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A TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DEVOTED TO THE ART OF PRINTING.

VOL. II.— No. I. CHICAGO, OCTOBER, 1884.

THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING-OFFICE AT WASHINGTON, D.C.

( Continued .)

MR. STERLING P. ROUNDS, United States Govern¬ ment Printer, whose likeness we herewith present, was born in the town of Berkshire, Franklin county, Vermont, on the 27th day of June, 1828, being now in his fifty-sixth year. The founders of the family in this country were two brothers, Englishmen, who came over in the early colonial times, both settling in Rhode Island, one of whom removed to New Hampshire and afterwards a portion of his family to Vermont. The descendants of the other brother re¬ moved to another New England state, and from them the descendants of both families gradually became a portion of the emigration which settled in the great West, a few of them going south.

The great-grandfather, grandfather, and several uncles of Mr. Rounds, owned adjoining farms, and were the prin¬ cipal citizens of the town of Richford, Franklin county, Vermont, and all a healthful, large-bodied and liberty- loving race of patriotic men, members of the family having been officers and soldiers in the revolutionary war, the war of 1812, the Mexican war and, later, the rebellion, in which latter, whether as soldiers or citizens, were true and loyal supporters of their country.

The lad was kept steadily at school until he was twelve years of age, proving a remarkably earnest and successful scholar, being at that age a marked proficient in all the branches of a good high-school 'education, when his father and family removed from Vermont to what was then South- port (now Kenosha), Wisconsin.

Here he went through a course of study in higher mathe¬ matics, the languages, etc., at the academy of the lamented Governor Harvey, of Wisconsin. His father was anxious for him to become a member of the legal profession, but the lad had already formed that love for the “art preserva¬ tive” which has grown with his growth, and raised him from the lowly position of “Ye Printer’s Devil” to the honorable and important one he now occupies — the head of one of the most important departments in our govern¬ ment and, beyond all comparison, the largest printing and binding establishment in the world. His whilom tutor, Governor Harvey, having purchased the Southport Ameri¬

can as the first move in the long and successful political life which elevated him to the gubernatorial chair of his state (and indirectly to his death at Pittsburg Landing as one of the patriotic war governors during the “times that tried men’s souls”), the youngster became an apprentice in that office, and for a period of five years carried papers and* acted in all capacities as “devil,” and during the last year of his time as foreman of the office. His name as a good printer having traveled to the capital of the state, he was offered the foremanship of the state printing-office, then owned by W. W. Wyman, at Madison, Wis. Being

“A youth resolved to see the world.

Set out on foot to go/’

and traveled to the capital where, a boy himself, he found, as his roller-boys, helpers and journeymen, the two sons of the proprietor, one of whom is now the treasurer of the United States, and the other the general western agent of the 4Etna Insurance Company.

He worked here until the first daily paper of Wisconsin was started at Milwaukee, the Daily Sentinel, by the lamented General Rufus King, when he was called to that city, and for a long time was the compositor of the Gen¬ eral’s editorial manuscript. About this time a new Whig paper was started by Edward Bliss, at Racine, and our young “typo” was proffered the foremanship of the con¬ cern. This station he most acceptably filled during the following two years. He had now learned all of the art that could be taught in an ordinary office, and being anxious to become an expert and as near the head of the profession as he could get, he removed to Buffalo, N. Y. , and through the friendship of his great-uncle, Hon. E. R. Jewett, of the then renowned printing firm of Jewett, Thomas & Co., of the Commercial Advertiser, then gen¬ erally known as the finest and most successful printing- house in America, he entered upon a second apprenticeship, or “under instructions,” and at the end of two years was presented with a diploma by the veteran “Thomas” as a “first-class and accomplished printer in the best sense of the word.”

At this time his old employer, Bliss, came to Buffalo and held out flattering inducements for him to return to Racine and establish a new weekly temperance literary journal under the patronage of the then popular “Sons of

2

THE INLAND PRINTER.

==r=ppt:irf^=r

Temperance,” called The Old Oaken Bucket, which, under his tPfignlil^f j^kH,|a!nd a marked literary turn as a writer, and with the accomplished Rev. A. C. Barry, as editor- in-chief/ became a literary and pecuniary success.

We should have said that when he purchased the ma¬ terial for this office he also added a “job” department, and at this time he established a reputation as being the finest printer in the West, and did work in this (then) little village far superior to anything west of Buffalo.

Enjoying this reputation, and being ambitious for a larger field, he was induced to remove his office to Milwaukee and consolidate it, by purchase, with the Commercial Ad¬ vertiser (now the Daily News') of that city. Here he increased his renown as a first-class printer, but having been un¬ fortunate in his choice of a partner, through whom he became involved in pecuniary difficulties, he turned over his interest and office to him, taking his bond to pay all debts (which, by the way, he had mostly to discharge later on), and removing to Chicago, placing his skill as an equal offset to the capital and business of James J. Langdon, then the largest printing-house in that city (1851), and in less than one year had more than doubled its business under the firm name of Langdon & Rounds.

After a few years of marked prosperity the office was sold to Cook, Cameron & Sheahan, who, with it, started what is today the Chicago Times. At this juncture Mr. Rounds purchased a new office and started it alone, also estab¬ lishing the nucleus of his afterward ex¬ tensive “Printer’s Warehouse.”

From this data up to the great fire in Chicago, on that memorable 9th of October, 1871, his business was a steady, forward march of success, until it was swallowed up by the fire-fiend, and the labor of years went flying heavenward in the storm of fire which clothed the glorious western metropolis in sackcloth and ashes.

Here his superior professional skill, his thorough practical education, his innate energy and business aptitude, for the first time had a fit field for its exercise and development, and the result soon began to appear. His printing business yearly doubled and trebled, until it became the largest and most noted one in the Northwest. His printers’ warehouse department kept pace until it ex¬ tended to every village and city from the great lakes to the Pacific, one result of which was the complete fitting out of over 4,000 newspapers and hundreds of job-printing houses.

In 1856 he added the “Pioneer Electrotype Foundry” in the West ; and the same year established the Rounds'

Printers' Cabinet , now twenty-eight years old, and acknowl¬ edged by the craft to be one of the finest and most useful printers’ journals in the world.

In 1868, in company with the lamented George W. Taylor — son of the printing-press inventor and manufac¬ turer, A. B. Taylor, Esq., of the well-known “Taylor Press ” — he added the Pioneer Printing-Press Manufactory of the Northwest, which has grown into a heavy business, and the Chicago and New York “Taylor” presses are now running in almost every village from ocean to ocean.

In 1865 he added a complete book bindery, and from that time up to the great fire his was the Only house west of New York that could furnish the type and material for a book, print, bind and electrotype it all under one roof. At this point of his history came the

“ Winter of his discontent/*

He had successfully weathered the financial crash of i857-’s8-’S9, the bank failures of 1860-61, and many very heavy losses; but the great holocaust of 1871 swept away his extensive and well-equipped store and establishment at 46 State street, causing him a loss of over $125,000, and

STERLING P. ROUNDS.:

THE INLAND PRINTER.

3

leaving him nothing but his press manufactory on the West Side. Hundreds of Chicago’s plucky men succumbed to the blow, but Mr. Rounds, after a brief hour’s indulgence in the “blues,” and sustained by one of God’s greatest blessings to man — a true and devoted wife — again buckled on the armor, and when the “hard times” of 1873-’ 74-’ 75 came on, had once more fairly got his head above water.

Right here, an incident connected with that terrible conflagration* may not be amiss. The fire destroyed all the newspaper and printing-offices in the city. Mr. Rounds had just completed seven power printing presses, which, with the accompanying type, were marked and ready to ship to different customers in the West. He at once had them all unboxed and put in working order, and for several weeks, until new material could be got from the East, he printed the Tribune , Times, Post, Journal and all the other principal publications — an act of neighborly accom¬ modation and energy that was gratefully acknowledged by the entire press of this city. Indeed it can be truthfully said that his whole life has been marked by such acts of kindness to his fellow-craftsmen, with such an aggregate of real loss and expense to him as would alone make him a very wealthy man, and which was one cause of the mag¬ nificent and .unprecedented indorsement the entire press of the North, West, and many from the East and South, so heartily gave him for the present exalted and honorable position he now occupies as United States Public Printer, the head of a department on the management of which the working and success of so many other departments largely depend. When Garfield was elected President, some of Mr. Rounds’ friends, without his knowledge, an¬ nounced him as a candidate for this office, and the nom¬ ination was at once taken up and spread like a wild prairie fire among the press of the West, until nearly one thousand of its principal papers had strongly indorsed him.

And it is a fact that President Garfield left among other nomination papers with his bosom friend, General Swaim, a written memoranda in his own hand to appoint 'Mr. Rounds to the position. Not only was Mr. Rounds backed by the entire power of the press, but by the solid influence and petition of all the state officers, senators and representatives of his own state; by the business men, bankers, city officials and judges of Chicago (where he had been in daily business for thirty-one years), but by promi¬ nent men, his entire state delegation, and a host of senators and members of congress from other parts of the country, all making in reality and truth the strongest indorsement any one applicant for a position at the capital ever received. During his experience as a citizen of the city he has seen it grow up from a village of 28,000 inhabitants to a grand metropolis of 600,000, once • meanwhile almost entirely destroyed ; he has occupied many stations of trust and re¬ sponsibility, and among them president of the “Illinois State Press Association,” and one of its leading members and officers for years. He was also president of the “North¬ western Type Founders’ Association,” and also of the “ Chicago Employing Printers’ Association,” and for many years an active, now “exempt,” member of the “Fire Department,” and also of “Apollo Commandery of Knights Templar,” and during all these years has gained

the solid respect and friendship of all with whom he came in contact, either in a business or a social way, and even in a temporary absence from the city of his love will be regretted by all. While he never has been an active or “ward politician,” he has always been a most hearty and uncompromising republican, and his political ideas can be summed up by the record of his votes for president — Taylor, Scott, Fremont, Lincoln, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, and the fact that in all the consecutive years he has voted in Chicago he never “scratched” the straight republican ticket.

When the war broke out he was for some years a sufferer from rheumatism, and though his heart was in the field, his body was forced to abide at home, but he was ably represented by twenty-six men he helped fit out from his large establishment, and his only brother ; and this fact should, as it did, merit the hearty support of Generals Grant, Logan, Sheridan, and very many other officers and soldiers of lesser degree, for the position fought for and won ! In his private, social and business life he has ever been generous and liberal to a fault. With a large heart commensurate with his sturdy frame — no man or woman “under a cloud” ever appealed to him for aid without success, and today hundreds of successful editors and publishers now owning happy homes and a thriving busi¬ ness, owe it to his generous aid and forbearance in times of trouble — cordial, genial, and possessing a rare magnet¬ ism of mind and manner, he has built around him a bulwark of true and hearty friends, and it is without doubt true that he enjoys the personal acquaintance with and the lively friendship of more editors and printers than any other man in America. And while they all know he is an uncompromising and “stalwart” republican, in the mag¬ nificent press indorsement he received for the position he now occupies — and undoubtedly most acceptably fills — among the heartiest and strongest may be found the leading democratic journals of the West, alongside those of his own strong political faith.

Mr. Rounds has now filled his most arduous and difficult position nearly three years, and it is but just to say that the results of his administration have more than realized the anticipations of not only the twelve hundred editors who knew him so well and so heartily endorsed him, but of his legion of friends everywhere. In this limited time he has brought order out of chaos — established a thorough business system in every division of the great establishment — refilled it to a large degree with modern and labor-saving machinery and appliances, and that, too, without asking congress for any extra appropriation of money, and without any “ deficiency bills has thoroughly renovated and cleansed the entire office so that it is bright, clean and cheerful — and with a largely decreased rate of sickness and death among the employes ; has brought the unfinished work of the office, which had accumulated for years, as well as current business up to a point nearer com¬ pletion than ever before attained ; has turned out the myriads of orders from the different departments with such promptness and good style as to merit and receive the hearty encomiums of all who have business with the office ; he has dealt with the very difficult matter of appointments with

4

THE INLAND PRINTER.

such justice and fairness as to have gained the universal good will of almost every member of both houses of congress and all others ; and it is entirely true and safe to say that the government has no more efficient, faithful and universally popular representative than the subject of this sketch — Sterling P. Rounds.

THE PRINTING-PRESS.

(Continued.)

BY STEPHEN MC NAMARA.

