ipa." The preterite of this form is "inpa." Jpapanco ti naimbag a naquemna. Jpatacaoda quencuana ti relos. Ipaanacda caniac toy a uhing. Ipaayco toy a limos cadaguiti cararua. I attribute it to his good will. They suspected him of stealing the watch. They accuse me of being the father of this child. I (will) apply these alms for the benefit of the departed. This particle is used to express the placing of an object in some particular place or direction. But when some one of a group is sin- gled out or differentiated from the rest, or when an object is to be placed definitely with reference to another object, then "aquin" or ^'paquin en*' is employed. Ipaiguidmo. Jpatengngam pay. Ipasulim dayta. Jpaabagatanda dayta catre. Ipababayo dayta pagay. Jpalaudyo daguitoy a baca, ngem paquindayaem ti meysa. Paquinbabaem dayta nga libro. Paquindayaeiyo toy catre idiay meysa. Place it towards the edge. Put it more towards the center. Put it in the corner there. Let them put that bed in the south part of the room. Put the rice down below. Drive those cattle west, but lead this one east. Put that book under the other. Put this bed east of the other. It has been shown that the phrases "give to," "cause to eat, drink," -etc., as when speaking of the care of stock, are expressed by "pag- en" or "pa en" ; but when the intent is to state what is to be -given, etc., then "ipa" is the proper verbal particle. Pacanem daguiti cabayo. Ania ti ipacanco cadacuada? Ipacanmo cadacuada ti pagay. Painumeiyo daguitoy. Ania nga arac ti ipainumco cadacuada? Pagarabem ti baca. Ji^paarabmo toy a baca. Pinagarabcon. ^iina" in the pro- terite. Tell them to take this away. Did you order the bananas to bc- brought up? Bid them harness up. I have already given orders to* have (the horse) harnessed. Have it put close to the side. I bade them place it south. Have them make me some soup. They have ordered me to pay my^ debt by sewing. I commanded them to write for Pairuarmo day toy. Pinaiulim daguiti sabaf Paipacatmo. Pinaipacatcon. Paipaiguidmo. Pinaipaabagatanco. Paiaramidannac iti sopa. Paidaitanda ti utangco cadacuada. Pinaisuratac, IIO ILOCO LANGUAGE. XXII. MA. This particle has both an active and a passive use. It is to be remem- bered that the peculiar and distinctive feature of the passive is the ■object as the principal element. If in one instance the verb in "ma" does not admit of an object, then the active form would naturally be suggested; if an object is required, then the passive form would be proper. With "ma" will also be considered the use of the particles "ma an" ; and this will conclude what, it is hoped, may give a working knowledge of the verb. The preterite of "ma" is ''na" This form admits of the formulas, which are the same as those of the active particle "maca" to which the student is referred. With "ma" there is a greater tendency to the syncopation of the root, than with the other verbal particles. This is especially true where the vowel of the first syllable is "e" and when this is followed by a double consonant. The "e" is dropped with one of the double consonants. This will best be illustrated by some examples : Lemmes, drowning, suffocating; malmes, to drown. Leppas, conclusion; malpas, to finish. Rebba, sinking, wrecking; marba, to be shipwrecked. Tinnag, falling; matnag, to fall. Bussog, satisfaction; mabsug, to satisfy. Liday, sadness; malday, to be sad. Peggues, rapidity; mapgues, to go swiftly. If the verb is a frequentative, or negatively imperative, when the root is monosyllabic, or has become so by syncopation, the particle itself along with the initial consonant of the root is reduplicated. Pan, to go. Dica mapmapanen. Don't go yet. Dengngeg, hearing. Adu ti mangmangngegco. I am hearing many things. SeddaaOy astonishment. Dica masmasdaao. Don't be astonished. (Here we have a trisyllable syncopated to a dissyllable.) Seddu, weariness. Dica masmasdu. Don't tire yourself. The principal use of this form is to indicate the ability (or inability) of the subject to accomplish or perform the action expressed by the root. EXAMPLES. Leppaseiyo dayta alad. Saanmi a Finish that fence. We are not malpas. able to do it. .Saanda nga matuluy ta nasaquit- They are not able to continue da, their work, for they are ill. Cutienda ti burnay. Saanda nga Let them move the jar. They are macuti. not able to move it. . Daitenna toy a badoc. Dina ma- Have her mend this shirt of mine. daity ta masaquit. She can not do it, because she is sick. Inalam ti paltoog? Saanco a Did you bring the gun? I did naala, ta aoan idiay ni Pe- not, for Peter was not there. dro. ^Saanco a nabedbed ti taquiagco, I could not bandage up my arm, ta pasig a piguis daguiti bed- because all the bandages were bed. unfit for use. ILOCO LANGUAGE. Ill To express that one has or has not attained the object or end con- templated is expressed by the particle ''ma." The same verbal root is used both in the transitive clause and with the particle "ma*' ; but in translation the meaning needs often to be expressed by a totally -different word. Thus the root in the initial or transitive clause might be "fire at" or "shoot at," while in the clause with ''ma" the same root would have to be translated "hit" or "miss" as the success or non- success of the act must determine. So "follow" in one clause would l)e translated by "overtake" in the next; "search for" by "find," etc. Quitaem dediay a tao. Quitqui- taec, ngem diac maquita. Camacameiyo daguita sangailt. Camacamenminto, ngem di- camto macamacam ida. Batoem ta manoc, bareng no ma- batom. Jnur-urayca quet saanca nga nau- ray. Look at that man. I am looking, but I do not (am not able to) see him. Follow after those strangers (vis- itors from another town). We will follow them, but we shall not be able to overtake them. Throw a stone at that chicken and see if you can hit it. I waited for you, but (and) you did not come. This particle is used intransitively to form the (so-called) neuter verbs, as also what in Spanish are called reciprocal verbs. But it must "be remembered that the reciprocal verb or form in the Spanish is used to describe personal acts or conditions, where in English the simple form of the verb is used, or else the passive. So "I forget" would be reciprocal in Spanish, and such passive forms (English) as "it was sold" (se vendio) are constantly and normally occurring in the Span- ish as reflexives or reciprocals. Naves speaks, of course, from his own standpoint. Nalipatac. Masacsaquit ita. Masansanca nga mapan • itibalay- naf Nalacaca nga mariri. Saanca nga naulac? Masdaaoac. Istayac nalmes idi caiman. I forgot. He is indisposed. Do you go to her house often? You are easily distracted. Were you not sea-sick? I am astonished. I was nearly drowned yesterday. A few examples are given of the verb in "ma" affected by the for- mulas of cause, manner, instrument, etc. As has been already stated these are the same as those of the active particle "maca." Ania ti dina pacatuluyan? Adin ti nacatayan ni amamf Ania ti pacabatianna idiayf Adin ti yan ti sacayam? Narba idi napan a bulan. Casano ti pannacarbana? - ■Nalmesda aminf Up-uppat ti nagbiag. Casano ti pannaca- biagda? Adin ti nacatnagam? Iti iguid ti carayan. Casano ti pannacana- bom? Ta naitibcul ti cabayo. Ania ti nacaitibculanna? Iti hato a dacquei. Why could he not finish it? Where did your fathef die? Why does he remain there? Where is your vessel? It was wrecked last month. How was it wrecked? Were all (of the crew) drowned? Four only escaped. How did they (manage to) escape? Where did you fall? At the river bank. How did you happen to fall? My horse stumbled Against what did it stumble? Against a big stone. 112 ILOCO LANGUAGE. When the particle "ma*' affects verbs in 'Vw" the latter particle is- dropped; but when it affects verbs in "an" or in "i," those particles are retained. Auitenda. Saanda nga maauit. Cupinem toy a hahito. Saan a macupin daytoy. Patitem ti campana. Saanco a mapatit Punasanda dagutti pinggan. Saan- da nga mapunasan. Sagadanna ti silidco. Saanna nga masagadan, ta agpipilay. Sucatanna ti badona. Dina masu- catan. Ipulangyo toy a uasay. Saanmi a maipulang. Iruarda ti catre. Saanda nga mairuar, ta nailet ti ruangan. Ivulogmo ti payongco? Saanco nga naiulog. Let them carry it. They are not able to carry it. Fold this dress. I can not fold it. Ring the bell. I am not able to ring it. Have them wash the dishes. They cannot do it. Order him to sweep my room. He can not sweep, for he is lame. Let him change his shirt. He can not change it. Take back this hatchet. We are not able to take it back. Let them carry out the bed. They can not take it out, for the door is too narrow. Did you put down my umbrella? I could not put it down. To indicate that an action has reached its limit, has gone as far as it can, or that it is not to be suffered or endured any further, etc., is expressed by the use of the particles "ma an" Mabisinan. - Saan a maanusan. Saanyonto a masapulan. Saan a maauatan ti saona. Di maasitgen (from aside g, near). Dinto masiloan dayta. Saan a madaoatan dayta. He is overcome by hunger. That is insufferable. You will never find it. She does not understand a word that he says. It is impossible to approach it. He will not be able to lasso it. He may not ask for that. With these examples concludes what, it is hoped, may be a help irr the understanding of one of a group of languages, interesting espe- cially to Americans, and deserving of further investigation. VOCABULARY OF WORDS AND PARTICLES USED IN THIS WORK COMPILED MAINLY FROM THE WORKS OF NAVES AND CARRO VOCABULARY OF Words referred to in this work. As very many of the words given in this vocabulary are simply roots, found generally in combination with particles, and as these roots are mainly substantives describing certain actions or conditions, their definition would at times be extremely prolix and tedious. Fol- lowing the example of Narro and other Spanish writers we shall often employ the infinitive as a definition, it being understood that the root as given is not necessarily a form of conjugation. A, Ababa. Ababao, Abac. Abaga. .' Abagat. Abbong. Abel. y' Abirat A bug. i^Abusto. Abut. uAbuyo. ac, i/ Acaba. A car. Adal. Adalem. ^ Adani. Adda. Addayo. Adi. A ditto. hc' r This word is used as a ligature, whose charac- ter and powers are explained in the grammar. The word nga takes its place when the laws of euphony so demand. Their meaning is the same. They are also used as relatives. Short, whether of dimension or time. Ababa nga aldao, a short day. Shallow, superficial, whether physical or mental. Ababao ti carayan, the river is shallow. Gain or advantage in gaming, trade, strife, or in a contest of wits. The shoulder. The south wind. Abagatan, the south. To cover; cloth or blanket used as a cover. Cloth, textile. Brother-in-law, sister-in-law. To drive, beat, spur, incite. Furthermore. A hole, pit, excavation, grave. A wild chicken. I, personal pronoun (nominative), used as a suffix. Broad (of dimension) ; caacaba (breadth or width). Tallopolo a vara ti caacaba ti balaymo. The width of your house is thirty varas. To change place or position. , To study. Deep (as river, hole, etc.) ; also deep or profound (intellectually). Nearness, proximity; also in time, as the near- ness of Christmas, Easter, etc. A word of wide use, employed as indefinite pro- noun, as a verb, and answering to the Spanish "hay/' "estarr "tener," "algo," "alguno/' etc. See the grammar. Far, at a great distance. Younger brother or sister. Where ? Generally syncopated to adin. ' Adin ti yan ti cabayof Where is the horse? ii6 ILOCO LANGUAGE. A slave. Much, many. Active verbal prefix. Used also with "ci}na" (''they say"). Asin ti agconaf Who says so? Also employed to express mutual relationship. p Agamada. They are father and son. i*- Active verbal particle. Agalasonaca. You smell of onions. Agattengnged ti danum iti pagba- lioan. In fording the river the water was neck- deep. To split, crack (as an olla from the heat of the fire). To think, opine. To administer medicine. Mangngagas, a physi- cian. Vermin infesting the ground, whether animals or insects. Active verbal particle indicating physical or men- tal or moral resemblance between two indi- viduals. Agcarupa daguitoy a dua. These two are alike in features. Similar to preceding, indicating resemblance or something in common between three or more individuals. Agcacasucubcayo nga uppatf Are you four relations? Similar to the preceding, the suffix "an" being optional. Into how many parts? To do after such and such a manner. Stairway. Active verbal particle indicating reciprocity or rivalry. Aglinnaingda. They are rivals in beauty. Agtinnulongda. They aid each other. To jump from one side to the other. Active verbal particle indicating reciprocity, the ''n" being inserted after the vowel of the root, and the root being repeated. Agasinasida (from caasi, pity). They have pity on each other. Eternal, for ever and ever. Nose. Active verbal particle, for whose* uses see the grammar. It also serves to indicate the per- son commanded with passive verbs in "en." Agpasagadca iti silid. Have the room swept. Nagpaabagatan ni amamon? Has your father gone south yet? Ania dica agpadengngeg can- iac? What, do you think I can't hear (have no ears) ? Agpayso. Certainly, indeed. / Agquisquis. To shave. \/ Agsin . Active verbal particle indicating rivalry or reci- procity. Agsinsisiribda. They are rivals in learning. Agsinquiquitada. They are looking at each other. ^ Agsipud. Because. Saan a immay agsipud iti cadaques ti tiempo. He did not come because the weather / was bad. \yAgtagui . Active verbal particle indicating supply or equip- ment. Agtaguipaltoogca? Are you supplied (equipped) with a gun? Aga- Agaag. ^ Agarup. I'^CjVyi^ Ages. \ ' r Agay-ayam. "^ Agca . K^ Agcaca- - Agcaca a\ u Agcamano ? ^Agcasta. ^, Agdan. Ag inn — Aglayao. Ag n . 7 Agnanayon. Agong. Agpa . ILOCO LANGUAGE. 117 / Aguec. -y Aguin— Aguin-inot. Ala. Alad. . Al-alia. / Alas. ■ Aldao. vAleg. yAliao. Alicamen. ^ Aline dned. Alingo, Alls. Al-alanagm. Al-lec. Al-lid. Al-lilao. ■ Ahem. Aluad. Alumamay. Alunus. Aluti-it. Ama. Amangan! Amat. "^ Ames. ^. Amian. Amin. V Amin no. Ammo. -an. To kiss. Agcam ti ima ti Padi. Kiss the Fath- er's (the priest's) hand. Active verbal particle indicating pretence or the assumption of a character or part. Aguinpipi- layda. They pretend to be lame. Little by little. To take, receive, bring (for this ''yeg" is more commonly used), grab, seize, steal. Fence of bamboo, cane, stakes, etc. Phantom (compare aliao, fear). A vvord or act indecent, dishonorable, or simply improper, or not looking Well. Day. Aldao ti casangay, birthday. To hurry, either another or oneself. Fear, horror, fright, repugnance. Tools of an artisan, household, utensils, etc. Amulet used by ladrones to protect them from being shot. Great obscurity as of a cavern, dungeon, etc. Wild pig, pig of the mountains. To transfer or move a thing from one place to another. Also used for contagion. Macaalis a saquit ti hurtong. Smallpox is contagious. A carpenter. Beauty. Bees-wax. To be mistaken. Bitterness. Care, to be careful to do a thing well. Suavity, affability in manners and speech; mild or pleasant weather, temperature, etc. Naalu- mamay ti saona. His address (words) is agreeable. To eat without having rice or bread. Newt, small lizard. Father (plural amma or am-amma). Oh! Peace, tranquility, rest. Fear, fright. ^ The north wind. Amianan^, the north. All, the whole. Provided that. To know (passive and irregular) ; combined with the? passive particle *Vn" it means "to learn, to try to know or understand that of which one was previously ignorant'*; wisdom, knowledge of anything. * Passive verbal suffix, for whose uses see the grammar. With co (my) it coalesces to form ac, with mo (thy) it forms am, with yo (your) to form aiyo. Examples of uses: Acaba unay toy a tahla, quissayam bas- sit. This board is very broad, trim it down a little. Caluban ti burnay. Put the cover on the jar. Manuancanto? How many will you have? Pitoanacto. T shall receive sev^n. Siloam day- ta cabayo. Rope that horse. Manu ti daitan- daf How much do they earn by sewing? Saanay a pagayan toy a talon? Are you not ii8 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Anac, ]/Anay, ^ Angao. y Anges. An gin. An got. ^ Angri, Ani. Ania. Ania ti gapunaf Aninioan. Annad, Anno, Annong. Antonanno, V Anup. Aoan. Aoat. Apa, ^ Apag . Apal. J Apaman. Apan. ^, Apas. J Apayapayf Aplag. Apo, Apon. Apros. Apug. Apuy. Aquin . J planting rice in this field? *'An" is also used with nouns to denote aggregation, the particle "sanga" being used as a prefix, as: sangaputo- tan, a family ; sangailian, a town (inhabitants of a town) ; sangasapatoasan, a pair of shoes. It is also used (optionally) with the suffix "en'* to form an exclamation (see en). Son, daughter, child. Plural annac or an-annac. An insect, soft-bodied, working in the dark and through tunnels, very destructive, improperly called the "white ant." Sufficiency, to equal something in measure, weight, or number, etc. Immodesty, indecency. Respiration, to breathe. Wind. Naangin unay. It is very windy. Effluvium, with passive particle ''en" it means "to smell, use the sense of smell." Agangangotda. They emit an odor or scent, generally offensive, as certain animals do. Effluvium or bad smell from fish. The rice-harvest. What (interrogative). Also exclamatory, an- swering to the Spanish ''que cosa'* or our in- ter jectionary use "What !" Why? A phantom. Distrust, misgiving. Unless, if not, answering sometimes to the Span- ish "o sino." Ibusem ti tinapay anno pusaen. Clear (throw) away the bread, unless the cat will eat it. Agtrahajoca anno bautenca. Go to work, or if not he will beat you. Obligation, duty. An independent particle indicating future time. To hunt with horses and dogs, or with dogs only. None, no one, nothing, no; being the negative of adda. Aoan ti aso iti halay itoyf Is there no dog in this house? To deliver anything. Strife, wrangling. Agapa, to wrangle (two). Agaapa, the same when there are three or more. A particle denoting recentness of action or oc- currence. Apagitlog, a new-laid t^g. Envy. Scarcely, hardly, poorly. To go (see "pan" and "ay"). Peevishness, anger, surliness. Why? To spread out a thing, as cloth, paper, mats, etc. Grandfather, master. Plural appo or ap-appo^ Also used for grandchild. "Tanto lo toman para uno como para otro, ya por termino de propriedad, ya por expresion de amor y carina."' — Carro, Iloco-Espanol vocabulario. To gather the herd, round up. To squeeze gently. Lime, chalk. Fire. Substantive particle indicating ownership, master- ILOCO LANGUAGE. 119 Aquiquid. Arab. Arac. Aracup. Arado. Aramid. Ararao, \yArasao. i^Arem. ^ Aricap. Artec. \/ Arigman. Aripapa. Aritos. Asa. Asaua. Aside g. A sin. Asino. V Asipayf Aso. ^ Asp Hi. Astay. A sue. Asug. V. At a. \yAtanud. i/Atap. Atep. Atiddag. Atiddug. / Auaao. Auay. Auid. Auis. Ay. Ay! Arab. Ayam. Avaon. Avaf. ^ Ay-ayo. "como sino"). (Spanish, "zarcillos"). wife, plural assaua or as- ship, responsibility, Aquinbalay isu. He is the master of the house. Aquinbasol aco. It is my fault. Asin ti aquincua day toy a relos? Who owns this watch? Aquin is also used as a pas- sive particle to denote the placing of one thing with reference to another. (See "paquin en.") Narrow, close. Pasture. Liquor made from the nipa palm, *'vino" wine or distilled liquor of any kind. To embrace. "Plough, to plough (Spanish). Work, labor, act. Complaint, lament. Washing of meat, rice, etc. Lust, lasciviousness. Sense of touch, to touch. Loathing, repugnance. As if (like Spanish "como sij Bashfulness, shame. Ear-rings, pendants To sharpen. Spouse, husband or assaua. Proximity, nearness, used with the force of the preposition "near." Salt. Who? (Generally abbreviated to asin, some- times found as asinno.) Interjection of grief, answering to "Woe is me I" etc. Dog. Pin, to pin. To be on the point of (doing). Smoke. Complaint, moan, to complain. Greenness of fruit (that is not yet ripe). Godfather, godmother. • Suspicion. Crossbar, wedge. Covering of roof of hou^e, roof. A long thing, as a rope, pole, etc. To enlarge; used also of lengthening a conversation. Same as above, long. To lose strength, become flat or insipid (as beer, wine, etc.). The outskirts of a town. ♦ Custom, habit. To draw a thing towards one- self, as pulling down the branch of a tree to get at the fruit. To retire, retreat. To move, incite, attract one to good or evil. To come, classed with the irregular verbs, used with active particle urn . Ah! To call, to knock at the door. Pleasure, diversion. Care, vigilance, to watch. Love, afifection, pleasure, gratification, to love. Amiability, affection. 120 ILOCO LANGUAGE. B. V y Baac. Baba. Babaga. Babaoi. Babay, Babuy. Baca. Bacal. Bacnang. Badang, Bado. Baga. Bagas. Bagui. Baguis. Bain. Balangat. Balasang. " Balatong. Balay. Balicas. Balin. f^Balinsuec, Baliquid. Balitoc. /Baliu. yBal-ligui. Balo. Baton. . Balunet. y Banag. Banca. Banco. yBanga. Bangir. yBangon. y Banias. Baniit. Bannug. Bant ay. Ba-o. Baon. \Baqued. ^Baques. Baquct. Baquir. Bararo. Stale, musty, rancid. Down, below. Advice, counsel, reproof. Repentance. Woman, female. Pig (whether male or female) ; babuy a tao, a dirty, indecent fellow. Name for domestic cattle (male or female; Span- ish "vaca"). Battle, fight, combat, whether of two or more. Nobility, eminence (either because of birth or of wealth). Aid, succor, help; working-bolo. Shirt, anciently applied to clothing, which use still survives in the Igorot facho {"f" for "b" "cW' for "d"). To say. Rice that is husked and ready for use as food. Part, portion, set task (Spanish "tarea"). The body, whether of man or of other animals. Tripe, belly, intestines, also the wick of a can- dle. From this word comes cabaguis (brother or sister from the same mother.) Shame. Crown, garland. Maiden, unmarried woman. Plural bab-balasang. A small bean (same as the Spanish "mongos"). House. /4^^a/fl3;, to thicken, coagulate (as milk). Pronunciation. Power, ability, to be able. To stand on the head. To turn, to reverse, get on the other side. Gold. Change, mutation. Triumph. Widow. Convoy, supplies for a journey, food, money, arms, etc. Cross-bar of door or window. Effect, result. A card e:ame ; agbanca, to play ''banca." Bench (from the Spanish). Earthen jar for cooking. Side, also the leaf of a book. To get up (as from a recumbent position). Lizard, the iguana. Fish-hook. Weariness, exhaustion. Mountain : care, vigilance, guard. Mouse. One who is sent, messenger; mangbaon, a ser- vant. Strength, firmness (of inanimate things). Monkey, the macaco. Old woman ; plural, bab-baquet Jungle, thicket, ''bosque." Blue-eyed. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 121 :^ Barengbareng. /^ Barcng no. .'Barihar. Bariques, Baro. Barucong. Basa. Baso. Basol. Bassit. Batad. Batalan. Baieng. Bati. Bato. Batog. Bauang. Baut. s/Bay-a. Bayad. Bayo. Bayog. Bctyyabas. /Bedbed. Bel-lang. Bcl-leng. Beltac. Bengbeng. Bennat. , Bcnnec. Bcssag. Bibig. Bidang, Bigbig. y Biig. Biing. yBiit. Bilag. Btlang. Bilango, Transitory, vain, empty, superannuated, false. Barengbareng a Cristiano, a hypocrifical Chris- tian. Dios a barengbareng, a false god. If, perchance (Spanish, "a ver si," "por si"). Upside down. Girth, band, fillet, girdle. Youth, unmarried man; plural, bab-baro. The breast. To read (accented on the penult) ; wetness, to be wet, to wet (accent on the ultimate). Glass, tumbler (from the Spanish). Fault, sin, error, lack. Little, short of stature, few. Used also to form diminutives, as : ti asoyo a bassit, your little dog, pup, poodle. Clear, frank, without duplicity. Call-bell, knocker of door. Hunting-net. To leave (passive), as: ibati, to leave something; mabati, to leave something through forgetful- ness. To remain (active), as: agbati, to re- main on purpose ; mabati, to remain without in- tending. (Note that ''ma" is used both ac- tively and passively.) Stone, rock. Rank, file, line. Garlic. Whip, lash, stroke of whip. To abandon an enterprise. Payment. To hull rice. Tardiness. Guavas. Bandage. "Palma Brava," fan. To throw away a worthless thing; derivatives: ibel-leng, to cast a portion of the cargo into the sea; aquibleng, to relieve oneself, to have the diarrhea; paqniblengan, a latrine. To split a tree lengthwise. Mosquito-net C'mosquitero," Carro), cloth hung over a doorway. To stretch anything. Fresh-vv^ater mussels. To lose color, turn pale. Lips, whether of a person or an animal. Apron, tapis or cloth worn over the skirt by Filipinos. To examine attentively, to recognize; Mabigbigco ni Antonio. I recognize Antonio. All in the sense of segregation frotn other things, as : biig a bigas, all rice ; biig a ub-ubbing, they are all children. Awakening, to awaken. Soon, shortly. To place something in the sun for thft purpose of drying. To account, recount, sum up. Constable. 