SUDDENLY as when a meteor bursts upon the vision at night, its path made luminous by the inconceivable velocity with which it flashes through the fathomless depths of space, the spectator, transfixed by its lurid glare during the momentary glimpse afforded him, is filled with emotion and profoundly impressed with the awful sublimity and grandeur of the phenomenon ; so when from the_fertile brain of Isaac Adams was launched before the

pedo or Gatling gun to slaughter men by wholesale, columns and pages would be devoted to him and his invention. Biographies of eminent men remind us “we may make our lives sublime,” but, unfortunately, the monumental genius of Isaac Adams must be obscured to give promin¬ ence to backwoods pedagogues and able attorneys at the country bar !

“Isaac Adams was born in Rochester, N. H., 1803; education limited ; after working in a factory as an opera¬ tive he learned the trade of cabinet-maker, went to Boston in 1824, and worked in a machine shop; four years later he invented his first press, associated with his brother Seth, and in 1834 produced the new patent upon which all book work was subsequently done. ’ ’

Such is the view afforded us of one of America’s greatest inventors. To him belongs the proud distinction of de¬ vising the means of disposing of the printed sheet, and thus lessening the labor and cost of printing. If he is

gaze of the printing world the press bearing his name, men stood aghast at the marvelous exhibition of human ingenuity and skill therein displayed.

No praise is too extravagant, no picture overdrawn, no homage undeserved which could be applied to this man, but rather he who would do strict justice to him, should exercise descriptive powers consonant to the genius he possessed. To shrink from such a task betokens a true estimate of its proportions and pays a tribute to his mem¬ ory which no language can express !

Examine any book published between 1835, the date of his invention, and the new renaissance of i860, and impressed in the margins will be found the finger marks of the Adams press as plain as if his “Yours truly” were printed in the text. Look through the encyclopedias bearing the same indelible mark — silent index to his skill — and while deeds of valor are there portrayed, forgotten events again recalled, and remote hamlets geographically located, no meed of praise is bestowed on him. Were he the inventor of §pme terrible engine of destruction, a tor-

regarded as a benefactor who makes two blades of grass grow where one grew before, should the man who, by mechanical skill, produces equally valuable results,

“ Return to dust from whence he sprung.

Unwept, unhonored and unsung? ”

To fully appreciate his achievements we should not forget that the product of any machine must be divided by the number of hands required; so, if but one hand was employed to operate his press, its capacity was doubled. When Stanhope, by one pull, doubled the capacity of the hand-press, his individuality was stamped upon that press for all time. When Adams by one masterly stroke bore down every obstacle, and made it possible for one attend¬ ant to print and deliver a sheet without other aid than the machine afforded, he earned and richly deserves a niche in the temple of fame to be admired of all men.

A great scientist has explained how the human hand indicates its possessor to be the master of the planet he may inhabit. What boldness, then, an inventor displays who dares to imitate and counterfeit its action ! Yet this

THE INLAND PRINTER.

was the very aim and purpose of Isaac Adams, and how well did he succeed ! Place a sheet of paper upon an inclined table, its edge projecting a trifle beyond, draw the sheet away to a horizontal position, and a graceful act has been performed. Duplicate the act naturally and with equal grace by hands of steel, and we see one of the feats which he performed. What emotions, indeed, must have filled his breast to contemplate that he was fabricating of steel the counterpart of the very hands with which he made the drawing !

Had he stopped at this point even, he would have earned the title of a great mechanic ; but, with character¬ istic cleverness, he continued, and by a current of air he lifted the sheet after printing, caught and sent it spinning along a series of rollers and tapes above the fly which lay concealed, and by a magical movement deposited it gently on a table poised to any height required, with an accuracy and precision never since equaled.

Mr. R. P. Yorkston, editor of the American Journal¬ ist, St. Louis, doubtless the highest authority on the press in this country, courteously sends the following very inter¬ esting facts : “It was my good fortune to have been an apprentice to that renowned old typographer, Daniel Fan- shaw, of New York, and in that capacity I had occasion to assist in preparing for cremation the wooden parts of two Treadwell presses which had been stored away in the cellar for years, as if buried under the heels of progress. In answer to the inquiries curiosity led me to make, he said he had eighteen Treadwell machines between 1820 and 1842. At first they were propelled by horse-power. In 1827 a steam engine was introduced, and the first engineer was a Yankee mechanic named Isaac Adams, whose duty it was to look after the engine and make the necessary repairs on the presses. Samuel Bingham, of roller fame, was one of the pressmen employed, etc.

“In this connection, let me add, it seems strange, in all that has been written about presses and their inventors, not one word has ever been said as to how and where Adams got hold of his ideas in building the admirable machine with which his name is so intimately connected ; yet, that his service in the Fanshaw house, and close study of the Treadwell press, were the direct cause of his inven¬ tion, there cannot be a doubt. Another point also may have led him to its construction, viz. : the invention of Dr. Church, of London, in 1821, which was’ actually the same as the Adams press of 1835, with the exception of the fly, the bellows to lift the sheet, and the gripper motion.”

(To be continued.')

ELECTROTYPING.

PERHAPS there is no art that is working greater results towards the amelioration and intellectual elevation of man than the truly scientific art of electrotypy, second only to the printing-press, with which it acts in concert — second only in rank to this all-powerful engine of trans¬ mitting thought.

Electrotypy, too, calls into requisition the most subtle and powerful agency from the hidden storehouse of Na¬ ture — electricity. Its marvelous results, in connection with

this important art, are but little short of magic, could we persuade ourselves to suppose such a power to exist.

This wonderful force of nature has been a prolific topic with scientists of all countries. Its discovery is but of comparatively modern date. Its investigations, for a number of years, were made not in reference, particu¬ larly, to its utilization, but more in the spirit of adoration at the shrine of an element, incalculable in force, and overwhelming in its energies. Endued with a certain spirituality, it has pointed out its possible subserviency to art, independent of any philosophical inductions. By its discovered effects, has it exhibited the possibilities of its utilization. So far as the wisdom of man is concerned, its application to the many industries of the present day has been accidental.

We shall not attempt a history of its cumulative ener¬ gies ; but of its application to electro-metallurgy, or rather to electrotypy, a division of electro-metallurgy; a term given by Alfred Smee, and having reference to the differ¬ ent manipulations of the metals, through the agency of electricity.

In the early part of the present century it was discov¬ ered that some of the metals could be restored from their salts, by passing a current of electricity through their solution.

The germ of the art of electrotyping is distinctively traced to the early, interesting experiments of Wollaston, Cruickshank, Brugnatelli, Davy, and others, of contem¬ porary period ; but no results of any particular importance occurred, relating to the art under consideration, until Prof. Daniell had given to the world a generating cell, or battery, bearing his own name, constructed entirely differ¬ ent from the simpler forms hitherto in use. By means of his cell the fragmentary incidents, as ascertained by Wol¬ laston and others, took more tangible form.

Prof. Daniell gives a description of his cell, in a paper in 1836. It consists, in its usual form, of a copper vessel containing a saturated solution of blue vitriol, or sulphate of copper, in which is placed a porous cylinder containing diluted sulphuric acid ; a rod of amalgamated zinc is im¬ mersed in the acid, connection being made with the zinc rod and copper vessel by a copper wire, or other conduct¬ ive substance, electrical action immediately takes place. The zinc becomes the positive or generating element ; gradually dissolving, precipitates sulphate of zinc; while the sulphate of copper is reduced and deposited in metallic form on the surface of the copper-containing vessel, which forms the negative or conducting element of the combina¬ tion, faithfully copying the surface of the vessel. This fact was discovered by stripping off portions of the metal¬ lic copper, which had been deposited, and was found to copy the slightest scratch or abrasion thereon. This, the professor noticed incidentally in his paper giving the des¬ cription of his cell. De la Rue also called attention to this, in his experiments with the Daniell’s combination.

These little incidents were not utilized until two or three years later. On October 5, 1838, Prof. Jacobi, of St. Petersburg, communicated to the St. Petersburg Acad¬ emy of Science his process of producing copies of en¬ graved copper plates by the agency of electricity. This

THE INLAND PRINTER.

6

seems to be about the earliest knowledge we have of electrotyping.

About a month previous, Mr. Thomas Spencer, of Liv¬ erpool, arrived at a somewhat similar result, accidentally, through using a copper coin for the copper element, and employing a neutral jar in place of the copper-containing vessel. The coin became entirely encrusted with the de¬ posited copper; on stripping it off, he found it a faithful copy of the coin, “ intaglio ” instead of “ relief.”

The direction of the “deposit,” or rather the knowl¬ edge of controlling it : that certain portions of an object might be coated and the rest remain intact, was discov¬ ered, accidentally, by Mr. Spencer while employing a copper-containing jar. Having spilled some varnish on the inside of the copper vessel, he discovered that where- ever the varnish adhered, though ever so thin a film, no deposit took place. A knowledge of this fact led the way to many interesting experiments in copying coins, medals, and various other metallic objects.

C. J. Jordan, a printer in England, about the same time, gave to the public similar results.

It is extremely difficult to give any particular nation¬ ality priority, as it seems it became an interesting and absorbing subject on the continent and in this country about the same time, probably creating as much interest over civilization as the “kite-flying” experiment of Ben¬ jamin Franklin at an earlier day.

One of the most important steps forward in the develop¬ ment of the art of electrotyping was the discovery by Mr. Murray, in 1840, of the use of black lead or graphite. He ascertained that a variety of objects, non-conducting of themselves, might be rendered conductive by a thin film of black lead being brushed over them until the sur¬ face was evenly coated, and gave a peculiar metallic luster. Articles composed of wood, earthenware, or other sub¬ stances, coated with graphite or black lead, would become a negative element in the solution and receive the deposited metal. In many instances a coat of varnish would first be necessary. The introduction of graphite gave a new im¬ petus to the scientific explorers in the labyrinths of electric science, and at the present day scarcely anything could be accomplished without its use, as we shall understand later.

By the aid of black lead, coins, medals, and engraved copper plates could be moulded in wax, brushed over with black lead by means of a camel-hair brush, and sub¬ mitted at once for a deposit of copper, the wax being removed afterwards from the “electrotype” by heat.

Interesting experiments were made in coating various objects with copper — leaves, vines, fruit, cloth, etc., there being scarcely a limit to objects employed. A coat of varnish, and then a brushing over the surface with black lead, prepared it for the deposition of copper. Statuary, wood and porcelain figures were converted into bronzes, the varnish preventing any action on substances that would otherwise be affected by the acidulated solution, and also having the adhesive quality of retaining the coating of black lead.

About the same time Mr. Murray introduced his black lead, Mr. Mason suggested a separate battery for the de¬ positing fluid, which was another great step forward. All

experiments, hitherto, had been made by a single battery, and, as a consequence, its products were in a measure limited.

The introduction of the independent cell made it possi¬ ble to employ any combination for generating battery, as the electro-motor force, by means of conducting wires, conveyed to the depositing cell.

( To be continued .)

A CURIOSITY.

PRINTING AND ENGRAVING UNDER DIFFICULTIES.

ROBABLY one of the most enthusiastic and meri¬ torious printers and engravers in the United States is S. S. Waterman, living at Angel’s Camp, Calaveras county, California. He is now 2 7 years of age ; was born a crip¬ ple — his affliction being a nervous affection similar in result to paralysis, but confined mainly to his limbs. He cannot move any of them without assistance; he cannot even walk without aid. His general bodily health is good, scarcely ever being sick, and then usually through his bodily sympathy with his afflicted limbs and want of physical ex¬ ercise. His speech is somewhat impaired, otherwise he enjoys good health and spirits. His mind is strong, clear and active. He has a good common education and has never been out of the town of his nativity but once, and that in search of medical aid to alleviate his affliction, but without success. Being of a jovial and communicative nature, and, as he is unable to write, he had to dictate his correspondence and ideas to others. This he did not like to do, and at an early age he conceived the idea of print¬ ing his ideas with movable type which he set with his teeth. This was slow and difficult work at first, but by his untiring zeal and perseverance he succeeded beyond his most san¬ guine expectations, and as he progressed he found a greater field for his labors, and was one of the founders of The Mountain Echo, a small paper published at Angel’s Camp. He set a great deal of the type on this paper with his teeth, composing his editorials and other articles as he went along. He also did considerable job work in connection with his paper, and being so far away from type foundries and print¬ ers’ supply outfits, and having occasionally to use large block letters, and emblematic designs in his job work, he, with his usual perseverance and enthusiasm, conceived the idea of engraving. Procuring three large-sized darning needles, he had them ground to different sizes and proceeded with the extra-difficult undertaking of engraving on wood, holding his tools (needle) in his teeth. This effort, as in typesetting with his teeth, was also crowned with success, and he engraved block letters and emblems on wood as his business would require. He also printed the programmes, invitations and posters for the town, often embellished, not with his handiwork, but with his teethiwork. Mr. Water¬ man is now out of the newspaper business and confines his whole time to job printing. He employs a boy to do his presswork, the only part of his work that he cannot do with his teeth. The writer of this has in his possession a photograph of Mr. Waterman at the age of 16, also some specimens of his engraving and poster printing of later date, together with dictated letters from him verifying the above statements. S. W. F.

THE INLAND PRINTER.

7

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BOSTON TYPE FOUNDRY . Boston, Mass.

FOR SALE IN

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BARNHART BROS. & SPINDLER . Chicago, Ill.

ST. LOUIS TYPE FOUNDRY . St. Louis, Mo.

MINNESOTA TYPE FOUNDRY CO., St. Paul, Minn.

ROB’T ROWELL . Louisville, Ky.

H. H. THORP MANUF’G CO . Cleveland, O.

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DUNLAP & COHEN........ . Atlanta, Ga.

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; J. & F. B. GARRETT . Syracuse, N. Y.

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CINCINNATI TYPE FOUNDRY . Cincinnati, O.

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THE INLAND PRINTER.

,»COTTREUsCo

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lectrotype and Stereotype Machinery

THE BEST IS THE CHEAPEST. It will pay to investigate our claims for superiority and

- GET OUR PRICES before purchasing elsewhere. We

refer to Rand, McNally & Co.,' Chicago; Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.; Russell, Morgan & Co., Cincinnati; “Detroit Free Press,” “Louisville Courier Journal,” and others. Send for Prices.

C. B. COTTRELL & CO. ,

No. 8 Spruce Street , NEW YORK.

No. ip8 Clark Street, CHICAGO.

THE INLAND PRINTER

9

The Original “GEM” Paper and Card Cutter

Invented and Manufactured by the

HOWARD IRON WORKS,

BUFFALO, N. Y.

The Most Simple, Durable and Perfect Hand-Machine made.

No other Hand-Machine equal to it

Possesses Great Strength. Works Easily and Smoothly. Very Heavy, Com¬ pact, Firm and Rigid. Knife Cuts Perfectly True. Windlass -Clamp

has Free and Quick Motion. Cutting Sticks of Wood in Table to receive Knife. Table divided into Lines, Squares and Inches. Back and Side Gauges,

ITS CONVENIENCE AND ADAPTABILITY ARE WELL KNOWN TO THE TRADE.

PRICES — 30-in., Weight 1.200 lbs., $1.75; 32-in., Weight 1,500 lbs., $200.

Can refer to very many sold and in use all over the United States for many years, which GIVE PERFECT SATISFACTION.

•HOWARD IRON WORKS,

MANUFACTURERS QF

Paper Makers, Book Binders and Printers’ Machinery,

SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE

“DIAMOND” SELF- CLAMP PAPER CUTTER,

BUFFALO, N. Y.

BARNHART BROS. & SPINDLER, Gen’l Western Agents, 115 & 117 Fifth Ave., CHICAGO.

The Old Style Gordon Presses.

THE

New Style Gordon Press.

Five Sizes Made: 13x19, 11x17, I0XI5- 9x13 & 8x12,

(inside the chase).

Eighth Medium — 7 Xu, inside chase — with Throw-ofif, on cars at Factory, $175. Quarto Medium — 10X15, inside chase — with Throw-off, on cars at Factory, $270. . Less 5 per cent for cash.

Steam Fixtures, $15. These prices include 1 Roller Mould, 2 Sets Stocks and 3 Chases. Built in the Most Substantial Manner and of the Best Material.

Of the large number of these Presses manufactured and sold BY US, NOT ONE HAS FAILED to give entire satisfaction.

F. M. POWELL & CO., 119 South Clark St., Chicago.

CIRCULARS ON APPLICATION.

GORDON PRESS WORKS

99 Nassau Street, NEW YORK.

10

THE INLAND PRINTER.

PULSIFER, JORDAN & WILSON,	Printers’ Furnishing Warehouse.
MANUFACTURERS OF	ESTABLISHED 1872. / J hid c
paper , Card Board	/ £/ (/ £/ f 1/ LJ & kj - = Eype- Founding— f mdd'hmdv
7 7 ^ 7 /
ana /* nv elopes, Warehouse, 43, 45, 47 & 49 Federal St., - BOSTON, MASS. - —	ty f v (/ is 14/ r &/ V y 200 & 202 S. Clark St., Chicago. WESTERN AGENTS FOR Geo. Bruce’s- Son & Co. and James Conner’s Sons, XTT7'‘\X7’ T7AT) T 7~
Writing, Book Covers, Card Boards, Envelopes, Cut Cards, Ledgers, Linens and Ruled Goods.	NEW YORK. Newspaper Dresses and Complete Outfits for Job Offices.
W. A. FOWLER, Manager Chicago Branch, _ 15 1 Monroe Street	PRINTING PRESSES, Of all makers, and everything requisite in the Printing art, furnished at manufacturers' prices.
	4®* Send for our New Specimen Book for 1883.
C. JURGENS & BRO.	HOLYOKE. NEW YORK. CHICAGO.
86 & 88 Dearborn Street,	W. H. PARSONS & CO.
CHICAGO,	Paper Manufacturers
Electrotypers	News and Book Papers
AND	A SPECIALTY.
Stereotypers,	Card Board , Envelopes , Flat
MANUFACTURERS -OF	Writing, Etc.
-PLEADS, SLUG S,^= — AND	Chicago Office: 148 La Salle Street.
LABOR-SAVING FURNITURE.	C. M. DAVIS, Agent.
Country Orders wax Receive Prompt Attention.	SEND FOR SAMPLES AND PRICES.

THE INLAND PRINTER.

11

RADIATING SHEET SUPPORTERS.

They are an ornament to any press, being beauti¬ fully nickel-plated and elegantly designed. They will never shift out of position, the register is perfect and the placing of the sheets so smooth that the most delicate touch will determine their position. The side supporter is so arranged as not to obstruct the removal of the sheets, and the feeding may be done rapidly and accurately throughout with all thick¬ nesses of paper, envelopes, cards, etc.

Look at the following low prices for a complete set of the best and most durable Feed Guides in the world. They are worth double the price, but it is determined that all shall avail themselves of their advantages if low prices will enable them to do so.

Their application will not in any way conflict with any movements of the press, or necessitate any delay or changes. A most simple and effective method of affixing them has been patented, and any pressman can apply them by hand in a few minutes to any size or style of press. The Supporters may thereafter be instantly set to all positions on the lower half of the platen, for all sizes of sheets. The platen paper will not be punctured or wrinkled, or the making ready interfered with.

The following sizes are governed by the depth, not the width of the platen, and if a different size is required for the press from that named above, meas¬ urement should be from the lower edge of the platen up as far as the Supporters are desired to reach, and the order given accordingly.

SIZES, PRICES, AND PRESSES TO WHICH THEY ARE ADAPTED.

SIZES: 2 3, 3)4, 4. 4 5, 5)4, 6, 6)4 inches.

PRICES: $2.00, 2.io, 2.20, 2.30, 2.40, 2.50, 2.60, 2.70, 2.80 per Set.

For the 6x9, 7x11, 8x12, 9x13, 10x15, 11x17, 12x18, 13x19, 14x22 Press.

Order by the :

and forward it to any reliable Type Founder, Press Builder or Dealer in Printers’ Material, or to

Edward L. Megill, 6o Duane St., New York.

Improved Job Printers’ Cases.

A Substitute for the Inverted Case or Board Commonly Used.

A Saving of Money to the Employer. A Saving of Time to the Compositor. A most Economical and Much Needed Convenience. Has received the Unqualified Endorsement of the Leading Printers of the City.

For Circulars and further information, address

S. SIMONS & CO., 13 TO 19 N. Elizabeth St,, Chicago.

We feel satisfied that, when thoroughly tested, they will come into general use, and be regarded as indispensable in all well regulated Job Offices. — Inland Printer.

POPULAR BECAUSE RELIABLE.

The attention of Printers is directed to the following specialties, which HAVE NO RIVAL and are ABSOLUTELY PERFECT.

ELM CITY COUNTER.

Saves both stock and time. Counts 100,000 and repeats automatically.

Can be attached to any kind of machine where a

ELM CIT TTER.

direct horizontal or 1 cal movement is I obtained.

Price, $10.00.

No. 2, counting /> $8.00.

be

It is so made that a full sheet of card board may be cut on it with as little trouble as any larger machine. There is no other cutter of its size that will do this.

Price, $10.00.

Send for description of these and all our other goods.

SELF-FEEDING ELM CITY BRONZING PAD.

(patent pending)

The Bronze is received in the top, and delivered through valves in the center of the fur at bottom, passing through a sieve before reaching the paper. The supply regulated by thumb-screw at end of pad.

It is of convenient size, very light, and positively prevents all waste.

Price, large size, 2)4 hy 6 inches, $2.50 Price, for light work, 2f, inches, i.jo

Send for Illustrated Circular of the ELM CITY LINE SHAPERS.

ELM CITY ROLLER COMPOSITION has desirable qualities which Pressmen like. Send for sample.

G. D. R. HUBBARD & CO.,

Elm City Printers’ Warehouse, NEW HAVEN, CONN.

12

THE INLAND PRINTER.

Babcock Printing Press Mfg. Co’s

Drum Cylinder, Twolevolution^Lithographic Pat. Air-Spring Presses.'

BABCOCK “STANDARD” PRESSES.

These Presses are built from new designs combining strength and durability with increased capacity for speed, and embody several new and very important im¬ provements, among them the following :

Noiseless Gripper Motion, with Perfect Register. Air Valve, for re¬ moving the spring when desired, and invariably restoring it when the press is started. The Shield, which effectually protects the Piston and Cylinder from paper, tapes, etc., that might fall upon them and produce injury. The Piston can be adjusted to the size of the Air-Cylinder, so that the wear of either can be easily compensated. This easy, positive and perfect adjustment prevents leaks and vacuums and secures evenness of wear in the Air-Spring. The Roller - Bearing has the following advantages : Any single roller may be removed without disturbing the others. All of the rollers may be removed and replaced without altering their “ set.” When

desired, the form rollers may be released from contact with the distributor and type without removing the rollers from their bearings or changing their “ set.” The Ink Fountain is set very high, allowing easy access to the forms, and furnishes much better distribution than the old style. These improvements will commend them¬ selves to the approval of printers and pressmen.

SIZES AND PRICES OF “STANDARD” PRESSES.

No. i, Size bed 19 x 24 . $1,100.00 No. 5, Size bed 29 x 42 . $1,600.00

2, “ 20x26 . 1,250.00 6, “ 32x46 . 1,650.00

3, “ 25x31 . 1,400.00 7, « 33x51 . 1,750.00

4, “ 27x39-. . 1,525-00 8, •’ 36x53 . 2,200.00

No. 9, Size bed 38 x 56 . $2,500.00

THE BABCOCK NEW TWO-REVOLUTION PRESS

DELIVERS THE SHEETS IN FRONT PRINTED SIDE UP.

In bringing out a series of Two-Revolution Presses, the Babcock Printing Press Manufacturing Co. has sought to not only combine the best features known in other machines of this class, but also to add a number of valuable improvements which greatly increase the durability, usefulness and convenience of these Presses. In addition to the general features of the Babcock Drum Cylinders enumerated above, the Two-Revolution Presses deliver the sheet in front printed side up, without the use of either fly or swinging arms. They also have the new backing-tip motion, ena¬

THE BABCOCK PATENT AIR

The best Newspaper and Job Cylinder Press for the price in the market. Size I of bed 32 x 46 inches, will work a 6-column Quarto Newspaper without “ cramping.”

It is simple, strong, and in every way splendidly constructed. It combines all the latest improvements for fast and good work, together with beauty in design and |

bling the pressman to back up his press while the belt is on the loose pulley and with¬ out the aid of either gears or friction — a most valuable improvement. The mechanism for raising the cylinder is remarkably simple — an important fact when the tendency to wtar and lost motion in the joints is considered, and also requiring less power to run. These Presses are made very heavy for speed, and in every respect thoroughly constructed.

-SPRING COUNTRY PRESS.

solidity in all its parts. With its other qualifications it is capable of a high rate of speed ; has perfect register, fine distribution, runs easily and almost noiselessly. It is adapted to all kinds of work, having Air-Springs and Vibrators on Form Rollers. Price, $1,100. Steam Fixtures, $50 extra.