122 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Bilin. Bills, Bin-ig. Binting. Bircug, Biruc. Birri, Bisin, Bisucol. Bitay. Bitin. Bitla. Bituen. Bolo. Bo long. Booc. Boong. Brisca. Bubon. Bubus, Bucacao. Buclao. Buclis. Bucot. Bugagao. Bugbugtong, Bug-go. Buis. Bula. Bulan. Bulding. Bulig. Bulon. Bulos. Bulsec. Bunag. Buneng. Bunga. Buniag. Bunubun. Buquel. Command, order, precept, instructions.^ Sardines. Pure, unmixed (see biig). Two reals, value being twenty centavos (old style), or twenty-five (Conant or new style). Vagabond. To seek (see sapul). To split, burst open (as wood or other material). Hunger, to be hungry. Round snail found in lakes and ponds. To hang a person or animal ; pagbitayan, gallows. To hang oneself by the han^s or feet from some elevated object, as a trapeze-bar or rings. Speech, address, oration. Star ; bituen a nagdulao, a comet ; umalis a bituen, a meteor. Cane, bamboo; caboloan, a canebrake. Leaf of tree, plant, book. Hair of a person. To split, break, fracture (as a dish, etc.). A game of cards (Spanish). A well, a little hole by the bank of a stream, made to obtain filtered water. To consume, use up, exhaust. A plant with stem resembling that of maize, and head like that of rice, probably millet (Span- ish "mijo," Tagalog "bugaga") . Gluttony. Same as the preceding. Back of a person or animal, back of a book. A person with blue eyes, an albino, one with red hair on head and body. An only son, who neither had, has, nor will have a brother. The only one of a class or species, as a house, or a tree, like which there is no other in the vicinity. Cleanliness, to clean, wash. Tribute, tax. Boar for breeding (Spanish "verraco"). Moon, month. Twisted, deformed. Cluster of bananas. A load carried between two persons. Prodigality, profusion. To release or free a person or animal that has been confined or tied. Blind, plural bu-buhec. To cart, transport from one place to another. Bolo, machete. Pruit. To give a name to a person. This word was anciently and authoritatively used for baptism, and is still in vulgar use in tHis sense, but its employment is discountenanced by the Roman Catholic Church. To sow seed, to plant. Stone or seed of fruit; any complete, round ob- ject, as: a wheel, a cone of sugar, a loaf of ILOCO LANGUAGE. 123 Buras. Burec. Burias. Burnay. Burro. Bur long. Bussug, Butaca. Buteng. Butoy. Buya. Buyoc, Ca. Ca- Caano. Caaroha. Caasi bread, etc. To form (as a foetus in the womb, a stone in fruit), to conceive an idea, to cre- ate; wholly, entirely. See for its various uses the ''vocahulario" of Carro. Harvest of anything but that which ,has a grain- bearing head (as rice, etc.). See ani. To boil (water, or anything cooking). Sucking-pig. ^O A jaa Maysan burnay J an empty jar; sangabur- I nay, a jar that is filled with anything. '^ A game of cards. Smallpox. Satiety, to eat to repletion. Arm-chair, easy-chair. Fear. Calf of the leg. To see, to regard or view that which causes pleas- ure and gratification. Fetid smell arising from rotting or putrefaction. C. Same as cas (a syncopation), defined by Carro as an adverb of likeness. The meaning is rather "is like," sometimes **as if." Iti bulsec cas iti matmaturog. The blind are like those who sleep. Caac di umay ditoy. As if I should not come here. Personal pronoun of the second person nominative singular, used as a suffix. Naimbagca nga tao. You are a good man. Par- ticle used as a prefix in forming abstract nouns, as: adu (many), caadu (multitude); ngato (high), cangato (height) ; dacquel (great), cadacquel (greatness), etc. Particle used as a prefix with nouns or verbal roots to indicate recentness, as: itlog {^gg), caitlog (a new-laid ^gg) ; l^io (to cook), caluluto (just cooked). Particle used as a prefix to denote companion- ship, as: adal (to study), caadalco (he is my school-mate). Particles used to express the true superlative, answering to the Spanish "lo mas" as : casuli- tan, most difficult. Used to indicate a place where there is an abundance of the thing do- noted by the root, as: darat (sand), cadaratan (a sand-pit) ; cayo (tree), cacayoan (a forest). Passive verbal particles, for whose lise see the grammar. Preterite in some cases na — an, sometimes quina an. Ipamagam ti bado. Ipamagac, ngem dinto camagaan. Lay the shirt out to dry. I will do so, but it will not dry. Pitpito cami caualoannacam. We are only seven, increase our number to eight. Up- uppatda, quet quinasiamac. There were only four, and I increased their number to nine. Particle used with verbs, meaning "when" of time past. iVeighbor. Mercy, pity, compassion. 124 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Cababalin. Cabaguis. Cabao. Cabayo. CabiL Cablaao. Cab sat. Cabusor. Caca. Cacaisuna. Cada. Cadacami. Cadacayo. Cadacuada. Cadaguidiay. Cadaguita. Cadaguiti. Cadaguitoy. Cadaoyan. Cadata. Cadatao. Cadatayo. Cadi. Cadpay ta. Ca en. Cagat. Cailala! Cailian. Cajel. Calap. Calapao. Calapati. Calatio. Calding. Cali. Calicagum. Cal-logong. Caiman. Caloncon. Custom, habit. Brother (from bqguis, womb). Weakness (term applied to tobacco, spices, per- fumes, etc.) Horse (from the Spanish). To maltreat. Salute, greeting, congratulation. Brother, sister. He who is evilly disposed towards another, de- sires to injure him. Elder brother. It is the only one, the last there is, there is no more than this. An untranslatable conjunction (meaning "and"), used where a number of individuals are enum- erated before all save the first and last of the group. Isuda, cada Pedro, cada Maria, cada Pablo, quen Diego. She (see the grammar for the explanation of the use of a plural instead of a singular), Peter, Mary, Paul, and Diego. To, for, in, with, by us (exclusive of the person or persons addressed). To, for, etc., you (plural). To, for, etc., them. To, for, etc., those (Spanish ''aquellos"). To, for, etc., those (Spanish ''esos''). "The" plural (to, for, etc.) ; also used for oblique case oi "those" (see cadaguidiay). To, for, etc., these. Custom, habit. To, for, etc., us (thee and me, dual form). To, for, etc., one (indefinite). To, for, etc., us (us and thee). Perhaps, perchance; also used as a supplicative after imperatives, like our *'pray" or "please." Thanks (Spanish '^gracias que''). Passive particles giving the idea of adding to or subtracting from, doing more or less. Caduem ti canen. Increase (the supply of) food. Ca- biitenda ti agpatit. Let them ring for a little while. The preterite is quina . Quinabayag- da ti nagpatit. They rang for a long while. To bite, take a bite. What a pity ! A neighbor, fellow-townsman ; also the common people, the ''vulgus." The blood orange (Spanish). Fishing, to fish with net, hook, etc. Hut, a poor, wretched house, especially one in the fields (sementera) . House-pigeon. Five cuartos, one-fourth of a real, equal to two and a half centavos (old style). Goat. Hole in the earth, to dig. Desire. Hat of any material or form. Yesterday (used with idi, idi caiman). To clear away (as dishes from the table). ILOCO LANGUAGE. I2S Calson. Caluh. Caluya. Camacam. Camat. cami. Camote. Cam pit. Can, Canauan. Canen. Caniac. Caniada. Caniana. Canica — Canioas, Canta. Capas. Capet. Capuy. Carabucub. Caradcad. Caramba. Cararag. Cararua. Carayan. Cart. Caro. Cartib. Carting. Cas. Casaba. Casano. Cas casta met. Casar. Casinsin. Caspagarigan. Casta. Casta met. Casta nga agpayso. Pantaloons (from the Spanish). Lid of anything, slab on a grave. Prohibition. To catch up to and join a person or animal going before, to attain, to arrive in time (as to mass^ the theatre, etc.). To pursue, to follow, succeed (as one shower succeeding another). We, exclusive of the person or persons spoken to^ Yam, sweet potato. To wander from the point, to intrude into a con- versation that does not concern one. Syncopation of "cano*' ("they say"). Adda can ni Apo Obispo. They say that it is the Lord Bishop. Syncopation of canen (food). The right hand, the right. Food. To, for, me. To, for, them. To, for, him. A particle used formerly in the composition of numerals (now obsolete). Method of use given in the grammar. Example : Canicatlo quet tal- lo, twenty-three. Infraction of the law, contrariety, opposition. Sacred music (from the Spanish). Tree-cotton, used also for ordinary cotton. To grasp or seize something to keep from falling- Weakness, debility (whether physical or spirit- ual). Larynx, the "Adam's apple." Lightness, agility in movement, good health; na- caradcad, well, in good health. A large water jar or olla. Prayer to God or to the saints. The soul. Anciently it was carma. River. Vow, promise. Excessive (demasiado). Nacaro ti saquitna, tt pudotna, etc. He is very ill. He has a high fever, etc. Scissors. Lightness, readiness. Adverb of likeness, how, as : Cas caiman pa laeng ti ipapatay ni Antonio. It seems as if it were only yesterday that Antonio died. ^ Sermon, preaching. Particle of interrogation, answering generally to ''que tal," how, etc. Used also in inquiries as to dimensions. Casano ti talon ni Pedro? How large is Peter's farm? So as {asi como, asi tambien). To marry (Spanish). Cousin {"primo carnal"). For example (from arig, likeness, comparison). So. So also, in the same way. In effect ("asi es efectivamente"). 126 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Casta unay. Castila. Casucub, Catalec, Catam. Cataoa, Catay. Catiguid, Catre. Cauar, Cauayan, Caues. Cauitan, Cayat. Cayo. Cayong. Chocalate, Cigarillos. Cochero, Cocinero. Co etna, Colot. Coma. Cona. Confesar. Corod. Corredor. Cotoft. Cot-tong, Cua . Cub-ho. Cubierto. Used in combination with // ta. As so. (Spanish "tan que''). Spaniard, Spanish. Relation, plural eacasucub (from sueub, parentes- eo). Protector, advocate. A carpenter's brush; quinatam, shavings (that which is brushed up by the catam). Laughter; naeaeatcataoa, mirth-provoking. Saliva, the slime that a serpent casts about its prey. The left hand, the left. Cot, a small bed (Spanish). A chain or bonds, whether of iron, wood, rattan, or other material. Cane, bamboo (used generally of the latter). Garment, dress, clothing. Rooster. To wish (passive verb). Carro says that this verb answers rather to "querer" (the act of the will) than to "desear" (the impulse of the heart or of the emotions). Wood of any description, even used of the stem of lettuce and other plants, tree. Personal pro- noun (suffix), second person plural, nomina- tive. Naladin git cayo. You appear to be sad. Brother-in-law. Chocolate. Cigarettes. My (suffix), abbreviated to c after a vowel, and after an or en (the *V being also syncopated). Driver (Spanish). Cook (Spanish). Kitchen (Spanish). Curly or wooly-haired (as negritos, for instance). An independent particle used to indicate the sub- junctive, used either alone or in conjunction with other words; also potential in character. Agsuratac coma, ngem masadutae. I should be writing, but I feel lazy. No coma no saan a pilay. If he had not been lame. To say (irregular verb), used where the words are actually quoted. Cona ni Jesucristo iti evan- gelio . Says Jesus Christ in the gospel . Its preterite is qUinona. Umayacto, quinona ti ubing. "I will come," said the boy. Confession (from the Spanish). Mouse-trap. Corridor (Spanish). Ant C'hormiga"). Leanness. Particle indicating proprietorship or possession. From this are formed the possessive pronouns; cuac, cuam, cuana, cuatayo, cuami, cuata, cuayo, cuada; mine, thine, his, hers, etc. Used also with aquin (which see). Hunchback (also cobbo or quebbo). Dish (Spanish). ILOCO LANGUAGE. 127 Cuchara, Cuchillo, Cucu. Cucua. Cuddo, Cuddut Cudil, Cudrep. Culintipay. Culisip, Cupin. Cuppit. Curad. t urang. Curarapnit. Curibut. . Curicur. Curita. Cuscus. Cuspag, Cusucos, Cuti. Cuto. Cuyog. -da. Vaan. Dacami, Dacayo. Dacquel. Daculap. Dadael. Dadang. Daeg. VaeL Spoon (Spanish). Knife (Spanish; see imuco). Nails of person or animal (also coco). Estate, property, effects (a reduplication of cua, which see). A game played* with pebbles, similar to jack- stones. To pinch with the ends of the fingers, a pinch, a small quantity. Skin of a person, pelt of an animal, outside skin of cane or bamboo. Dimness or opacity of light, whether natural or artificial; obscurity of meaning in language, thought, composition, etc. Shells such as are used for windows. Tube for drinking (straw), stem of pipe, etc. (Also culisep). To double or fold (as cloth, paper, etc.). Also copin. The use of for of seems to have no set rule. In the ancient alpha- bets there were but three vowels, namely "a," one doing duty for "e" or "i," and one serving for "0" or "w." It is not considered essential in the future to note these variations. Flat-nosed. Ring-worm, tetter. To lack, be short. Small bat, the house-bat. A long, broad basket. To wash or clean out the ears. The cuttle-fish. To scrape, rasp, file. Pride, haughtiness. The sinking or giving away from its weight or other cause of a house, post, rubble work, etc. To move, either transitive or intransitive. Head-louse. To accompany. D. Personal pronoun, suffix of the third person plural, nominative or genitive. Natacrotda. They are cowards. Calcalienda deydiay a cayo. They are digging up that wood. Old (of things). To wait, expect soipe person. We (exclusive of the person addressed). You (plural). Great, grand. Dacquel a halay. A large house. Used in the plural for parents, elders, and for more remote relationships as grandparents, etc. Daguiti dadacquelco. My parents. The palm of the hand. To cast away or lose a thing, to mangle, break, squander, waste. To heat somethiner at the fire a little, to warm one^ self. Grace, majesty, beauty, gorgeousness. Scarcely. Dael to maquita dediay a bituen. One 128 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Dagas. Dagdag, Dagsen, Daguidiay, Daguita. Daguiti. Daguitoy. Dagum. Dagus. Dait. Dalan, Dalayap. Dal-luyon. Dalupo. Dalus. Damag. Da man! Damili. Damo. Danag. Dandani. Danes. Dangan. Danger. Dani. , Danio. Danug. Danum. Danun. Daoel. Dapan. Dapo. Daques. Dara. Daras. Darat. Daroy. Darum. can hardly see that star. Also with sense of gratulation for happy contingency. Dael sa pay no adda gumatang, ta madadaelen. It was a good thing that it was bought, for it was on the point of spoiling. To hasten, hurry, be quick. To hurry. Weight, gravity, either physical or moral. Na- dagsen a cayo. Heavy wood. Basol a nadag- sen. A grievous offence. Nominative and genitive plural of" dediay. Those^ of those. Nominative and genitive plural of deyta. Those^ of those. (Spanish "esos.") Nominative and genitive plural of the definite articles iti (common) and ni (proper). Alsc^ used for daguidiay (Spanish "aquellos"). Nominative and genitive plural of daytoy (or deytoy), these (Spanish "estos"). Needle, sting of bee, proboscis of mosquito, etc. (Sometimes dagun). To entertain, hostelry, inn. To sew. Road. Lemon. Wave of the sea, or of a lake. Pile, heap C'mouton desordenado"), as of hay,„ linen, wood, etc. Cleanliness, both in physical and moral sense. News, rumor. Stop! Hold! Refrain! Chinaware, and all kinds of pottery. Beginning of a period of time, or of an act. Damo ti bulan. The beginning of the month. Damona ti agsurat. He has begun to write. Disquietude, perturbation. In a day or so. Disdain, insult, persecution ; to despise, to try to injure. Distance from the thumb (extended) to the tip of the little finger. Mirthful, jesting, gracious, proud, haughty. Near in time (same as adani). Secular song (see canta). Blow with the clenched fist. Water. To reach, arrive. Cruelty, barbarity, atrocity. Sole of the feet. Ashes. Bad (physically or morally). Daques a palangca,. sao, aramid, cadaoyan, etc. A bad chair, word, work, habit, etc. Blood. Hurry, haste. Sand. Clear, pellucid, the opposite of thick (used of liquids). Accusation, denunciation. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 129 Data. To place oneself with the mouth up. We (thou and I). Datag. To give a reason, render account. Datao. Nominative and genitive of the impersonal pro- noun "one" (answering to the French "on" or the German ''man"). Datar, To place anything (food, etc.) on the table, or on the floor, to share anything, to issue rations. Datayo. We and thou. Daton. Offering, oblation, sacrifice. Day a. Feast, party, wedding reception (accent on the utimate) ; the east (accent on the penult). Dayao, Honor. Daydi. That, of that {''aquello"). Daytoy. This, of this. Dediay. That; of, in, etc., that {"aquello"). Degdeg. To add, augment, increase. Del-lao. Novelty, news, notice. Denden. To join one thing to another, to approach, to cause to approach. Dengngeg. To hear, the sense of hearing. Denna. Nearness, proximity (compare adani, dani). Deppa. A fathom, armstretch, "braza" (used with sanga, sangadeppa). Deppel. Signature, impression, mark, engraving; to im- print, seal, stamp with a seal. Dessaar. Floor of a house, etc. Idessaar, to place a thing * on the floor. Deyta. That, of that {"eso'^). Di. That, of that {"aquello") ; not (used as a prefix, see the grammar for its idiomatic uses). Dica agtacao. Thou shalt not steal. Diac cayat. I do not wish. Digo. Broth, bouillon ; also used for the water in which something has been cooked. Digus. To bathe. Vila. Tongue of ^n animal, clapper of a bell, arrow- point, plough-share. Di la mamin-an. Lest. Dingo. To raise or fatten pigs or other animals. Dios. God (Spanish). Diram-us. To wash the face. Disaag. To slight. Dita. There {"aJii"). Difoy. Here. Dua. Two. Duadua. To doubt. ♦ Duapolo. Twentv. Ducut. Angrish. disquietude, affliction, sadness. Dulin. To guard, keep. Dumalaga. A vonng hen that has not yet begun to lay. Dungngo. Affection, esteem. Dun^sa. To doze, to sleep out of the regular time. Dunar. Hurt, lesion, wound (applied even to vegetable life) : sometimes danar. Duron. To push, impel. Dusa. To chastise, punish, impose penance. I30 ILOCO LANGUAGE. E. Em, Emma. Eft. Escoba. Escribiente. Essem. ''En" or "in" used in- But, notwithstanding, than (contraction of ngem). In comparative phrases it has the force of "than." tayaida, em . They wish to, but . Naimimbag daytoy em dediay. This is better than that. Afifability. Irregular verb "to go." differently. Inca or enca. You go (singul^ar). Suffix with the force of the Spanish "ya," just, yet, already. After a vowel it^^s abbreviated to ''n." When attached to the pronoun ac (I) it is changed to "on.'' Umay. He i? coming. Umayen. He is coming now. Maturog. * He is sleeping. Maturoguen. He has just fallen asleep. JJmayac. 1 am coming. Umayacon. I am coming now. Passive particle suffix, for whose uses see the grammar. Dinto cotonen toy a azucar? Will not the ants eat this su- gar? Bortongennacsa. I feel as if I were go- ing to have the smallpox. Sangapuluenda. They made them up to an even ten. Babadoen daytoy a abel. This material is good for shirts. When followed by co (my) it coalesces with it to form. ec. If followed by mo (thy) it forms with it em. When followed by yo (your) it forms eiyo. Ramramayec ti agcali. I am digging with my fingers. T aero t em ti asec? Do you think my dog is cowardly? Sapuleiyo ti cabayonaf Are you hunting his horse? Used also in exclamations of surprise (with or with- out the particle "an" preceding). Naimbaguenf How good ! Clothes-brush, broom (Spanish). Scribe, secretary, clerk (Spanish). To wish, desire (Spanish "desear''). G. Gaddil. Gagara. Gaguet. Galip. Galis. Galot. Gambang. Ganat. Gango. Gaoat, Gaoay. Gape, The itch. Purpose, end, intent. Activity. Slice. To slide, slip, backslide. To tie, fasten, bind. Copper. Hurry, speed. Guinaganatan a aramid. A thing done hurriedly. Dryness of leaves, plants, trees, etc. To reach something that is on high or distant, to attain with the understanding, to gain an office or position, to be equal to. Diac magaoat dayta. I am not sufficient for that. Respect, reverence (also gaogaoay). Cause, origin, point of arrival or of departure, by. Iti Dios aoan gapona. God has not a be- ginning. Iti daques ti gapona sangitan ti tong- palna. He who starts badly will end in weep- ILOCO LANGUAGE. 131 ing. Ipagapo iti caicarian ni Crista. By virtue of the merits of Christ. Garacgac. A laugh, laughter. Garami. Straw of rice, millet, etc. Garao. Disquietude, restlessness. Gargaret. Household effects (furniture or utensils), tools of carpenter, mechanic, etc. Garogad. File, rasp. Gasang. Sharp (in taste, as mustard, pepper, etc.). Gatas. Milk. Gatel. Itching on the body or head. Gatud, To strip the leaf of tobacco or buyo. Gaud. Oar. Aggaud, to row; manggaud, an oarsman. Gaued^ The leaf of the buyo. Gay ad. Length, a long thing (like a trailing skirt, the projecting eaves of a house, etc.). Gayam! An exclamation of admiration or approbation. Gayang. Lance, spear. Gayyem. Friend. Ginebra. Ginger (Spanish). Gonggona. Profit, deserving. Used as an expression of mockery for one who has received his just des- erts, suffered punishment or loss. Gorrood. Thunder; Aggorrood, to thunder. . Gotocgotoc. Palpitation. Gubat. Battle, fight, combat. Guddua. Division, making two of one. Guerguer. Sign, notch, mark, etc. Guetteng. Scissors. Guettenguen, to cut with scissors. Gugu» Soap-tree bark. Guiguir. Fear, suspicion, apprehension. Guil-ayab. Flame, flash, bursting forth of fire. Guiling. To grind. Guilingan, a mill. Guin-aua. Rest, refreshment. Guinguined. Earthquake. Gulgul. To wash the head with gugu or soap-tree bark. Gupit. Treasures, wealth. Gura. Hate, anger. Gurigor, Fever. Gusugos, To flourish, as brush in lathering, pen in writing, handling brush in painting, rag in cleaning, etc. Prepositional particle, indicating from where a person comes (as his home). Ibacnotanac. I am from Bacnotan. Verbal passive particle, whose uses are given in the grammar. The preterite is "in*' before any consonant except "I" or "r," when it is *'il" or "ir." Before a vowel it becomes "ii." Iditoyme dayta. Place that (article) here. Aoan ti igatangco. I have nothing wherewith to buy it. Ania ti isangpet- mo ditoy ? What are you bringing here ? When a verb in "i" takes an active particle the "i" is not dropped. Apayapay inbulesmo ti cabayo ? Saan a siac ti nangibulos. Why did you let that horse loose? It was not I who did it. 132 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Ibbat Ibit. Ibos. Icamen. lean, Icao. Iccan. Icgan. Icquis. Ida, Idi. Idiay, Idi caiman, Igguem. Igop. Iguid. Ilalapay! Hi. Iliu. Hot. ImOi Imaig. Imaim. Imas. Imaten, Imbag. Imis. This particle is often used in place of the pas- sive particles '* en" or " an." Passive verbal particles, for whose uses see the grammar. Ibalayanminto ti utangmi eadacayo. We will pay you by raising your house. Isa- gadannac. Do the sweeping for me (in my place). To loose. Crying of a child. Used up, exhausted (as flour, sugar, hay, etc.). Native mat. Fish. Pendant, ear-ring. To give. Iccannac iti limos. Give me some alms. To put, place. Iccam dayta banga iti bassit a asin. Put a little salt in that pot. Yolk of an ^g^. To cry, call, a cry heard from afar. They. Saanda nga gayyem ida. They are not their friends. Then, when. An adverb of time, used as an aux- iliary, referring to time past. Adu ti piracco idi. At that time I had much money. For, to, that {aquel, dative of the demonstra- tive) ; there {alia, adverb) ; used as a preposi- tion with reference to places ordinarily fre- quented or occupied by its object. Adin ti yan ti Padif Idiay ti simbaan. Where is the Father (priest) ? He is* in the church. Yesterday. l^he fist, Aguiggucm, to strike with the fist. To take a sup, drink, draught. Border, edge, coast, line of the horizon, border of cloth, etc. As a preposition it may mean "along," "on the edge of," etc. What a pity! Town. The desire to see. To squeeze. Hand (human), paw of animal, sleeve of a gar- ment. Neatness, cleanliness. Shame, bashfulness. Pleasant, sweet, appetizing. * Iniasen, to taste. Foresight, providence. Imatenannatay ni Ape Dios. God cares for us all. Goodness, physical or moral. Prudery, fastidiousness, effeminacy, foppery. Preterite of the active verbal particle ** WW ." Dimmacquel daguiti pusam. Your cats have grown quite large. Simmangpet ni amamonf Has your father arrived yet? Beauty, gracefulness of person. Knife (see cuehillo). Niggardliness, sordidness, meanness. Preterite of the passive verbal particle "i." Placed before the root, if that begin with any conson- are used respectively. If the root begin with a ILOCO LANGUAGE. 