The best material which the market affords are used in all our Presses, and are adapted and combined with a special view to secure the best possible wearing qualities. All the running parts are made and adjusted with extra care. All the patterns are new, and carefully studied with a view to combining simplicity, strength and durability. All gearing is accurately cut with new and improved machinery, with cutters made on scientific principles. Prices include boxing and delivery on cars at New London, Conn.

BABCOCK PRINTING PRESS MFG. CO.

Barnhart Bros. & Spindler, Gen’l Western Agents, NEW LONDON CONN.

1 15 & 117 Fifth Avenue, CHICAGO.

THE INLAND PRINTER.

13

The Inland Printer,

A TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DEVOTED TO THE ART OF PRINTING. Published Monthly by

THE INLAND PRINTER COMPANY,

2 TAYLOR BUILDING, MONROE ST., CHICAGO.

JOS. PEAKE, Secretary-Treasurer and Business Manager. A. C. CAMERON, Editor.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES.

One dollar and a half per annum in advance; for six months. Seventy-five Cents ; single copies, Fifteen Cents.

The Inland Printer will be issued promptly on the tenth of each month. Sub¬ scriptions, payable in advance, may be sent to the Secretary by postoffice order or in currency at our risk.

The Inland Printer will spare no endeavor to furnish valuable news and information to those interested professionally or incidentally in the printing profession, and printers throughout the West will confer a great favor on the Editor of this Journal by sending him news pertaining to the craft in their section of the country, particularly individual theories and experiences of practical value.

ADVERTISING RATES.

	ONE MONTH.	THREE MONTHS.	MONTHS.	TWELVE MONTHS.
One inch .	$ 4 00	$11 OO	$2100	$ 38 5°
One-eighth page .	8 00	22 75	38 5°	75 00
One-quarter page .	12 00	34 00	65 00	115 00
One-half page..-. .	20 00	56 OO	105 OO	190 OO
One page . . . . .	35 00	90 OO	170 OO	325 00

The following gentlemen have authority to receive and receipt for subscriptions to The Inland Printer :

New York : Franklin A. Baxter, Shoe and Leather Reporter , 17 Spence street. Philadelphia: C. W. Miller, Rec.-Sec. Pressmen’s Union, P. O. Box 269. Washington, D. C. : Henry Evans, Pressroom Government Printing Office. St. Louis, Mo. : W. H. Bowman, 2514 Cass ave.

Chicago : Edward Langston, with J. M. W. Jones Printing Co.

Boston, Mass.: Silas L. Morse, 117 Franklin street.

Toronto, Ont.: James McDonald, with Rowsell & Hutchison.

Buffalo, N. Y.: E. D. Eastabrook, 81 W. Genesee street.

Memphis, Tenn.: H. P. Hanson, Sec’y Typographical Union No. 11.

Grand Rapids, Mich.: M. A. True, 51 and 53 Lyon street.

Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.: T. S. Clinch, Tribune Job Room. Indianapolis, Ind.: Fred. A. Lorenz, Carlon & Hollenbeck’s Pressroom. Winnipeg, Man. : A. Fletcher, Sec’y Typographical Union No. 191.

The Inland Printer may be obtained at retail of the following well-known newsdealers in Chicago :

Wells B. Sizer, 152 Dearborn street.

Pierce & Snyder, 122 Dearborn street.

Sutherland’s, 97 and 99 Adams street.

McDonald & Co., 55 Washington street.

Applications for agencies will be received from responsible working printers in every town and city in the United States and Canadas.

CHICAGO, OCTOBER, 1884.

TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS.

The list of advertisers in the present issue of THE IN¬ LAND PRINTER is one of which we have every reason to feel proud, embracing, as it does, a large number of the leading press, printing, type and ink manufacturers and agencies in the United States. We trust its readers will refer to its pages when giving their orders, as by so doing they will benefit themselves, its patrons and its publishers.

OUR SECOND VOLUME.

ITH the present number commences the second vol¬ ume of The Inland Printer. While sincerely thank¬ ing its many patrons and friends for the generous support received, both from advertisers and subscribers, in the year just closed ; and making the acknowledgment that the meed of success which has so far attended our efforts, has exceeded our most sanguine expectations, it may not be out of place, in asking a continuation of these favors, to

somewhat briefly refer to our hopes and intentions for the future.

We shall aim at least to make it a representative jour¬ nal worthy the support of the craft at large ; a welcome visitor alike to the counting-room of the employer and the home of the journeyman ; and, to enable us to do so, we wish our brethren to feel that it is their paper, devoted to their best interests, seeking the mutual welfare of em¬ ployer and employe, and recognizing to the fullest extent the reciprocal obligations which exist between them. We shall aim to keep pace with the demands of the times, and give to our readers the most recent developments of science as applied to the art preservative of arts and its kindred branches ; we shall advocate a higher standard of work¬ manship, the adoption and enforcement of an appren¬ ticeship system, and the establishment, under proper aus¬ pices, of schools of technique ; we shall aim to encourage and instruct the learner, implant in the rising generation a manly independence, with an honorable desire to excel, and publish, from time to time, the experience and practi¬ cal suggestions of working members of the craft. Our state of trade reports will continue to be a special feature, and as they are received direct from the officials of the local unions, their reliability may be depended on. Arrange¬ ments have also been perfected to receive a monthly cor¬ respondence from the leading business centers, both in the United States and Great Britain, while contributions on subjects of general interest by thoroughly representative men will be found from time to time in its columns. In short, no effort shall be lacking on our part to make it all we represent and an indispensable in the hands of every progressive, intelligent printer.

CO-OPERATION IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA.

N a recent issue of the London Spectator, one of the

most conservative of English journals, the prediction is made “ that long before the century is out the whole of our working class will be in association, and will have the staple trades of the country in their hands or under their control.” Exaggerated as this statement may seem, investigation proves that it is warranted by the experience and statistics of the past. Today there are in Great Britain over 1,200 cooperative institutions in practical operation, numbering over 600,000 members, most of whom are heads of families, who represent two millions and a half of people, or one-twelfth of the entire popu¬ lation of the United Kingdom. The capital of these societies amount to $45,000,006, and make a net annual profit of $10,000,000. Independent of this, they have a wholesale society, now in its twentieth year, with a capital of $200,000, doing a business of $15,000,000 per annum, with a net profit of $160,000. This society has branches in Scotland, Ireland, New York City, France and Den¬ mark, and also owns three large steamers, which ply between England and the continent on the company’s business. But what is more important, these societies are multiplying alike in numbers and the amount of business transacted. Nor are their operations confined to what may be called those moving in the humbler walks of life. On the contrary, they embrace in their membership and

14

THE INLAND PRINTER.

transactions all classes and every phase of society, from the merchant to the clerk, from the physician to the black¬ smith ; one of the most recent additions being that of the Army and Navy Cooperative Association, consisting of officers ranking from admiral to lieutenant, both on the active and retired lists.

The constitution of this great union is worthy of consideration and adoption in the United States, because it pledges itself “ to the promotion of the practice of truthfulness, justice and economy in production and exchange (i) by the abolition of all false dealings, either direct or indirect ; (2) by conciliating the conflicting interests of the capitalist, the worker and the purchaser, through an equitable division among them of the fund commonly known as profits ; (3) by preventing the waste of labor now caused by unregulated competition.” We repeat, the declarations of principles upon which- the British system of cooperation is based, and an unqualified acceptance of which is required before a society can be admitted to the cooperative union, is worthy of consider¬ ation and adoption in the United States, because, by their simplicity and the objects sought to be attained, and the means employed to attain them, they commend themselves to the approbation of every unprejudiced mind, because they promise in due time to satisfactorily solve the most difficult economic problem of the age — to find a common standing ground for capital and labor — and, further, be¬ cause in practical results they have far exceeded the most sanguine expectation of their advocates.

With these results staring us in the face, and with the friction between capital and labor • daily growing more apparent, the question may well be asked : “ If coopera¬ tion has been so successful in Great Britain, why is it that, to all intents and purposes, its operations have so far proved a failure in the United States? ” While we do not propose to answer the question in its entirety , practical experience convinces us, and we believe will convince our readers, that the following may be classed as. among the leading obstacles which have stood, and which still stand, in the pathway of its successful adoption, and which must be surmounted before similar results will crown our own efforts :

In most of the industrial centres of the United States, where cooperative enterprises, either productive or dis¬ tributive, have been established, the ever-present difficulty, the heterogeneous character of our population, with all its conflicting phases and interests, has furnished an almost insurmountable obstacle. National and religious preju¬ dices have played too prominent a part in preventing that unity of interest and action which must be realized and practiced before cooperation can thoroughly take root on American soil. So long as these national characteristics distinguish the various elements composing our population, and we suppose they will do so until a check is placed on the indiscriminate emigration now going on, and a more thorough American feeling fostered — so long will coope¬ ration fall short of its mission, at least on the American continent.

The ignorance and incapacity of those too often se¬ lected as business managers of cooperative enterprises, is

responsible for a large quota of failures. In England favoritism is virtually unknown, as these institutions are conducted by business men on strictly business principles ; and to this fact may be attributed in a great measure their success. Qualification is essential to prefennent. Personal ambition, cliques or clacquers do not control their coun¬ cils or hamper their management. Here, too much of the ward-caucus influence enters into their composition. In¬ dividual or national prejudices, regardless of consequences, frequently prompt the selection to positions of responsi¬ bility and trust of men unfitted to occupy them alike by education or natural capacity. A workman may be spe¬ cially qualified for the position of foreman in a black¬ smith shop, and yet be unable to manage a cooperative foundry; a good compositor, make-up or proof-reader, and yet unfit to assume the business control of a coopera¬ tive printing office. The “ you-tickle-me-and-I’ll-tickle- you ’ ’ policy has generally been the forerunner of disaster, because successful competition under such auspices demands tact, education and ability of the highest order, and these will seldom be found where favoritism or prejudice has had a controlling voice in the selection of the management.

Impatience of results furnishes another formidable drawback, and this, no doubt, is the offspring of their lack of confidence in the business tact of the very men they themselves have placed in control. Rome was not built in a day, however, so patience, forbearance and patronage are essential to surmount the difficulties which beset their pathway or ensure success. Their members are also too often carried away by chimerical and impracticable ideas, which never have been and never will be realized, and col¬ lapse is the consequence. Others, again, look for too great results. We have known stockholders who not only ex¬ pected to purchase their household necessities a trifle above first cost, but also receive a quarterly dividend from the profits ; and frequently those who have the least pecuniary interest at stake are the most annoying in their irrational demands, and the most fruitful agencies in sowing the seeds of mistrust.

But above all these pernicious influences is the fell spirit of suspicion and jealousy, which seems inseparable from every business enterprise over which workingmen exercise control. This venom is the more contemptible because it generally assumes the form of innuendo, more baneful in its results, because more difficult to refute, than a direct attack. Instead of encouraging by word and deed those placed in authority to watch over their interests, the chances are ten to one that the first baseless rumor calcu¬ lated to shake public confidence has been invented by a dissatisfied stockholder, and is sure to be retailed and mag¬ nified by an army of scandal-mongers who have neither the courage nor the power to substantiate it. And when the mischief has been accomplished, and failure, the inevitable result of such misrepresentation, ensues, these would-be wiseacres shake their heads and say “I told you so-and-so some time ago,” but they don’t say that the first nail in the coffin of the enterprise was driven by their own hands.

Other reasons, such as the immunity enjoyed by em¬ bezzlers of public funds, the opposition of corporations to

THE INLAND PRINTER.

15

a system which seeks to deprive them of their monopoly by a more equitable division of this world’s wealth ; the fact that there is not the same competition in the United States that there is in Great Britain, and, for that reason, not the same necessity for combination, etc., will, no doubt, present themselves to the minds of our readers; but we believe the foregoing embrace the principal causes why cooperation, up to the present date, at least, has not made the same progress in the new as it has made in the old world.