133 Ina. Inana. Inanama, Inangay. Inapuy. In audi. Inauna. Inayad. Indayon, In gat, Ingel. Inggat. Ingguet. Ingpis. Init. Innac. Innent. I not. Intaer. Integ. Inton-anno. Intono. Intuud. Inudo. Inum. Ipa- vowel then 'Hi" or ''iy" is used. Inbunongcon. I have already made distribution. Ir-rudrcon, I have just removed it. Illacocon. I have al- ready sold it. lyulugdan. They have shut them now. Preterite of the passive verbal particle " en" initial or inserted. Inaramidcon. I have finished it now. Pinarutmi aminen. We have already gathered everything. Particle in- serted in nouns giving force of an adverb of time (distributive). Binigat, every morning; inoran-horas, every hour; dinomingo, weekly, every week. Preterite of the active verbal particle " an." Quinauesanda ti ubingf Have they dressed the child? (From caues, clothing, the "c" being converted into "qu" before the V). Preterite of the formula of cause of the active verbal particle *' um ." Ania ti saanyo tinuga- oan? Why did you not sit for a while? Mother. Plural inna, in-inna. Rest, quiet, repose. Confidence, hope. A guest. Boiled rice {"morisqueta" Spanish). Last or youngest brother. First or oldest brother. Slow, little by little. Cradle fashioned after manner of a hammock. A little stick, a tooth-pick. Valor, high spirit; also strength in wine, spirits, etc. End, finis, termination; also meaning "hasta" until, whilst, etc. Inggat malem, until the even- ing. Adverb used with adjectives to express the super- lative degree, answering to the Spanish " is- simo." Ingguet dalus, sam-it, teppel, etc. Very, (most, exceedingly) clean, sweet, chaste, etc. Delicacy, fineness. The sun. I am going (see "en"). Six. Innem a pol-lo, sixty. Little by little. The dregs of a liquid. Aguintaer, to settle (liquids). Residence, domicile. When (in the future; see ^^auxiliaries" in the grammar). When, particle of the future (see above). Intono malem, in the evening; intono rahiy, at night. Inquiry, question, investigation. To warm oneself at the fire. A drink. Aguinum, to drink (intransitive) ; umi^ num, to drink (transitive). Passive verbal particle, for whose uses see the grammar. Ipaayco toy" a limos cadaguiti cara- rua. I apply these alms for the benefit of souls. Ipapunganco toy a bato. I used this stone for a pillow. Ania ti ipacanco cadacuada? I paean- 134 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Ipag. Ipes. Ipus. Iquit, Iren. Irteng. Isbang. Isbo. Isetn, Is-iso. Ispal. Istay. Isu, Ita. Itatta. Itay. Ited. ItL Itlog, Itoy. La, Load. Labaga. Labang. Labas. Labasit. Lab-ba, Labes. Labilabu Labong, Labus, Lacay. Lacco. Laco. Lacsa. mo cadacuada ti pagay. What shall I give them? Feed them palay (rice unhusked). Ipaa- bagatanda deyta catre. Let them place that bed on the south side (of the room). Sister-in-law. Cockroach. Tail of an animal. Aunt. Plural iiquit. Wrinkles on the face or person of human beings or other animals. Tension, to stretch (as a string or cord). To calculate, reckon. Urine. Smile. Umisem, to smile, breakage, fracture. Defence, salvation, vindication, seizure of chattels. To be on the point of doing. He, she. Plural isuda, they. It is good, sufficient^ C'basta ya"). Isu met laeng. It is all right. It is all the same. Now. Ita pay laeng, right now; ita unay, just now, at this very moment. Just now, instantly. In a little while {"hace un poco"). Itay bigat^ etc.; this morning, etc. To give (irregular passive verb). Aoanti itedco quenca. 1 have nothing to give you. Mangted- mo. Do you give. The, nominative and oblique (to, for, in, etc.) of the common article, singular. Iti daydi, iti dayta, iti dediay, (iti) deytoy. Oblique forms of the demonstratives. Iti maysa iti may- sa. The one the other. Egg. . In, with, for, etc., this. L. Only (see ''laeng/' of which this is an abbrevia- tion). Ugliness, either physical or moral. Red-colored, bay. Mottled, with white (or light) spots on the face or body (applied to men or animals), dappled. A "calico" horse would be called labang/' To pass a person or thing, to skip in reading, to I leave a page or a space blank in writing. 'Reddish, bay. Basket (square at the bottom). Excess, superabundance, overpast (of time). For the use of this see the grammar. Toad; also applied to a dull or sluggish person. Lasso. Nudity. Old man (plural lal-lacay), old animal. Bend of the knee, ham, hock. To sell. Ten thousand (from the Sanscrit, meaning one hundred thousand, a "lac"). ILOCO LANGUAGE. 135 Ladao. Ladingit. Laeng. Lag-an, Lagda. Laguip. Laing. Lalaem. Lalaqui. Lalat. Lalo. Lam-ec. Lamesaan. Lamiis. Lamoc. Lampong. Lana. Lanad. Landoc. Lang-es. Langoy. Langsi. Langto. Lanot. Lansa. Laoc. Laan. Lapayag. Lap-it. Lasag. Last. Lasin. Lasona. Laua. Laud. Laya. Layas. Lay at. Laylay. Leccas. Lateness, tardiness. Sadness. Only, self, always, provided ("siempre"), just, now, already ("ya"). Sica laeng ti immay? Are you the only one who has come ? Siac met laeng. I myself. Maturogca laeng. Sleep on, now. Contract form, *7o." Lightness, frivolity, a thing easy to do. Firmness, strength (both of inanimate things, and metaphorically of the soul, will, spirit, etc.) Memory, remembrance. Elegance, beauty. Entrails, the parts within the body; used meta- phorically as in our idiomatic expressions "bow- els of compassion," "his bowels yearned," etc. Man, male. Leather, pelt. Excess {" demasiado") . Coldness of the weather or of the wind. Table. Cold (substantive). Mosquito. Wild animal. Savages of the mountain regions. Men who live by rapine. Long-haired people {"la cabellera pelo muy largo"). Oil. Inscription. Ilanad, to inscribe or write. Iron. Fishy odor, the natural smell of fish. Swimming. Aglangoy, to swim. Lumalangoy, 2i swimmer. Vile odor as of stale fish, spoiled meat, ulcers, etc. Verdure of plants. Twining plant, used for binding. Nail or pin of iron, bone, or wood. To mix {"mezcla"). Content, space, capacity, room. Dina malaon amin. There is not room for all. The ear. Flexibility, the property of bending easily, like that of rattan, steel springs, • etc. Frailty or weakness in the individual. Meat, flesh. Dandruff. Separation, parting. , Onion. Breadth, spaciousness. The west. Ginger. Sterility in animals. Sometimes used of sterility in women, but the more correct word is "lupes." To menace, to use a threatening gesture. To wither, dry up (as a leaf or plant). Temperature or heat of things cooked, season- ing (ancient). Naimhag ti leccasna. It is well served (that is, of right heat and properly sea- soned). 136 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Leddaang. Lemmeng. Lemmes. Lengnga. Lengnges. Lennec. Leppa. Leppas. Libac. Lib as. Libeg. Libut. Li cud. Liday. Lima. Linac. Linis. Linnaao. Lint eg. Liolioa. Li pat. Lippias. Lisbo. Lisi. Lislis. Liuay. Liuengliueng. Longon. Loom. Lotulot. Lua. Luag. Lualo, Lubong. Lucas. Lucat. Lucban. Lucmeg. Lucneng. Affliction, melancholy. Concealment, hiding. Aglemmeng, to hide one- self; ilemmeng, to hide something. Suffocation. Sesame {"ajonjoli," Spanish). The nape of the neck. Occultation, sinking of anything out of sight, setting of the sun. Lumnec ti init. The sun is setting. (Here the verbal "«m" has caused the suppression of the letters 'Vn.") Digestion. Conclusion, termination, end. To deny. To escape, run away, slip off by stealth. Turbidity of liquids, wine, water, etc. To go around, as a procession goes about a church, plaza, or town. Aglibut, to take a walk for recreation. Back of, behind (used with the article "iti"). Sadness. Five. In old Malay it means the hand; in the Bontoc-Igorot, the arm. The Iloco for hand is *'ima,'* which seems to be a survival of ''lima." Lima nga lacsa, fifty thousand (for origin of lacsa see that word). Limapolo, fifty. Calm (of the sea). Softness to the touch. Used of cleanliness, fine- ness of material, neatness, easily deciphered writing, purity of soul, chastity. Dew, serenity of the night. Rectitude, right (rason), justice. Consolation, comfort in tribulation. Forgetfulness. Lipaten, to forget purposely; lipatan, to forget unintentionally. Overflow. The perimeter or circumference, or the area, of the base of a regular pile of stone, earth, hay, etc. Sometimes it is used for the entire con- tents or mass. To separate, leave, part. To tuck up the clothes. In the Bontoc-Igorot it has the idea of threatening, as one may tuck up his sleeves for a fist-fight. Negligence, carelessness. Profundity, depth, immensity. Coffin. Ripeness, maturity of fruit. Mud, mire, slime. Tears. The foam of things cooking or fermenting. Prayer, whether addressed to God, saints, or men. The world. To uncover, as the arm, a basket, a vessel, etc. To open anvthing, to uncover or reveal the thoughts of the heart. An orange (large and sweet). Robustness, stoutness. Softness, delicacy, daintiness; also spiritually. Nalucneng a puso. A tender heart. I LOCO LANGUAGE. 