SHALL WE HAVE AN APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM? MONG the many social questions affecting the mutual interests of the employer and the employe, few out¬ rank in importance that of securing an equitable and efficient apprenticeship system. The necessity for and the advantages to be derived from its adoption are so numerous and self-evident, so keenly appreciated, and so generally acknowledged, that the great leverage of popular opinion may truthfully be said to be almost a unit in its support. But in considering it from a standpoint of mutual ad¬ vantage it is well to take into consideration the fact that the curb and rein must be judiciously applied, and the talent of the rising generation developed in consonance with the genius of the age in which we live. We have no sympathy with the idiotic claims on the one hand that the American boy is intelligent enough to learn his trade with¬ out the aid of an appenticeship system, or the pessimist view of impracticables that it is contrary to the spirit of our institutions and a curtailment of the rights of the citizen, nor with those who advocate the retention of the seven years’ clause, on the other. Each is devoid of reason. The latter feature, to which reference has recently been made in our columns, may have been necessary a century ago, but today society lives, moves and has its being under very different auspices ; and the American youth, feeling the vitalizing, quickening power of the times, will not and should not be bound by the iron-clad requirements and one-sided avarice of a feudal age. He has ambitions and opportunities to develop them unknown to the youth of the past, and it is the climax of folly to overlook these impor¬ tant truths in dealing with this question.

It is essential, then, to strike the mean — the quantum sufficit — between these extremes. Let us illustrate by a reference to the printing business. The hand-press, with its roller and fly boy, which usually occupied the attention of the apprentice for a couple of years, has given place to the modern printing machine, which, by the application of steam, not only dispenses with the old-time agencies, but turns out more impressions in one hour than the hand-press did in fifty. We live in a progressive, utilitarian age, and the tendencies of these ever-increasing modern inventions is to lessen manual labor and add to the wealth and enjoy¬ ment of the human race; and so in other branches of trade. A number of the features which consumed the time of the apprentice, and added to the length of his indentures, have disappeared, yet these very changes demand a higher order of intelligence and a thorough system of education, which can only be secured by years of patient labor and examination. Scarcely a mail or

exchange reaches us that does not bring some new devel¬ opment, some discovery dragged from Nature’s exhaustless storehouse, some claim to a new process or an improvement on an old one — and the boy who is too indolent, or too indifferent to appreciate these facts, or who has not his ambition whetted by their discovery, is as certain to be the drone of the future as that cause precedes effect. Parents, as well as employers, have a responsibility in the premises which they cannot ignore, and in all efforts to make their offspring thoroughly proficient members of their craft, and establish a higher standard of American workmanship, we have a right to expect their hearty co-operation.

Whether the enactment and enforcement of such a system can be more easily obtained by legislation, or by the fiat of our national organizations, may be an open question. Taking into consideration the fact that no national law on the subject can be secured, and that if enacted by state legislation it would have to run the gauntlet of a veto from every governor who chose to poise as a constitution- stickler, we believe the simplest and most effective method would be secured by concerted action by our international unions, and when made law by custom it will be a com¬ paratively easy matter to confirm the custom by law.

As we consider this subject one of vital importance, we shall refer to it again at greater length.

DON’T SPARE THE SORTS.

T is a penny-wise and pound-foolish policy which is pur¬ sued in too many of our larger printing offices, viz. : to keep workmen continually skirmishing for leads, slugs, metal furniture or, in fact, sorts of any kind which are in general demand, instead of providing a supply sufficient for all ordinary emergencies. Were a strict account kept of the time thus needlessly consumed, and consequently lost, in one year it would be found to represent a sum sufficient to supply all legitimate demands. Let us take an every¬ day example for illustration : Suppose ten men waste — for that is the proper name to give it — an hour each day, a by no means extravagant estimate, picking from dead and fre¬ quently from live matter. In one month, twenty-seven days, at current wages, this would represent $8r ; in one year, exclusive of holidays, $960. Now let us see how far even $900 would go to furnish the necessary supplies at market prices: $200 of this amount would give 1,666 pounds of six-to-pica leads, $200, 2,000 pounds of slugs, and $500, 2,500 pounds of metal furniture — in the aggre¬ gate over three tons of the most useful and often required material to be found in an office. And yet, how many employers, both in this and other cities, would hold up their hands in holy horror were such a proposition made to them ; while in twelve months they pay out for lost time more than is represented by this amount, with absolutely nothing to show for the expenditure. The advantages of having a well-stocked office in such material are generally appreci¬ ated when an important job, where it is required, is wanted in a hurry, or where competition narrows the margin of profit. When the supply is deficient, three or four com¬ positors are generally sent to hunt sorts to keep half a dozen other compositors busy, thus entailing an extra cost, while in an office where the supply is equal to the demand, the..

16

THE INLAND PRINTER.

services of the extras can either be profitably employed on other work, or else added to the working force on the hurried job. Now common sense suggests that labor per¬ formed under such circumstances must either be turned out at a loss or else an overcharge allowed for extra time. And where business is conducted on business principles, this disadvantage is certain to militate against the competing establishment which is blind to its best interests.

Another and very important objection against the chronic picking system is that it handicaps the compositor, because it frequently happens that no allowance is made for labor spent in this manner, and, as a consequence, the extra time is charged to his slowness or inefficiency rather than to the true cause — a lack of material, so that from every standpoint we believe this penny wise and pound foolish policy is to be deprecated.

THE INTERNATIONAL TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION.

WE have received a copy of the Report of the Pro¬ ceedings of the thirty-second annual session of the International Typographical Union, which convened in New Orleans on the 2d of June last, just issued from the press of Gray & Clarkson, Washington, D.C. It is a formidable -looking, exhaustive document, and reflects great credit both on the Secretary of the Convention and the compiler. From it we glean the following items of general interest: For the year ending May 31, 1884, the receipts were $7,502.10, and the expenditures $4,407.44, leaving a balance on hand of $3,094.66. Including the pressmen’s, there are 167 local unions under the jurisdic¬ tion of the International — of which 14 are in the British Provinces — with a total membership of 16,030, of whom 106 are females. There have been 32 strikes and lock-outs, and 192 deaths, while the total receipts by the various unions amounted to the respectable sum of $57,240.30.

Among the resolutions adopted was the following, pre¬ sented by Messrs. Reeves and Pelton, of Chicago, for which we return our sincere thanks :

Whereas, The Inland -Printer, published in Chicago, is the only technical journal in the United States devoted to the interests of the craft owned, controlled, and edited by men whose avowed fealty to union principles have long been recognized ; therefore be it

Resolved , That the International Typographical Union hereby recommend it to the patronage of the fraternity under its jurisdiction as worthy of their support, alike for its intrinsic merit as a trade jour¬ nal and its outspoken advocacy of labor’s interests.

The reports of the state deputies are not as encourag¬ ing as we should have liked to see them, but it is probable that under the guidance of Mr. Crawford, chief organizer, they may be able to give a better account of their steward¬ ship at the New York session.

DEATH OF MR. ROBERT HOE.

MR. ROBERT HOE, the well-known press manufact¬ urer, died at his summer residence, Tarrytown, N. Y., on the 13th of September, in the seventieth year of his age. Mr. Hoe was a native of the city of New York, and the eldest son of Mr. Robert Hoe, the founder of the firm, who was born at the hamlet of Hoes, near Notting¬ ham, England, in 1784, and who came to the United

States in 1803. On the death of the father, which oc¬ curred in 1833, the two brothers, Richard M. and Robert, succeeded to the business, and eventually made it the largest of the kind in the world. Few public men were better known for their enterprise, public spirit and benevo¬ lence than Mr. Hoe. He was a member of the Century Club, and was one of the founders of the National Acad¬ emy of Design. He leaves a widow, a daughter, and a son, Robert Hoe, Jr.

PROPOSED GERMAN TYPOGRAPHIC ACADEMY.

THE centre of the German printing and publishing trade, Leipzig, is, says the Printers' Register , very likely to have a Typographic Academy in connection with a Graphic Museum. The attention of the Saxon govern¬ ment having been directed by the Leipzig Chamber of Commerce to the necessity of raising the printing trade and its members to a higher level, it communicated with the Master Printers’ Society and others. Herr Carl B. Lorck, the well-known editor of different valuable works on printing, was charged to report on the matter. The noted Klemm collection of incunabula is intended to be bought, to serve as a nucleus for the Graphic Museum, and 30,000 marks are said to have been offered for it. The Graphic Academy is to educate young printers to the climax of the ars artuim conservatrix.

Our Type Specimen Pages — We have introduced a feature into our pages, which we doubt not will prove an inestimable boon to many of our remote brethren who do not possess the facilities for keeping themselves posted in the new and beautiful faces that are being constantly cast in American foundries. The Inland Printer will in future contain specimen pages of the latest designs of our best foundries, and no printer who desires to keep abreast of the times can afford to ignore it. Send in your subscriptions, and preserve each copy to the end of the volume ; it will be found a splendid investment.

HINTS TO APPRENTICES.

A STYLE of imposition comparatively unknown to the average printer is that of laying down pages reading the long way, or music fashion. A compositor is not often called upon to impose forms of this character; and we remember how, a short time ago, when a compositor of our acquaintance had such a duty to perform, he made a tour of investigation through the office in search of some one who could help him lay down his form correctly. He fortunately struck the right party, and if ever he has such a form to impose again will know how to set about it without loss of time. We intend to illustrate “music fashion” imposition by giving two or three diagrams, which may prove of service to the learner if occasion should arise for their use.

A four-page form will be imposed on the same plan as any other four-page form, allowing for the difference in the shape of the pages. The accompanying diagram will show the position of the pages when laid down. It is

THE INLAND PRINTER.

17

usual, in pages of this description, to place the folios at the foot of the page, but in our diagrams they are placed at the head.

An eight-page form varies from the ordinary octavo form, in imposing the pages from i to 4 on one side of the long bar, and from 5 to 8 on the other side, as illustrated by our diagram :

By comparing the above diagram with that shown on page 13 of the August number of the Printer, the differ¬ ence will be readily seen. In printing from a form as above shown the sheet will be turned in the same way as for an ordinary octavo ; but the folding is different, the half-sheet being folded first the long way and then the narrow way, instead of the narrow way first, as is usually done in bookwork.

A sixteen-page form appears to be somewhat difficult to handle, but on close inspection is not so intricate as a cur¬ sory glance would lead one to imagine :

Forgetting for a moment the difference in the shape of the pages, and comparing the above with an ordinary six¬ teen-page form, it will be noticed that in the lower left-hand quarter the pages 1, 8, 9, 16 occupy the same position in

both ; so also in the upper right-hand quarter pages 3, 6, 11, 14 are the same. The difference between the two schemes is that the lower right-Hand and upper left-hand quarters change places, — 4, 5, 12, 13 occupying the position filled by 2, 7, 10, 15, and vice versa.

One more illustration of this particular style of impo¬ sition and we have done, — that is, a thirty-two page form. A mere glance at the diagram below will show that the difference in the position of the pages from an ordinary thirty-two page book form is so great that no comparison of the two can be entertained. The different style of folding renders necessary a complete change of position of all the pages, and very few compositors would attempt to lay down a form of this description without first folding and paging a sheet, for fear he should get some of the pages wrong and have to re-impose the form. With the following diagram before him, however, this trouble would be overcome :

A little effort is all that is necessary to commit this scheme to memory, and this once done, all future difficulty is overcome.

The learner will perceive that in all the diagrams we have shown, the main qualities necessary to completely master this portion of a compositor’s work are, a knowledge of arithmetic and a retentive memory. So many printers fail to give that attention to this portion of their work which it deserves, that one who is posted on these matters is often looked upon as a kind of prodigy — something out of the usual order of things. We have heard men who have spent many years of their lives in the profession express wonder at the manner in which even an ordinary form needs to be laid down ; and they have declared that if their lives depended on it they could not impose a thirty-two page form. Such ignorance of an important branch of our pro¬ fession betokens great laxity on the part of their instructors (if they had any), or much carelessness on their own part in not acquainting themselves with such a necessary branch of their technical education. In these go-ahead days, when a young man must of necessity educate himself to a great

THE INLAND PRINTER.

18

extent, and only those who possess a large store of practical knowledge have any show of making headway in whatever profession they may adopt ; with illustrations of practical working in every branch all around them, it is to a great extent their own fault if they get left in the race for suprem¬ acy.

Our young friends should be wide awake, making good use of their eyes and brains, and be ever on the alert to gain necessary knowledge they may be deficient in, and opportunities for improvement will ever be presenting them¬ selves. A few may labor under the disadvantage of learn¬ ing their business in some quiet country office, where little, if any, opportunity of practical acquaintance with the schemes of imposition ever come in their way, and to such our hints on this subject will prove of great benefit ; for if they should leave their sylvan retreat and mingle with the crowd in the great city, they will not be deficient in the knowledge necessary to obtain and retain situations which would otherwise be closed against them.

There are many other schemes of imposition which a compositor might learn, but as they are mostly combina¬ tions of those we have shown, or schemes that are rarely required, we do not intend to further pursue this branch of instruction. We have shown schemes enough to serve an ordinary printer for all purposes ; but should occasion arise for any other form to be used, pencil and paper and a little study will show a way out of any dilemma in which he may find himself.

(To be continued.)

COLOR PRINTING FROM THE WEB.

MESSRS. OSBORN & YATES, of King’s Road, Chelsea, England, claim to have perfected an inven¬ tion, by the use of which two or more colors can be printed from a continuous sheet of paper. The paper to be printed is caused to pass from the reel, under a small horizontal roller, capable of vertical movements between guides. From this roller the paper proceeds upwards, and over a roller provided with end flanges, thence to a feed- roller that is in gear with the printing cylinder, so as to run at the same surface speed. On the top of this roller is placed another, and between these two rollers the paper is fed to the printing cylinder at a uniform speed with that of the surface of the same cylinder. .The paper then passes down under the printing cylinder, and between that and the printing roller, and thence away as required.

NOTA BENE.

AS predicted in our September issue, the threatened rise in the paper market has been fulfilled, book papers having advanced from one-half to one per cent, flat papers one to two per cent with an upward tendency, which our readers will do well to bear in mind when mak¬ ing estimates. In face of a fluctuating market it will be found a wise precaution and preventive against getting left, to append a foot note to the bottom of the estimate, something like this: “ This estimate is based on the mar¬ ket quotation of paper today, and will hold good for one week.” Of course the length of time inserted will be according to the makers’ discretion.

THE CHROMATYPE PROCESS.

E BROWN & CO., photo engravers of this city, claim to . be the inventors of a new process of producing printed plates direct from photographs or negatives, called Chro- matypes, a specimen of which is herewith presented :

It is also claimed that the Chromatype is the cheapest and best method yet obtained for illustrating books, peri¬ odicals, etc., reducing as it does the cost from the wood¬ engraving process at least 25 per eent. It is an electrotype, and will print on any type press. It is made from gelatine films, sensitized with bi-chromate of potash, from 'which a copy is obtained and electrotyped.

The inventor has been engaged for the past four years in trying to solve the problem, and at last, it gives us pleasure to announce, success has crowned his efforts. We expect from time to time to note sucb improvements as ex¬ perience may suggest, and publish other practical evidences of the success of the process.

We acknowledge the receipt of several beautiful speci¬ mens designs for the title page of The Inland Printer. In our next issue we shall announce the names of the suc¬ cessful competitors.

Our friends in New York and Brooklyn are informed that Mr. F. A. Baxter, of the Shoe and Leather Reporter, 17 Spruce street, represents The Inland Printer, and receipts for subscriptions issued by him are valid.

W¥t

THE INLAND PRINTER.

19

GleVelai^S Sv|pe foaip^n^

GleVelaip^, Olpio.

20

THE INLAND PRINTER.

2-Line Pica Medallic, Price $3.95.

3-Line Nonpareil Medallic, Price 83.00.

MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan,

Nos. 606-614 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

THE INLAND PRINTER

2-Line Pica Lady Text.

3-Line Nonp. Lady Text.

gmrp. |||)£V£Fi£ij gpooiitpon F^qu^f tp thg ipl^sfUF^ ©jp go» eomjpanig at thg ^PaFFuag® ojp ljjzr daughBr

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gfpOFae^ ^pacan fpF^n^ on ^poi|dlag Bjlw'g, |||ugu£t ^ 5 , 1884, at f o^eloek.

gjjfoFaep: Jg. Spleen?,

P^atFie^ ||jL |pobin£on,- ^P'aFFi^d,

^oijdlag, jSjjjjugugt ^5, 1884, ^|af1|ingtoiri, |S|. ||L

Price, $4.50.

Price, $3.90.

MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan,

Nos. 606-614 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, Pa

22

THE INLAND PRINTER.

8 a 5 A

Three Line Nonpareil Romanic.

BEY©^© THE ]R©@KTE©

©petted Tail aa.d ©tkei? Blag -Tailed ©lApieigitieiS

QUADS AND SPACES FURNISHED WITH THIS FONT.

a 4 A r Two Line Pica Romanic. $4 25

@WH H0MAMT HTE Tke }f©Mest> lemaa ©f Tkem ^Tll

36 a 8 a 10 A— $6 50 Great Primer Card Gothic. Without Small Caps— $5 25

(ij)HE PRINTING PRESS, tj^ere IS a mlpl?ty power |n tl?e flap of Its iron wlnp : dt finds its way to tl?e Peasant s Bower, and tjpe Palace of tl?e If inp.

25 a 8 a 6 A— $6 75 Two Line Pica Card Gothic. . Without Small Caps— $5 00

Parmer, Little # 60. t^e pleasure In presenting to tl^elr P atrons, and

tlpe 6 raft in aeneral, tipis Beautiful (3fotf)ic Series.

16 a 4 a 5 A— $8 60

Two Line Great Primer Card Gothic.

Without Small Caps— $7 00

E

ew are

tl )e Letters, but bow Great is ife Variety.

TH0UGHTFUL M0MENTS

63 & 65 Beekman St., New York.

FARMER, LITTLE & CO.

154 Monroe Street, Chicago.

THE INLAND PRINTER.

23

63 & 65 Beekman St.; New York.

FARMER, LITTLE & CO.

154 Monroe Street, Chicago.

24

THE INLAND PRINTER.

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MAEDER, LOSE & C0.McHANGea4 TIPE FOUNDERS.

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10A,8A,20a Great Primer Old Style, No. 3. $4.90

EVEN THE LIGHT Harebell Raised its head Elastic 12 From her airy tread 34

8A,6A,16a Dbl. Sm. Pica Old Style, No. 3. $5.65

HAD SIGHED To many, tho’ he Loved 46 But one 95

8A,5A,16a Dbl. Pica Old Style, No. 3. $5.60

SMILES AT Scars who never felt

24 THE WOUND 62

6A,4A,12a Dbl. Columb. Old Style, No. 3. $8.65

OUR MEN

They are as true

2 AS STEEL 4

3A,6a Canon Old Style, No. 3. $6.90

MUSIC Hath Soul 2

1 10A,20a Great Primer Old Style Italic, No. 3. $4.45

| HE NEVER SAYS L Foolish Thing and Never does 2/} a wise one 6 g

8A,16a Del. Sm. Pica Old Style Italic, No. 3. $4.75

ns like an

Arrow swift he flew shot 4 Bowman strong j

8A,16a Dbl. Pica Old Style Italic, No. 3. $4.30

LATE AT

His Cross and earliest 2 at his grave 6

5A,10a Dbl. Columb. Old Style Italic, No. 3. $6.75

EARTH

Have Bountiful 2 Hercules 5

3A,6a Canon Old Style Italic, No. 3. $6.95

TEARS

f Angel like 2

3A,6a

Five-Line Pica Old Style, No. 3.

MEN as Children 4

THE INLAND PRINTER.

25

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^k, ^ '>*fc>, ~^, ^ '*kl ~^|

|||[ARDER, LUSE & CO, TYPE FOUNDERS, CHICAGO, ILL.

Poster Roman, No. 3.

WITH SMALL CAPS.

28A, 18a, 165a, $12.48 Pica Poster Roman, No. 3. Italic, 12A,24a, $ 3.10

SECOND GRAND PUBLIC SALE OE HOMESTEADS.

On Friday, December 30th, 1885, at Ten O’clock, will be sold to the highest bidder, all that Parcel or Parcels of Land known as Lots 58, 59, 61, 63 and 78, Block 3, Jndson’s Subdivision, S. E. % of S. W. %. Lots will be sold separately or tog-ether with all the Improvements. TERMS : One-third Cash , Balance Monthly Payments at Seven per

1231567890%%%

20A, 14a, 120a, $12.48 Great Primer Poster Roman, No. 3. Italic, 12A,24a, $4.30

PUBLIC NOTICE.

The Undersigned, will sell, ou Monday, June 2, 1885, on the premises at Eleven O’clock, precisely, the following described property, to- wit : The good¬ will and fixtures of a Sale, Exchange and Boarding This property MUST BE SOLD as the owner is going out 1234567890%%%%%

10A,6A,63a, $12.00 Double Small Pica Poster Roman, No. 3. * Italic, 10.4,20a, $5.20

GRAND RALLY!

You are invited to attend a Grand Mass Meeting to be held at the Wigwam, Tuesday Evening, November 23d, at EIGHT O’CLOCK, Come Early and bring your Friends.

1 234667890 khkhh

10A,6A,40a, $12.00 Double English Poster Roman, No. 3. Italic, 6A,12a, $5.40

PEDIGREE.

Hermet, Stallion was sired by Chippewa Chief, foaled In 1882, Is Bright Sorrel, black points has Trotted * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 % % % % %

26

THE INLAND PRINTER.

13 A. 822— Great Primer London. Price $2.00.

918.— Double Pica London. Price 83.00.

SIBERIAN FREIGHT TARIFF CHICAGO- FIJI MAIL -41234567890 F= =41 234567890 1*

8 A. 921.— Double Great Primer London.' Price 84.00.

NEW ORLEANS ®<123456J>o

Patent Pending.

JZJt/ /

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ft. y.

Dbl. Pica Clark Script.

11 A, 15 a. 817.— Double Pica Rubens. Price $4.25.

WILLIi & HAIGHT, jlewport 123450

4 A, 6 a. 924.— 5-Line Pica Rubens. Price, $7 50.

THESE FONTS MAY BE HAD OF ALL TYPE FOU

7 A, 11 a. 919.— Double Great Primer Rubens. Price $5.00.

LflniU GREEN. OsM 497

5 A, 7 a. 915.— Canon Rubens. Price, $6.00.

HOIS. Silt. I» 31

NDRIES AND DEALERS IN PRINTING MATERIAL.

Boston Type Foundry,

No. 104 Milk Street, Boston, Mass.

THE INLAND PRINTER.

27

THE INLAND PRINTER.

H. HARTT, President.

WM. T. HODGE, Secretary and Manager.

H. H. LATHAM, Treasurer.

Garden City Type Foundry

MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN

PRINTERS' CABINETS, STANDS, CASES, FURNITURE, ETC.

ALSO

TYPE, PRINTERS’ MACHINERY

AND

SUPPLIES OF ALL KINDS.

Every printer will see at a glance the improvement of our new series of Stands over the old. The main features are the “ Galley Drawer the “ Cross Rest ” and the “ Reversed Case RackP

THE GALLEY DRAWER

{Patent applied fori)

CHICAGO STAND.

No. 3. To hold 48 full cases, 24 on a side, 4 pairs on top and 4 galley

drawers. Price, . $13.50

No. 4. To hold 24 full and 24 % cases, 12 of each kind on a side, 4 pairs cases on top and 4 galley drawers. Price, . 13.00

Has a double incline bottom. Each drawer will hold two double or book galleys. It also has a space for compositors' general con¬ venience. The advantage of the drawer is that it saves constant trips to empty stick.

THE CROSS REST

Runs full length of stand, affording a continuous rest for cap and lower case, instead of simply an end rest for each case on elbow or rafter, as in old stand, thus allow¬ ing the . use of any length case and removes all liability of dropping

{Patent applied for.)

CHICAGO STAND.

No. 5. To hold 24 full cases, 2 pairs cases on top,

and 2 galley drawers. Price, . $8.50

No. 6. Toroid 12 full and 12 %, 2 pairs cases on

top and 2 galley drawers. Price, . 8.00

No. 7. To hold 8 full cases, 4 each side, 2 pairs

on top and 2 galley drawers. Price, . 7-5°

No. 8. Is half the length of No. 5, to hold 12 full and 1 pair cases on top and 1 galley drawer. Price,.. 5.50

SALESROOM :

180 and 182 Monroe Street.

Is used in Stands Nos. 8 to 15, affording free access to cases in rack without annoyance and loss of time to composi¬ tor at stand.

No. 9. To hold 24 full cases,

and 4 galley drawers. Price, . .

No. 10. Is half the length of No. 9 cases on top and 2 galley drawers. Price

Patent applied for.

CHICAGO STAND.

each end, 4 pairs cases

Chicago, III.

FACTORY :

Cor. 1 9TH and Blackwell Sts.

THE INLAND PRINTER.

29

JOB PRINTERS.

HOW TO ARRIVE AT COST OF WORK - EVILS -OF RECKLESS

ESTIMATING.

BY H. G. BISHOP.