137 Lucon. Lugan, Lugay. Lugpi. Ltimagto. Luntba, Lunes. Lupes. Lupot. Luppo. Luto. Inclusion. To put one thing in another, as a letter in an envelope, a small box in a larger, etc. To enter a vehicle of any kind, embark in a ves- sel, get into a boat ; any kind of conveyance whether on land or water. To take off the hat in salute. Unwell {"invalido")j wounded. To jump up. Race, contest in running {"carrera"). To handle. Sterility (in women). Cloth of any kind. Muscle of the body. To cook. Ma- Ma an. Mabayag. Maca . Macapag- Madi. Maga. Mag-ancaf Maica . Maicanada. Maipaay. Maipoon. Mais, M. Passive verbal particle, for whose uses see the grammar. Saanmi a malpas. We cannot fin- ish the building of the fence. Quitquitaec, ngem diac maquita. I am looking, but I can- not see him. Masaquit ti ubingco. My boy is sick. Malipatmo. You forget. Dica mapmapa- nen? You are not going yet? Adu ti mang- mangngegco (from dengngeg, to hear), I am hearing many things. Passive verbal particles indicating that an action has reached its limit. Mabisinanna. He is perishing of hunger. To delay, to be late. Active verbal particle denoting ability, etc. See the grammar. Dicanto macasangpet iti ilim. You will not be able to reach your town. Maca- turogac unay. I am very sleepy. Macabula- nacto sadi amiana. I shall be in the north for a month. Macapapatay ti sabidong. Poison causes death. Macatatal-loac laeng. I bought three only. In answer to the question "How long did you live (stay) there?" Macadomin- goac, macahulanac, macataoenac. I stayed there a weeTc, a month, a year. Active verbal particle giving reason for inability. See the grammar. Diac macapagsurat, ta adu ti sangailic. I could not write, for I had many visitors. Saan a macapagulog, ta agpudpudot. He cannot come down, for he has 2t fever. To change one's mind, to retract, to be unwill- ing to do what had been intended or promised. Dryness. How are you? Particle used in forming ordinals. Maicadua, the second; maicatlo, the third; maicalitna, the fifth, etc. Note that the first is an exception, being "omona." To be convenient, useful, profitable. Same as the preceding. By, through. Indian corn. 138 Malabato, Maladaga. Malo, Mam . Mama. Mamag- Maman-ao. Mamin . Mamm- Man. Manag — Manang- man Mang — ILOCO LANGUAGE. Five cuartos, value two and a half centavos (old' style), v^orth about one and a half cents. Infant and up to the age of seven years (about).. Hammer or other instrument for striking. Active verbal particle used before "b" or "p" (these being suppressed after the particle) . Same in use as ''mang" (see the grammar).. Asin ti mamatit (from patit) iti campana? Who is ringing the bell? Buyo, betel-nut prepared for chevv^ing. Active verbal ' particle (prefix), the preterite being nama (see "mamag" in the grammar, of v^rhich this is a modification). Isu ti namatugao cada- cuada. He made them sit down for a little while. Serves also for the formula of the per- son commanded for verbs in ''en'^ (see that class of verbs in the grammar). Siacto ti ma- mauli cadacuada? Shall I tell them to come- up? Active verbal particle denoting compulsion (see the grammar). Asin ti mamagsurat quencaf Who obliges you to write? Heavy, tall, grass or cogon. Particle used in forming numeral adverbs. This- particle has a preterite form "namin" used when the action is in past time. Often maminpin is used. Mamindua, maminpindua, naminpindua' (twice) ; maminsan, etc., once. Active verbal particle used in forming verbal nouns when the root begins with "b" or "p''' (see "mang" in the grammar, and *'mam " above). Daguiti mammati, the faithful, the be- lievers. Pray, please. An adverb of entreaty or precatory- exclamation. Agpaditoyfa man. Pray let us go this way. Used as an interrogative particle,, and following the first word of the clause. Dica man mamatif Why do you not believe?' In truth, indeed, ''de. veras." Napudot man. It is warm indeed. The form assumed by the active verbal particle ''mang" before roots be- ginning with "d" "s" or "t" said letter being: suppressed. See "mang" in the grammar.. Manait ti bado. She is mending (sewing, from idait) the shirt. j^article of the verbal for active forms in '*ag." See the grammar. Managdait. One who sews much. Managpaspasiarcayo. You are fond of walking. Particle of the verbal for active forms in "mang.*'' See the grammar. Daguiti mananglaco, the sellers; daguiti mananggatang, the buyers. Particles of which the parts are appended to sep- arate words, meaning together "again." Adda- cayman ditoyen? Will you be here again? Active verbal particle, transitive, for whose uses and modifications see the grammar. Mangalaca iti maysa nga palangca. Bring a chair. Intay mangmanoc. Let us go to buy some chickens. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 139' Mangaldao, Mangrabiy, Manmano. Mann . Manndca ^ Mannaqui . Mannaquipag . Manoc. Manteca. Manu. Maqui . Maquin , Maquipag . Maqui urn- Mar abutit. MarHl. Masansan. Mat a. Mat mat. May at. Maysa nga dacquel. Maysapay. Medias. Met. Met laeng. Meysa. Meysa nga hassit. Meysa unay. Manguayacto. I will go to look for some rat- tan. To dine. To sup. Scantiness, scarcity. Particle of the verbal for active forms in "man" (modification of *'mang*'), when the root be- gins with "d" "s" or "t" (see *'man" above). Daguiti mannulad iti naimbag. The followers- of that which is good. Particle of the verbal from active forms in "ma- ca." Dacayo ti mannacagaud. You are the one who shall row (the rower). Particle of the verbal for active forms in "ma- qui." Mannaquicuyogcayo. You like to accom- pany the others. Similar to the above. For their uses see "maqui"' in the grammar. Chicken (generic name). Butter, lard, fat (Spanish). How much, how many. Active verbal particle, for whose uses see the grammar; preterite "naqui." Maquisaoda cani- ac. They are talking to me. Maquidaoatca iti arac quen apo Padi? You ask the Padre to give you some wine gratis. Saanca nga naqui- ragcap quencuana iti sucaf Did you not ask him for vinegar? A particle prefixed to nouns and indicating own- ership (see ''aquin"). Active verbal particle indicating action in com- pany with more than one. Innac maquisao quen Capitan. Innac met maquipagsao quenca. I am going to chat with the (Taptain. I will ac- company you. Active verbal particles indicating desire. Maqui- sumaritac. I have a great desire to talk. A little mouse. Ivory (Spanish). Often, frequently. The eye. To pay attention to the thing one is doing, to fas- ten the eyes on a thing. Matmatam ti aramid- mo. Look well to what you are doing. To wish (see "ayat"). Two cuartos, one centavo (old style) one-tenth of a real. Furthermore, besides this. Stockings (Spanish). Also, as well (sometimes muet). Selfsame, self, very (Spanish "mismo") ; always following its noun. Isu met laeng. He him- self. Iti balaymo met laeng. In your own house. Siac met laeng a siac. I myself in per- son. One. One cuarto (also maysa nga bassit). Above all, especially. I40 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Misa. mo. Moguing. Muet. Mureng. Na- na. Na an. Nabo. Nacor- Naca an. Nacapa an. Nacapag an. I Our, genitive suffix (excluding the person ad- dressed). The Mass (Spanish). Thy, genitive suffix. When preceded by the ver- bal particles -; — en or an it coalesces to form em or am respectively. The forehead. Also, as well (see met). Dirt adhering to the person or clothing, or aris- ing from not having washed for a long time, grime. N. Particle forming adjectives from substantive roots. Naimbag, good. Used with concrete nouns to form an adjective or an adjective phrase denoting abundance. Tao a nanauang. A man possessing many carabaos. Hi a napa- gay. A town producing much rice. Nabato a dalan. A rocky road. Nataua nga balay. A house having many windows. Used with the reduplication of the first syllable of the root and the following consonant to form the super- lative degree (very, Spanish " isimo"). Nalamlamiis toy a danum. This water is very cold. Preterite of the verbal particle ''ma." Saanco a naala. I was not able to bring it. His, her, its (personal pronoun, suffix). Preterite of the passive verbal particles "ca an." Sinurotco. ngem diac nasurotam. I fol- lowed after, but I was not able to overtake them. To fall from above, from a height. Prefix used with nouns or roots expressive of emotions, forming adjectives, which are often equivalent to a relative clause. With this pre- fix the first syllable of the root with its follow- ing consonant is reduplicated. The word ex- presses the idea of causing or exciting the par- ticular emotion. Nacacatcataua daguiti saom. Your amusing remarks (laughter-causing). Iti nacar-ariec a silidna. In her room that excites one's disgust. Nacasangsangit daguiti asasu- gna. His moans which move one to tears. Preterite of the active verbal particle "maca." Saanca nga nacadait idi caiman? Were you not able to sew yesterday? Preterite of the active verbal particle ''maca an.** Preterite of Preterite of see "maca- mar. Residence, domicile, town (that is, native town or city). Preterite of the active verbal particle "ag ." Nagsursurat. He was writing. Preterite of the formula of cause, person, or macapa an. "'macapag an." For these three — " and its derivatives in the gram- ILOCO LANGUAGE. I4£ place, of the active verbal particle "ag .'^ Asin ti nagsurataiyof To whom did you write ? Nag {an) en. Compound particles used with one word, or with the initial and the final words of the phrase, to* express wonder or admiration. See the gram- mar. The ^'an" is optional. Nagdacquelanen! How vast ! Nagas. Character, style, nature. Nagpa . Preterite of the active verbal particle "agpa ."' For its uses see the grammar. Nagpalutocanf Have you given orders about the cooking yet? Nagpaabagatan ni amamonf Has your father gone south yet? Nagpadaya queidi. On the contrary, he went east. Nagtagaan, Splinters. Nalahit. By chance, perchance. Nam . Preterite of the active particle "mam*' (modifica- tion of "mang" before ''b'* or "p"), Siac ti namatit idi caiman. Yesterday I rang the bells. Nama . * Preterite of the active verbal particle "mama."' Asin ti namainum quenca? Who obliged you to drink? Namag . Preterite of the active verbal particle "mamag." Asin ti namagtacao quenca? Who forced you to flee? Namag an. Preterite of formula of person, place, or cause, of the active form in "mamag'* {"nama an" is the preterite for "mama"). Adin ti namaca-, nam cadaguiti cabayo? Where did you feed the horses? Taste, savor. Preterite of the formula of person, place, or cause, of the active verbal participle "mam" (rriodification of "mang" before "b" or "/>"). Adin ti namasianda quencuana? Where did they overpower him? Preterite of the particle "mamin" which sp e. Preterite of the active verbal particle "man" (modification of ''mang" before "d" "s" or "t"). Nanaoat. He asked. Preterite of the formula of person, place, or cause, of the active particle "man." Adin ti yan ti naningiram cadacuada? Where did you pay them? ^ Preterite of the active verbal particle "mang." Asin ti nanglaco cadaguiti pamusihn? Who sold the hens? Preterite of the formula of place, person, or cause, of the active particle "mang." Sadin ti' nangalaam iti apug? From what place did you get the lime? Nangrona unay. Especially, above all. Napan. Preterite of the irregular verb "en" to go; de- rived from the regular verb "mapan." Naquem. Judgment, discretion and soundness of under- standing. Manaquem, judicious. Naqui . Preterite of the active verbal particle "maqui" for whose uses see the grammar. Naquimonte can- Nam an Namin- Nan Nan an. i^^r^' 142 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Naqui- Naquipag- Narnac. Narra. Narraganag. Natay. Nateng. Nay on. Nengneng, Nga. Ngadas. Ngalay. Nganngani. Ngarud, Ngata. Ngatangata. Ngato. Ngem. Ngilao. Ngina, Ngisit. Ngudel. Ni. Nipa. No, Nuang. Nupay. iac. He played monte with me. Saanca nga naquibayabas quen-cuana? Did you not ask him to give you some guavas for nothing? Preterite of the formula of place, person, or cause, of the active forms in "maqui." Asin ti naquiasauaannaf Whom did he (or she) mar- ry? Preterite of active verbal particle "maquipag" (a modification of ''maqui"). Oen, quet naquipag- cuyog cadacami ni Pedro. Yes, and Peter also joined us. To divulge, reveal, make known. A hard, dark native wood, used for flooring, fur- niture, etc. Revelation (see narnac). Died (preterite of matay). Greens, any kind of herb used for food. To add, augment, increase. Boorishness, ignorance, stupidity. Ligature (see "a/' and also, for their uses, the grammar). Used also as a relative pronoun. The palate. Half-way, in the middle (used with iti). To be on the point of. Then (logical), so then, in effect. Perhaps, perchance. Doubt, uncertainty. Up, on top of. But, than (see ''em") General name for fly. Price, value. Casano ti ngina ti pagay? What is the price of palay (unhusked rice) ? Blackness. Dullness of a cutting instrument, also meta- phorically applied to rusticity or rudeness of manners {^^rudeza"). The, article used with proper names and terms of relationship and affection. Exclamation calling attention to an object. Adda payongf Ni! Is there an umbrella here? See, there is one. A small palm, whose leaves are used for making roofs and in building, also used for making a native drink. If. No umayca. If you come. When (used of future time). No sumhrecca iti simbaan . When you enter the church . No casano ti casta met ti. As is so is also. No casta, this being so. No dadduma, at times, sometimes, other times. No laeng no, lest. No madamdama, soon, after a while. No malem, this evening, in the evening. No rabiy, at night (future). Carabao. Although, however, notwithstanding. O ^Cae. Crow. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 143 -Oao. Thirst. Day, Rattan, ''bejuco." Vbing, Child, boy, servant. Quinaobing (or quinaubing) , childhood. Ocom. Judge. •Ocong. The queue, or one that wears a queue. Oen. Yes. Umoen, oenen {"'decir que si"), to assent. Oenno. Or. ' Ogalu , iv^ Custom, habit. Olo. ^ v*-^^ The head. Omono^ '^ First. Ornong. Gathering C junta"), storage of various articles. Ornos. Order, arrangement, concert. Pa- Paay. Paca an. Pacapa an. Pacapag an. Pacada. Pacat. Pacatao. Paco. Pacumbaba. Pacurang. Padana. Padas. Padi. Padon. Paet. Pag— Paga- Particle used to express the commanding of the action of passives in ''en," this particle disap- pearing. Its preterite is pina . Inca alaen ti cal-logongco. Paalacto. Go for my hat. I will order it brought. Used for the same pur- pose with passives in 'H" this particle being re- tained. The preterite is pina . Paipacatmo. Order them to harness up. Used also with passives in ''an" this being retained. Papuna- sam daguiti pinggan. Have them wash the dishes. Passive verbal particles indicating the tying by some part of the body. Pataquiaganda. They tie him by the arms (tie his arms). Disrespect. Formula of place, person, or cause, of active verbs in "maca." Diac pacapaspasiaran to- pilay- CO. I am not able to go walking, for I am lame. Modification of- the above. Modification of the above. To depart, give "good bye." To harness up animals for carriage, cart, etc. To lay an ambuscade, set a trap for rats, etc. To knock or call at the door of a house. Yoke for any kind of cattle. Ipaco, to yoke. Humility. Same as the preceding. It is all the same. Experience. Term for address to priests (Spanish "Padre"). A short stick attached to the neck of a dog to prevent its biting at the cord, or attacking the person leading it. Padonan, to attach such a stick to a dog. Chisel. Formula of instrument of the active particle "ag" (see the grammar). Pagtutudo toy a payong. This umbrella is used to protect from the rain. Daques ti pagsusuratmo. Your pen is bad. An active verbal particle relating to what part of the body a garment reaches, water in ford- ing, etc. (See "ag" in the grammar.) Pagasi- 144 ILOCO LAiN^GUAGE. Pag an. Pagan-anay, Pagao. Pagay. *> Pagayan. Pag en. Pagna. Pagsagatan. Pagtaquian. Pagtupraan. Pagud. Paguel. Paid. Palalo. Palangca. Palapal. Palapala. Palet. Paliio. Pal-lot. Pamag- Pam an. quet iti danum. The water (in fording the stream) came up to the waist. Particles for the formula of person, place, or cause, of the active forms in ''ag." Preterite nag an. Sadin ti pagpasaraiyo f Iti iguid ii baybay ti pagpaspasiaranmi. Where are you (going to) walk? We (shall) take a walk along the sea-shore. Clothing in general, complete outfit of, set of sacred vestments. Turtle-dove, wood pigeon. Unhusked rice, with or without the straw, pa- lay. Friend. Particles of the formula of the person command- ed for active verbs in ''ag.'' See the grammar. Preterite nag- en. Asin ti pagsagadeiyof Whom did you command to sweep? Used as a passive with the idea of ''give to," "cause to" (see verbs in "en"). Other uses are given in the grammar. Where the root does not ad- mit of ''ag" then "pa en" is used. Pasusucnv ti nbing. Nurse the child, i. e., give it the breast). Dinac pagmataen? Do you think I cannot see (that I have no eyes) ? Along the road. Colander. Seat in a water-closet C'retrete"). Cuspidor {"tupra," saliva). Hut, little house ("casita"). Pain, difficulty, injury. To refuse, not to admit or allow. Excess (for its uses see adjectives and adverbs in the grammar). Chair. To throw a stick at anything. Platform, scaffolding. Thickness of liquids. To notice, observe. Cock-fight. Paquipal-lot, game-cock; pal-lotan, cock-pit. Gun, musket, etc. Ipaltoog or agpaltoog, to shoot^ fire a gun. License, permission. Palubosan, to give good-bye to guests (i. e., permit them to go). Particle for the formula of instrument of active verbs in ''mam' (modification of "mang" be- fore "b" or "p"). Ania ti pamatitda iti cam- panaf With what did they ring the bell? The preterite is pina. Particle of the formula of instrument of verbs in "mamag' (active). If the root does not ad- mit of "a^" then "mama" and "pama" are cm- ployed. See the grammar. Ania ti pamauJng- mo cadaguifi asof How did you make the dogs go down (i. e.. out of the house) ? Particles of the formula of place, time, or person, for active verbs in "mam" (see "pam" above). Asin ti pamatitanda iti campana? For whom ILOCO LANGUAGE. 145 Pamag an. Pamayan. Pambar. Pa mm Pammag . Pamusian. Pamuspusan. Pan. Panag- Pan an. Panang- -jj (^ Panao. Y Panateng. Pandaras. Panday. Pandec. Pandiling. Pang . Pang an. are they ringing the bells ? Preterite nam an. Particles for the same formula 01 active verbs in "maca." Ania ti pamusipusaiyo iti globo. What are vou turning the globe for? Particles for the formula of time, place, or per- son, of active verbs in "mamag" (see 'pamag'*). The preterite is namag an or nama an. Adin ti namacanam cadaguiti cabayo? Where did you have the horses feed? To seem, appear. Excuse, reason, motive. Particle of the formula of manner or time of ac- tive verbs in "'mam" (see "pam"). Preterite, pinam. Nalagda ti pammatim. Great is your faith. Particle of the formula of time or manner of active verbs in ''matnag" (see ''pamag"). The preterite is pinamag or pinama. Caano ti pa- namasusom iti taguibif When did you nurse the baby? Domestic hen. » Remedy; whether physical or moral. To go (see "en" among the irregular verbs in the grammar. Spanish, "ida'' "mision"). Suffix particle of the formula of instrument of active verbs in ''man" (modification of "mang" be- fore roots beginning with "d'' "s," or "t"). The preterite is pinan. Ania ti pinaitmo? With what are you sewing? Particle of the formula of time or manner of ac- tive verbs in "ag." The preterite is pinag. Intonanio ti panagdaitmo iti panocf When will you sew my handkerchief? Particles of the formula of place, cause, or person, of active verbs in "man" (see "pan"). The pre- terite^ is nan an. Adin ti panuratanda cada- guiti' sursuratf Where is the writing-room? (Where do they write letters?) Particle of the formula of time or manner of ac- tive verbs in "mang." The preterite is pinang. Nalaca ti panangala iti darat. It is easy to haul sand. Caano ti pinangalam iti galas f When did you bring the milk? To depart, to be absent. Cogon, grass. A cold ("constipado") ; used also for any kind of indisposition. Carpenter's adze. « Foundry work or manufacturing work in iron. Pandayan, a blacksmith. A dwarf, a person of low stature (also pandaccf). Skirt {saya). Particle of the formula of instrument of active verbs in "mang." The preterite is pinang. Ania ti pangatepda iti simbaanf With what are they roofing the church ? Particle of the formula of place, cause, or person, of active verbs in "mang." The preterite is nang an. Adin ti panglacuanda cadaguiti manga? Where do they sell mangoes? 146 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Pangguep. Panglao, Pangor. Pangquis. Paniqui. Pann . Pannaca Pannaqui . Pano. Panunot. Paqui Paquin en. Parabur. Paranas. Parang, Parajng^an. ParaV^ Paraspas. Parato. Pardaya. Pariir. ^ Parintumeng, Parioc. Parit. Parot. Parsua. Pasao. Pasta. Pasiar. Pasig. Pasindayao. Paslep. Pataiyec. Patao. Purpose, intent. Poverty. Cudgel, club. Pangoren, to strike with a club. Bird-lime. Large bat, vampire. Particle of the formula of time or manner of active verbs in "man" (see "pan"). Naimhag unay ti pannaitmo cadaguiti badbado. You are sewing the shirts very well. Present and preterite particle of the formula of time or manner of active verbs in "maca." In- ton-ano ti pannacapagpasiarta? When shall we go walking? Present and preterite of the formula of time or manner of active verbs in ''maqui." If more than two are included in the action the for- mula is pannaquipag . (See the grammar). Inton-ano ti pannaquisaoc quenca? When can I have an opportunity of talking with you? Cloth, handkerchief (from the Spanish ''pano''). Understanding, comprehension. Particles of the 'formula of place, cause, or per- son, of active verbs in ''maqui." (Also paquipag- an, for which see the grammar) . The pret- erite is naqui an, naquipeg an. Asin ti naquiasauaannaf Whom did he marry? Passive particles (see "aquin" in the grammar), to indicate the placing of one object with rela- tion to another. Paquinbabaem dayta nga libro. Put that book under the other. Liberality, generosity. Fineness, smoothness, polish, delicacy. Presentation. The court of a house, yard. Hoarseness. To prune, to cut a tree high up. Levity, jesting. Calumny. Coolness. To kneel. Frying-pan. Prohibition. To pull out (as weeds from a garden, feathers from a fowl, hair from the head, etc.). To create. Mamarsua or namarsua. the Creator. Braggadocio, boasting. To conquer. To walk, promenade, for exercise or pastime. (From the Spanish "pasear"). Firmness, tenacity. This word is also used in the sense of ''biig," denoting that articles or objects are pure, without mixture, all of a kind ; for example : all silk, all wheat, all of Malay extraction, etc. Vanity, vaineloriousness. Steel. Pitch-penny, heads or tails, '*cara y crus." Buoy, life-buoy ; some floating object in the water which one can seize to save himself. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 147 Pateg. Pati. Patigman, Patinayon. Pat ay. Patit. Pato. Pauay. Pauil. Pay. Payac. Payapay. Payat. Paypay. Payong. Pecquel. Peggues. Pelles. Penpen. Perreng. Pespes. Pia. Picapic. Pidil. Pidot. Piec. ^ Pigsa. >^{ Piguerguer. Pilao. Pilay, Pilit. Piman. Pina . Pina- Pinag- Price, value of an article. Faith or credit in a person or things Counsel, admonition. Always. Patinayon no, provided that. To die. To strike, ring, play a musical instrument. To think, determine, form an opinion; to beckon or signal for the performance in a theatre. Ipatoc itay a naimhag. I thought ("w^ pare- cia") that it was good. A country without inhabitants, solitude. Prohibition. Adverb of time and measure (Spanish " pri- mer 0," "antes" *'todavia" "aun," "mas.") Yet, more, before that, etc. Mangancay pay, quet sacayto mapan. First eat, and then you may go. Iccannac pay. Give me some more. The wing of a bird. To call, beckon with the hand, handkerchief, etc. Footstep. Fan. Umbrella, parasol. To pinch, squeeze gently, to gather (as moris- queta or boiled rice into a ball for eating). Sangapecquel, a mouthful of rice. Rapidity, velocity (as of the current of a river). To change one's linen or clothing. A well arranged pile of goods as in a store-room or on a wharf, under guard, etc. To look at one from top to toe {"de hito en hito"). To press, squeeze. Health, improvement in physical conditions (see Carro's Dictionary for idiomatic uses). Palpitation of the heart, vehemence of desire, agi- tation of the mind. To pinch gently. To gather something from the ground, to pick up, to steal small articles (petty thieving). A young chicken (small). Strength in a person or an animal. Trembling of the body, whether from cold or fear. Spot, blemish, defect; marsh, swamp. Lame, halt. To force, compel. Truly. Preterite of "Pa" for the formula of Commanding the action of passive, verbs in "i" **ipa*' "i an" and in "en." Pinaulim daguiti saha? Did you order those bananas to be brought up? Ni casinsinco ti pinadaitco. I bade my cousin sew. Preterite particles for commanding the action of passive verbs in "an." Pinasagadacon. I have just given him orders to svveep. Pinasacaanda- cami. We had him tied by the feet. Preterite of the passive particle "pag en" for which see that word, and under the passive in "en" in the grammar. Preterite of the for- 148 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Pinam- Pinamag- Pinan- Pinang- Pinggan, Pinggol. Pingil. Pirac. Pisos, Pisi. Pitac, Pito. Pocpoc. Polcoc. Ponpon. Poon. Pucan. Puccao. Pudao. Pudno. Pudot, Pulang. Pulong. mulas