THERE are few matters of greater importance to the job printer than that of arriving accurately at the cost of work — including composition, presswork, stock, ink, handling, etc. Without being clear upon this point, it cannot be expected that any very accurate idea of estimating can be formed, or that a proper and safe calculation of the net profits can be made. It is to be feared that many persons are content to guess at this, and perhaps some are clever enough to guess pretty correctly; but there can be no doubt that to this loose habit is to be attributed a great number of the failures which take place every year. Besides this, there is another disastrous result from such recklessness, and that is the cutting down of prices. A firm sends to several printers for estimates on certain work. One of the “guessers” puts in a low price and gets the order. When that same job is given out again, someone has to be found who will do it for the same price or a lower one. How ‘many men there are who, to secure an order, will take it at a lower price than has been paid before, without even calculating to find out whether it can be done at a profit. It is very well to get plenty of work, and to hear the sound of the presses running, but unless business is being done- on safe principles, there will be but little cause for congratulation in the end. There can, of course, be no objection to those who have extraordinary facilities for turning out work cheaply, charging such prices as they choose, but in most cases of undercutting, it is done by those who have scarcely any facilities at all except long credit and loose principles. A man who undertakes work at less than cost price — either through carelessness or recklessness — is not to be trusted nor respected.

In the following remarks it is intended to go closely into this question, and to lay down some safe and sure basis on which to work. It may be necessary to go into points which to some may appear too simple to call for remark. But as it is desirable to go to the root of the matter, nothing should be left unsaid that will in any way help to this end.

There are two things which must be clearly stated, and as clearly understood : the evil results of trying to do business in a loose and slovenly way, and the advantages of adopting a system by which the various details of cost of production can be ascertained. The evil shall be dealt with first. Besides giving estimates in the reckless manner already referred to, there is great carelessness in con¬ ducting every department of the business. In most printing offices, there is a great lack of system. Orders are taken and put in hand in a happy-go-lucky fashion. Often the foreman has to ask several questions about style, quantity and quality of stock, date when job is promised, or on some other points which should have been clearly stated. This all takes time, and so adds to the cost of •production. Then the foreman, instead of asking these questions as soon as the copy reaches him, leaves them until he is about to give the job to the compositors, and

so an additional delay takes place. It may be that special sorts have to be got, or that the right kind of stock is not in the house, or that some special shade of ink has to be sent for, and if these contingencies (or any of them) have not been, provided for, the time lost may more than swallow up the average amount of profit. Often things are forgotten because the job comes in a hurry, and has to be hurried until it is finished. Here is, perhaps,, one of the chief causes of loss. While such work is in the house everyone is kept at fever heat, and it is safe to say that at least one-sixth more time is spent on the job than if done in the ordinary way.

Another cause for loss is allowing a large quantity of type to be set up without a proper amount of distri¬ bution, which gives rise to picking for sorts — that worst of all evils. Then again, forms are sent to the press-room badly locked up or without being properly planed down, which causes loss of pressman’s time. And so in a variety of ways, this loss through carelessness goes on, until sooner or later the crash comes, and the music of the running presses is hushed.

Very, often those who do business in this loose way try to make up for their losses by charging high rates where they do not have to give estimates. But that is soon discovered, and then — well, those who have any self- respect and desire to be respected by others would rather not experience the result.

Now let us consider the advantages of doing business in a systematic manner, and keeping a strict account of the cost of every part of each job. There can be no doubt that it is much more pleasant as well as more profitable, to do business clearly and methodically, than in the careless manner already referred to. Besides this, it is much more agreeable to customers, as estimates can be made out more simply and thoroughly, and any questions that may arise as to the smallest details can be more easily answered.

But the strongest argument that can be urged in its favor is that of ascertaining exactly what each job costs. To those who have hitherto neglected these advantages it may at first appear a little tedious to go into every small detail, but in a few months they will find it easy enough, and be well repaid for the trouble.

Of course, it is important, in adopting a system, to adopt a good one, though almost any system is better than none at all, and will work itself into better shape after a little use. The following system is now in use in some offices and has been found to work well :

A consecutively numbered order book is kept, in which to enter the name and address of customer, description of job, quantity and quality of stock, color of ink, special orders about binding, padding, ruling, etc., and date when promised.

These particulars are then entered on a blank work ticket, numbered to correspond with the order book. This ticket is attached to the job when given to the foreman, who has a book in which he enters the jobs as they reach him. This book must be kept very carefully, as it contains the cost of every part of the work — ■ com¬ position, presswork, stock, cutting, padding, handling, etc.

The work ticket is given with the job to the compositor,

30

THE INLAND PRINTER.

who enters his time in the space provided and returns with proof to foreman.

When the job is sent to press, the ticket is given to the pressman, who enters his time and that of the feeders in a similar manner. When the job is worked off the ticket is returned to the foreman, who should look through the figures of time charged, and then place on file till he is ready to enter the particulars in his book. This ought to be done at least once a day, as errors can be more readily noticed than if left for several days.

Each compositor and pressman has a daily time ticket on which to enter the number of the job and the time occupied on same, such entries on being added up making the number of hours he has worked during the day. The foreman will need to watch these entries and see that they correspond with the entries made on work tickets. The men will soon get used to this arrangement, and the time taken to keep such record correctly will be almost imper¬ ceptible.

Much time will be saved in keeping account of cost of work, by first fixing a definite rate at which to charge time of composition and presswork, so as to cover all other expenses and leave a profit. Such rate will depend in some measure upon the facilities and number of hands employed, but the following has been found to work well in one office :

Per hour.

Five compositors (average men) . $ 75

One apprentice . 50

Two apprentices (younger) . 35

Cylinder presses . . . 1 00

4th-mediums . 75

8th-mediums . 50

Cutting . 50

Padding . 30

Handling, 5 per cent, on presswork.

Stock is charged at cost price, except where it forms the chief item, when a small profit is added.

This scale admits of paying the full rate of wages to the hands, foreman’s salary, rent, gas, ink, wear and tear of plant, and all other incidental expenses, and leaves a fair margin for net profit.

The foregoing plan has proved highly successful, though it is quite possible that a better might be formed.

Another matter of great importance is keeping a stock- book, by which to be able to tell at a glance the quantity of stock on hand. A very simple and yet perfectly safe plan is to have a small book with sections of a certain number of leaves devoted to certain kinds of stock ; for instance say, four leaves for cap, four for demy, four for folio, and so on. Then let each page be ruled into four or more columns, and each column contain a certain weight or quality. Then index the sections on edge of book so as to be able to open at the right place at once. Enter in each section, and in the right column, the number of sheets in hand, and when any sheets are added or taken away, add or subtract in the usual manner, the bottom figures always showing the balance in hand. No person should be allowed to take stock without an order made out by the person who has charge of the stock-book, who can make the necessary entry at the same time.

Perhaps the most important part of all this system is the keeping.of the cost-book by the foreman, for unless this is done accurately nothing is accomplished. It may be that many of them would consider it too formidable an undertaking, but as one foreman has used this system for several years, it may be taken for granted that what he can do others can do. It might be necessary for him to have assistance, but that is a small matter compared with the benefits to be derived.

There is yet another advantage in adopting some such system as the foregoing, and that is that it exercises a whole¬ some influence over all the persons employed. They are more likely to be regular and punctual when they see an example set them by the firm and foreman. Careless em¬ ployers ought not to wonder when their employes are irregular and slovenly in performing their duties. When men notice a want of regularity in the foreman or the firm, they naturally get careless themselves. When the presses have to stand for ink or stock through someone’s forgetful¬ ness, can it be wondered at if the men become infected with the same fault ?

However, this article has extended beyond the original intention and must now be closed. The writer has been in the business nearly thirty years, and takes a deep interest in all that concerns its welfare, and therefore hopes that the foregoing remarks may produce some good effects where needed.

A NEW PROCESS TO PRODUCE HALF TINT RELIEF PLATES.

BY HERMAN REINBOLDT.

SINCE the production of the first relief plate by chemical and mechanical processes, all the experimentors have tried various ways to find a process by which it was possi¬ ble to print half tints on the type press. Especially in Germany, where mechanical engraving by etching in connection with photography, has first been brought to perfection, several attempts to reproduce photographs, paintings, etc., and other half tint subjects, were crowned with success and splendid results have been obtained. The first who solved this problem, which is of great value to the graphic arts, was Paul Pretsch, of Vienna, who made the first plates in 1859. Several pictures exhibited at the Paris World’s Exposition, done by his process, were equal to the best steel engravings. But the process was not practical, because a very careful printing was necessary ; and too expensive, as gold and silver were used to obtain the necessary grain. Several other processes invented in Paris came up a few years afterwards, and were used to some extent, but none of them were practical enough to be of any value.

When Albert, in Munich, invented the “ Lichtdruck,” or Heliotype, it was thought that the acme of the art of printing was reached ; and this is a fact as far as lithographic printing is concerned.

Failing to obtain practical results in producing half tint relief plates for the printing press, all the experi¬ mentors threw themselves upon the field of mechanical engraving, and, to-day, at least a hundred different processes are in use, all having different names, though being based

THE INLAND PRINTER.

31

on almost the same principles. There is photo-engrav¬ ing, photo-electrotyping, heliotype, artotype, zincography, photo-zinc-etching, asphaltum-process, wax-process, photo¬ gravure, etc. Of all these processes only a few are really practical and certainly have a great future ; but it is not sure that even the very best processes will do away entirely with wood engraving, as some enthusiasts believe.

For very fine work wood-engraving stands highest, as it is impossible to get the general effect of a fine wood cut, by drawings and photo-engraving therefrom, and if it were possible the cost is too large.

In photo-engraving the principal part of engraving is saved, as this is done by chemical action, either by etching, or by the use of the chrome-gelatine process; but a drawing has always to be made and if this must be done, there is not very much saved, especially as in photo-engraving the drawing has to be made three or four times larger than the cut, as, in order to obtain fine lines it has to be reduced. Even to-day certainly three-fourths of all photo-engraving is reproduction work.

Of course not only mechanical engraving, but also photography has made great progress, and to-day we can say the problem of printing half tint plates on the type press is solved, or at least has been perfected to the highest possible degree.

There are two processes which have proved practical and are used by the best illustrated journals, here and in Europe, and will rapidly come into favor on account of their fine results, their striking resemblance to a photograph, showing all the finest tints and shades— the Meissenbach, and the Ives process.

These processes are equal in their merits, though Meis- senbach’s process seems to be more perfect, as he prints subjects taken from nature in natural colors, too. As Meissenbach patented his process long ago, and Ives’ process is based on the same principles, it is clear that the latter is only a modification of the first one.

As the Ives’ process is covered by a patent, it is not of so much value to those who are interested in this line of business, but by experimenting on it for over one year I have found a way which gives results equal to Meissen- bach’s and Ives’ process, which I will publish for the benefit of those interested in it.

In order to print half tints on the printing press, it is necessary to change the picture, for instance, a photograph, by giving it a grain. The finer the grain is the more details there will be, but of course the fineness of the grain will be just in proportion with the difficulty to print from it. It cannot be expected that the cuts will print nicely by the use of poor ink, worn-out rollers, etc., in short, printing has to be done carefully.

The simplest way to get a grain, is to change the picture in dots ; which standing nearer or farther away, or being finer or heavier, produce the half tints.

A careful examination of the Meissenbach process shows fine dots in the light parts, getting heavier in the shades, then going together into black and white lines. The dark half-tints are produced by black cross-lines and white dots, finally going over to solid black.

When I saw the first prints, the way it was done was

clear to me, but it took me almost a year to get the result, as I never could get lines. After a few months’ experi¬ menting I always got farther away, though from the first beginning I was not sure I had found the right principle.

To-day I am astonished, not to have found it sooner, and after this description every good photographer will be able to make the negatives for this process, which can be either used for photo- engraving, photo-zincography or photo-lithography.

It is done in the following manner : From a good negative a reversed positive must be taken, which is worked out well especially in the dark parts. This positive must be very light.

A fine tint plate might be made by the following way : A piece of plate-glass, which is perfectly free from scratches and cleaned well, is used as a photographic plate, exposed to the light for a moment, developed, washed and dried. The silver-collodion film renders the plate perfectly untransparent, so that when it is scratched the glass will be laid free. The film is covered with asphaltum varnish and dried. The ruling is done on a ruling machine with a fine diamond point which takes off the film clear down to the glass, thus making a fine trans¬ parent line. The space between the lines must be six times as wide as the lines themselves. When the plate is ruled one way, it is ruled cross-ways in the same manner, thus making a very fine tint consisting of black heavy square dots, with a fine transparent line between them. For large subjects, the tint may be coarse, for fine engrav¬ ings, finer.