of place, cause, or person; also of man- ner or of time of active verbs in "ug." Ania ti pinagatepda iti simbaan? With what did they roof the church? Asin ti pinagsuratda? Whom did they order to write? Ania nga horas pinagmisa ti Padi? At what time did the Father say mass? Preterite of the formula of instrument, also of the formula of manner or time, of active verbs in ''mam" (modification of "mang" see "mam"). Ania ti pinamisim ti tinapay? With what did you cut the bread? Caano ti pinamatitda iti campana? When did they ring the bell? Pret- erite of the formula of instrument of active verbs in "maca." See that verb in the gram- mar. Preterite of the formula of instrument of active verbs in ''mamag" (if of verbs in ''mama" then the formula is pinama . Iti imac ti pina- magpusiposco. I turned it with my hand. Preterite of the formula of instrument of active verbs in "man" (modification of "mang"), also for the formula of manner or time. Ania ti pinanagadmo iti agdan? With what did you sweep the stairway ? Naladao ti pinanugquelmo iti candela. You are lighting (arranging) the candles late. Preterite of the formula of instrument, also of manner and time, of active verbs in "mang." Ania ti pinangaramidyo iti nasam-it? How did you make the candy? Naimhag ti- pinangal- adda iti lahuerta. They have fenced the gar- den well. Plate, crockery. Monkey. Ankle. Silver, money. A peso (value fifty cents, United States cur- rency). To part or divide anything (as a strip, of baniboo) along its length. Mud, mire, dirt. Seven. Pitopolo, seventy. Resume, recapitulation. Giving away of the mind or courage, to be over- powered by grief, to despair of the health or other thing, etc. Religious prayers, obsequies, etc. (for one de- ceased). Caste, lineage, origin. To fell trees. Mamucan, a woodsman, one who fells trees. (The "p" disappears after "mam,") To cry, to call in a loud voice. Whiteness (the same as purao). Truth. Agpudno, to tell the truth. Heat. Agpudot, to heat; pudoten, to feel the heat. To restore, replace, return. To perform personal labor on public works, as required by Spanish law. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 149 Pulos. Pulot. Pultac. Pungan. Pungtot. Pungupunguan. Punipun. Puot. Pupuc. Puquis. Purao. Purar. Pur us. Pusa. Pusay, Pusipus. Puso. Puscol. Puste, Puted. PutoL Puur. Puyat. Puyut, Queddeng, Quen. Quenca. (Juencuana. Ouersang. Quet. Quetdi. Quiday. Quigao. Quigtot. Quillaban. Quil-lo. Qui mat. Qutna . Pure, without mixture. Pulos a purao, all white ; cuentas a pulos, a rosary of pure gold; pulos a bigas, pure rice. Oil, unction. Pulotan, to anoint (as a king, priest, etc.). Bald. Pillow, bolster, cushion. Anger, indignation. A doll. To join or place together two or more objects. To have forethought, prearrange. Locking up, imprisonment ("/>rmo»"). Pupu- quen, to lock any one in a room or cell; napu- puc, a prisoner, anything that is locked up (as in a safe). Bald. Whiteness. A dazzling glare. To gather by hand the fruit from a tree or plant. Cat. To separate one from home or country, to wean a child. To revolve, turn around (whether a person or thing). The heart, courage. Napuso a tao, a valiant man. Thickness, bulk, size, density; also coarseness (as of crockery). Riding saddle, saddle with trappings ("mon- tura"). To cut across or through (a tree or other object). To behead a person or animal. To burn, burning C'quemadura"). To be weary (sleepy) through keeping long vigil. Blast, puff, breath, of wind. Q Bounds whether of time, place, or quantity; deter- mination of a period of punishment, sentence as pronounced by a judge. And. Iti nagan ti Ama, quen Anac, quen Espiritu Santo. In the name of the Father, etc. Oblique case of the proper article ''ni" (for, to, v^ith, by, etc.), used also with terms of affection and of relationship. For, to, thee. , For, to, them. Roughness to the touch, as of cloth, wood, etc. And. For the uses of "quen" and of "quet" see the grammar. Rather, on the contrary. The eyebrow. A nursing carabao calf. Fright, horror, consternation. Cold morisqueia or boiled rice. To twist; naquil-lo, twisted (as the body, a road, stick, etc.). The eyelash ; the lightning. Particle prefixed to a root to form an abstract ISO Quired, Quisquts. Quita. Quiiang. Quiteb. Quiting. ILOCO LANGUAGE. m)un. Thus imbag, goodness (as the goodness of a person, an animal, inanimate objects) ; quinaimbag, goodness in the abstract. Preterite of the passive verbal particles "ca an.'' Quinasiamac ida. I increased their num- ber to nine. (See "ca an" in the grammar.) Sensation of tickling, as in the throat, etc. Qui- quien, to tickle a person; maquiqui, to feel a tickling sensation. Vigor of body or spirit. To shave ; quisquisan, to shave another person ; agquisquis, to shave oneself; pagquisquis, a razor; mangngisquis, a barber (for the literal change in the root see "mang" in the gram- mar). Sight; Maquita, to see. Species, class, aspect of a thing, etc. Ania ti quitana? What was his appearance ? Outlines (for fishing). Bed-bug. Shortness or scantiness of a garment. Rabac. Rabao. Rabiy. Racrac. Raent. Raep. Ragadi. Rag-o. Raman, Ramay. Ramramit. Ramut. Rana. Rangcap, Ranggas. Rangtay. Raoet. Raquit. Rasa. Rasay. Rasi. Rayo. Reb'ba. Rebbeng, Fun, joke, jest. Rabrabaquen, to make fun of a person. The surface of anything, the upper part, on top, upon. Iti rabao, upon. Night. To destroy, break up or off, demolish, break a contract or promise, break a friendship. Reverence, respect, obsequiousness (as of a child to its parents, a soldier to his officer, a subject to a ruler, etc.). ' To transplant the rice-plant. A saw, especially the large cross-cut saw. To rejoice. Test, proof, taste, savor. The finger. Tools, implements, etc. (Also ramitramit.) Root. Chance, coincidence. Gift, present, benefit received. Vexation, aggravation, offence. Bridge; also the passage from the main part of a house to the offices (kitchen, etc.). Gluttony, whether in man or animal. A raft of bamboo; sometimes the term is espe- cially confined to a little raft. General name for crabs. Scantiness, flimsiness, as poor texture in cloth^ scantiness of hair on head or in the beard, poor- ness of crop, etc. Fragility, delicacy, a thing easy to break (as glass, china, the edge of a tool, etc.). Affection, liking (especially of a person). Shipwreck, destruction of a vessel. Marba, to wreck; pacarbaan, that which causes a ship- wreck. Obligation, duty. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 151 Recado, Spices. Regga. Depth or profundity of sleep. Regta. Zeal, vigilance. Relos, Watch, clock (Spanish, "reloj"). Ribu. Thousand. Sanfiarihu, a thousand. Ricna. Sensation, the bodily senses. Ridep. To doze. Riguis. Rag, cloth C'trapo/' Spanish). Riing. To awaken. Rimbao. Prominence. Narimbao, superior. Ringgor, Disquietude, lack of tranquility. Rinsaed. To settle, subsidence of what may cause turbid- ness in liquids. Ripirip, ^ Conclusion (logical), inference, deduction. Riquep. Door, one valve of a double door, shutter of win- dow. Riquet. Density of a forest, jungle, or cane-brake. Nari- quet, difficult. Riri. Mistake, error, wandering of the mind when lis- tening to a conversation. Riro. Same as the preceding. Risay. To have the ear torn (as a calf that is marked by slitting its ears). Riuriu. Million. Sangariuriu, a million. Rocnoy. To bow, make an obeisance, bend the body to re- ceive a burden. Romsa. ^ Barren (used of women), sterile. Rongirong. Thickness of a forest, jungle, etc. Rongrong. The stub (of a cigar, candle, etc.). Root. Grass in general {"zacate") ; rubbish, dirt {"ba- sura''). Royroy. Rag, cloth ("trapo''). Ruam. Custom, habit. Rubbuat. Tp make preparations for a journey. Rucbab. Profound inclination or reverence of the body, made as a token of humility. Rucbos. Verdure, luxuriance of foliage. Rucop. Carfes, pus, corrupted matter. Rucud. Measure of length. Rugui. Beginning. Ruguit. Dirtiness, filthiness in general. Rumec. To mash. Rumen. Disdain. Runao. To thaw, melt. Rungiit. To show the teeth in a smile ; regarded as false or insincere. , Rusoc. The stomach. Rupa. The face. Rurud. Envy, anger at hearing illy deserved praise. Rutay. Rag, old rags {"andrajo"). Sa. Adverb of uncertainty, sometimes of sequence. When united to a word ending in a vowel the letter "n'* is prefixed for euphony. It Is some- times a prefix, at other times a suffix. Addan^ sa ditoy ti escribientef Is (perchance) the sec- retary here ? Ennac aglualo, quet saacto umay. 152 ILOCO LANGUAGE. Saad. Saan. Saani. Saba. SabalL Sahangan, Sab at, Sabong. Sab-ung. Saca. Sacay. Sacdu. Saclot. Sac si. Sadi. Sadiay. Sadiua. Sadut. Sag . Sagaba. Sagad. Sagana. Sagasay. Sagauisio. Sagpamisan, Sagubanet. Saguday. Sagut. Sain-nec. Sairo, Sala. Salacan. Saldpi. Salda. Saldet. ^ Salioasio. I am going to church (to pray), and then I will come. State, ofiice, position, condition. No, not. See the copulatives for its difference from *'di" and "aoan." Also see adverbs and the ligature in the grammar. As a negative it is used as a separate word. It may, how- ever, be used with verbal particles. Agsaan, to say no, to refuse, deny {"decir que no"). Saan a casta. It is not so. Saan met, by no means. Irony, sarcasm. Banana, plantain. ^Sinabaan, a banana grove. Other, another. Port, the mouth of a river that empties into the sea. Chance meeting when coming from opposite di- rections ; applied also to inanimate objects. Flower. Dowry. Leg, paw, foot. To mount a horse. To draw water. The lap. Agsaclot, to have in the lap; sacloten, to place in the lap; pasaclot, to sit in the lap. A witness. In, at, to, etc. Preposition used with reference to geographical sites, the points of the com- pass, and locations signified thereby (as "in the north"). There ("a/Za"). Freshness of fish, flesh, or fowl. Sloth, idleness, inactivity. A particle used in trading for articles bought by the piece (eggs, mangoes, etc.) or by measure. Sagmamano ti vara? How much is it by the yard? Sagbibinting. Two reals. Sagmamano daguitoy a manga f Daguiti babassit saggaysa nga dacquel. The little ones cost a centavo apiece. Suffering. To sweep. A broom, a rake. Preparation, forethought. A large-toothed comb. To whistle, a whistle. From time to time. Sloth, sluggishness through indisposition. Advantage, privilege, excellency. A present given as distinguished from a present received. Sob, sigh. To tempt. Ball, party (from the Spanish).. Savior, salvation. Four reals, a medio-peso (twenty-five cents U. S. currency). An ear of corn. To pawn effects or jewels, hypothecate. Quickness of comprehension or understanding. To go forwards and backwards as in a square dance. ILOCO LANGUAGE. 153 Sal put. Saltoc. Salug. Salun-at. Sam-it, Samusam. Sanga- Sangahuquel. Sangaili. Sangapesada. Sang-at. Sangayan. Sangaigup. Sangcalamut. Sangcaquitteh. Sangit. San go. Sangol. Sangpet. San lata. Sanicna. Sanson. Santo-maysa. Sao. Saong. Sapa. Sapad. Sapasap. Sapata. Sap ay! Sapin. Sap lid. Sap lit. Sapul. S a quit. Sarac. Saramsam. To pierce, traverse, go through. A mouse-trap. To go down hill. Isalug, to grow old. Health. Sweetness. To mingle. A mix-up, as a crowd of people of many different nationalities, or a party or assemblage of people of different social grades, a scrap-heap, a mixture of rice and other things (not pure rice). Particle denoting a unit of measure, value, num- eration, etc. Sangavara, sangadeppa, sanga- polo, sangaribu, etc. See the grammar, espe- cially under numerals. A word used to denote a unit of (generally) something round or rounded. Sangabuquel a tinapay, a loaf of bread; sangabuquel a itlog, an egg; sangabuquel a tao, a man. This word might be used in checking off, issuing, enumer- ation, etc. Menstruation. A stranger from another town, a guest. One weighing, a load (as a load of hay). To ascend (as a hill). That which is especial or extraordinary, as: extraordinary beauty, especial fitness for a po- sition, etc. A draught, a swallow.