The following will show the principle how the photo¬ graph can now be dissolved into dots and lines :

If a negative is taken from a tint of black dots on white paper, the dots will come out on the negative in their right size when the plate is given the right time of exposure. When it is exposed longer the dots will be larger, and will get larger in proportion to the time it is over-exposed.

If the dots are now on the transparent glass, and the .positive of the picture is placed in close connection with the tint on the back side of this, the result in taking a negative from it will be just the same. Where the positive is light, the light will pass through the lines quicker, the lines will get thicker, and therefore the dots become smaller ; while on the places where the picture is darker, it takes more time and the dots will be larger ; where it is still darker it will show broken lines, and in the darkest parts, it will not photograph at all. The only difficulty is to find the right time of exposure in order to bring up the tints in the dark parts.

The negative must be made dense to be used for photo-engraving by means of sulphite of copper and bromide of potash solution, and nitrate of silver afterward.

The formula for photo-engraving is : Level a piece ot plate glass in a dark place on three screws, and cover it with the following solution : Dissolve 2 oz. gelatine in 8 oz. water ; let it soak for one hour and add a few drops of glycerine. Heat it, and when the gelatine is dissolved add \ J/2 drams bichromate of ammonium and a few drops of carbolic acid. Filter through cotton. When dry lay the

32

THE INLAND PRINTER.

negative on the gelatine film and expose in a printing frame for twenty-five minutes in full sunlight, until the gelatine has changed from yellow to dark brown. Then take it out and put it into water to swell. When the bichromate salt is all washed out in the unaffected places, put it in a solution of subsulphite of iron in water and take a plaster cast from the gelatine film after this. When dry the plate is ready to be sent to the electrotyper.

NOTES ON WOOD ENGRAVING.

BY S. W. FALLIS.

I.

NGRAVING on wood differs from intaglio engraving in this, that its success in a great measure is due to its convenience and cheapness in printing. All engravings on metal, viz., steel, copper, etc., etc., being executed in intaglio, are costly to print and cannot be printed with an ordinary type form on the usual type printing-press. Wood engraving, on the contrary, being engraved in relief, has this one great and convenient advantage : It can be printed in, and at the same time with, the type form on any type printing-press. This convenience, which in many cases becomes a necessity, has been instrumental in placing the art of wood engraving at the head of all its competitors in the graphic arts. At the present time so .many improvements have been made, so much technical and artistic skill shown in the productions of the wood engraver, together with its cheapness and convenience of printing, that it places the art in advance of all other methods of illustration. Its resources being unlimited, its texture, quality and pleasing effects unequaled in any of. its would-be competitors, enables the art to hold its own at the head of all methods of pictorial illustration.

There are many cheap and rapid self-styled substitutes for wood engraving employed at the present day, some of which possess real merit when confined within their limited boundaries. The best effects produced by any of the so-called substitutes are those copied from impressions of wood engravings slightly reduced. But to the critical observer, the connoisseur and the practical engraver, even the best of these are deficient to a fault in the fine and delicate qualities and strong contrasting effects when com¬ pared with the original.

Many of the varied “processes ” or substitutes for wood engraving, as they style themselves, are meritorious to a certain limit, cheapness, devoid of quality, being their chief advantage. There is a field for them to work in, but the greatest difficulty is that the “process” practitioner steps over his bounds and asks his pet “process” to go beyond its limits. The result is failure and a great detri¬ ment to “ process work. ” The printing qualities of the various processes (of which there are many) are very un¬ satisfactory and difficult for the printer, lacking depth and clearness of line, strong contrasts and fine graduations of color; while, on the contrary, a well-executed engraving on wood is a source of pleasure to the printer, as well as to the general public, to appreciate and admire when printed. As before remarked, the boundaries of wood engraving are unlimited in the hands of a truly artistic and skillful en¬ graver. Any subject, animate or inanimate; any form,

real or imaginary; any fabric, texture, quality, color, con¬ trast and -graduation may be faithfully and technically represented or portrayed by the graver in the hands of the skillful workman. All other of the graphic arts are confined within their own narrow limits and individualities, and when they go beyond these boundaries, the results, to say the least, are very unsatisfactory, if not indeed absolute failures.

The various advertisements of the “process ” traffic of to-day read : ‘ ‘A substitute for wood engraving ; ” ‘ ‘As good and cheaper than wood engraving ; ” “A substitute for wood engraving at half the cost;” “Taken direct from photo¬ graphs at half the cost of wood engraving,” etc., which in itself is an open acknowledgment and advertisement that wood engraving is the criterion for imitation aimed at by the various processes, the acme of graphic art, the whole aim being to successfully imitate wood engraving at a reduced cost. Yet with all these various and rapidly multiplying processes, wood engraving still holds its place at the head of the list with the critical and commercial public, and not without merit and justice. The superior¬ ity of wood engraving is constantly on the ascendency ; new useful and practical accessories being constantly added to the practice of the art. The art of photographing directly on the wood, which not only aids in accuracy, but cheapens the cost ; the ruling machine, for mechanical work, the routing machine for its special purpose, and many other tools and accessories too numerous to mention, all play their own individual part, in lessening the expense by rendering superior work more rapid, to meet the require¬ ments of the general public. Wood engraving is not what it was fifty or one hundred years ago, but it is daily improving in quality and rapidity equal to the demands ot the commercial world.

(To be continued .)

PRINTING FOR THE BLIND.

HE following interesting description of the American Printing House for the Blind, at Louisville, Ky., is from the pen of its popular and efficient superintendent, B. B. Huntoon, Esq. :

The press used in this establishment is a two-cylinder that runs oft four full pages every revolution. We have speeded it to twenty-five revolutions a minute, but run regularly from sixteen to eighteen revolu¬ tions a minute. It was built from our own specifications by Huke & Spencer, of Chicago, and is unquestionably the best press in the world for its special purpose of printing for the blind. We use flexible stereo¬ type plates of our own devising, that adapt themselves to our cylinders without any sawing or planing. These plates are 12 % by 1 iy£ inches, and weigh from fourteen to sixteen ounces each.

The American Printing House for the Blind is maintained by the United States government, the Secretary of the Treasury holding for its benefit $250,000 of four per cent, bonds.

Its work is distributed yearly among the institutions for the blind according to the number of their pupils.

The style of type used is the capital and lower case alphabet, and also an arbitrary point alphabet, known as the New York Point System.

A work on printing and printers in the principality of Trent down to 1864, by Sig. Giovanni Bambi, which originally appeared in II Bibliofilo, has just been published in Italy.

THE INLAND PRINTER.

33

CORRESPONDENCE.

(While our columns are always open for the discussion of any relevant subject, we do not necessarily indorse the opinions of contributors. Anonymous letters will not be noticed ; therefore our correspondents will please give names — not for publica¬ tion, if they desire to remain incog., but as a guarantee of good faith.)

GOOD WORDS FOR THE INLAND PRINTER.

To the Editor : Kansas City, Sept. 25, 1884.

I have had Vol. I of The Inland Printer bound, and it makes a book invaluable to every job printer, employeFor craftsman ; the crispiest twenty dollar bill ever issued by the government could not induce me to part with it. The fund of information contained within its pages will always be useful, while its bright and sparkling editorials and meaty contributions never pall the appetite, but are capable of being re-read with a gusto which the ,flat and re-hashed articles of contemporary trades’ journals fail to inspire.

Its advertising pages make about as good a directory of printers’ supply houses as one could wish for, and I have found it of great benefit in keeping me posted as to the new features that are being constantly brought out.

Enclosed please find my subscription in advance for Vol. II.

Fraternally, Country Printer.

A GOOD PROPOSITION.

To the Editor : Baltimore, Sept. 20, 1884.

I write for the purpose of endorsing your proposition to have union job printers who get up what they consider a meritorious piece of work, have an electrotype of the same taken, when the size admits, and forward it for publication in the pages of The Inland Printer. I think the idea a very good one, and if the ice is once broken I have no doubt you will receive more samples than you can publish. But printers are strange fellows. Every one whom I have heard refer to the matter says it is an excellent suggestion, but when they are asked to make a personal application to themselves, they say : “ Oh’, wait a while, till I see what others do, and then I’ll see

what / can do.” If it once gets fairly started, however, there will be a rush every month to see who the contestants are, and what are the merits of their productions. I believe apprentices will become specially interested, and that the Printer will be regarded as their best friend. If they are able to study original specimens from what may be called the cream of the profession, and if they have any pride in their calling, the dollar-and-a-half yearly subscription will be the cheapest investment of their lives. Employers, too, will no doubt become interested, and in course of time will turn to the specimen pages of the Printer as a directory whenever they desire to secure the services of a first-class workman ; so that, taking it all around, I think you have hit upon the right plan to awaken the ambition of the young printer, and to make him put his best foot forward.

Job Compositor.

OUR PHILADELPHIA LETTER.

To the Editor: Philadelphia, Sept. 20, 1884.

Notwithstanding the fact that your Philadelphia correspondent neg¬ lected to forward his monthly letter for the September number of the Printer, I see it nevertheless made its appearance looking as beautiful as ever.

Taking everything into consideration, I should pronounce the state of the trade here good ; of course there are some idle presses, but in view of the multiplicity of printing offices I don’t see how this can be helped.

Mr. Buchanan, formerly manager of that gilded and red-taped con. ducted, burlesque of a printing office, the Times, has started an office of his own in Library Street. We think he will succeed, and if he can take any work away from the Times office nobody will blame him.

One of the most, if not the most, successful printing offices in Philadelphia, is The Rodgers Printing Co. The head of this firm is a level-headed, sagacious and enterprising young man. Mr. Rodgers is very desirous that his office should enjoy the reputation of being first-

class, both as regards the quality of work done and in his dealings with his employes. Mr. Charles Miller is the efficient superintendent of the establishment, and he is abundantly able to see that nothing but what is A. No. 1 is allowed to pass out of the establishment.

John E. Potter & Co., publishers, have made an assignment to J. G. Ditman & Co., paper dealers and manufacturers. No statement of the condition of the broken firm has yet been made, but it is estimated that the liabilities will foot up $75,000 or $100,000, mostly in commercial paper. It may be apropos to remark that Messrs. Potter & Co. had a printing office and bindery of their own, so that if the firm’s affairs are^- such as will prevent their continuing in business, it will throw quite a number out of employment.

Work for compositors ought to be good in this city judging from the manner in which the newspapers are being remodeled and reinvig¬ orated. How all the papers make money for their proprietors we can’t see. There are now no less than seven daily morning, seven daily afternoon, and about a dozen Sunday papers published here. Foremost among them all as a paper for the workingman stands the time-honored Public Ledger, a paper for everyone, clean and pure in tone.

Right here we want to caution Chicago printers who think of coming to Philadelphia. Our advice is, don’t ! The reason is this : Philadelphians are now drinking about the filthiest water of any people living. The way our Schuylkill River is allowed to be impregnated with the vile and polluting refuse from “mills” and such like is a disgrace to the nineteenth century. Now as Chicago printers like Philadelphia printers are all thoroughly temperance in their proclivities, you see it would be dangerous for them to come here.

The town has just been enlivened by two notable exhibitions, viz.: The State Fair, pronounced the best ever held, also the Electrical Exhibition. At the latter place we saw a small cylinder press being run, printing what was said to be the only paper done by electricity.

_ C. W. M.

PRINTERS IN PARIS.

There are about 4,500 compositors of all kinds in Paris, and, as a general thing, ten hours make a day’s work, but there is a wide differ¬ ence in this respect among the newspaper offices. In fairly good times compositors are paid, if on time, 13 cents an hour, if by the job, and the same price on the average per 1,000 letters set up. In most of the offices type-setters can earn on an average $1.40 a day. The wages of the pressmen vary from $1.40 to $3 a day, according to the nature of the work done and the skill of the workman. The feeders earn from 80 cents to $1.10 a day; those who take the papers from the press, 50 cents to 60 cents a day.

Before 1870 there were only seventy licensed printing offices in Paris ; to-day there are over 300. This has drawn a great many work¬ men to Paris from the provinces and from foreign countries, and many former customers of the printing offices now do their own work. The competition of women is also a source of complaint with the composi¬ tors, not because female type-setters work at lower rates than the men, but because, being more industrious, more sober and much neater, to say nothing of their manual skill, they are able to earn more. Finally, the taxes which affect the trade are of a nature to encourage foreign competition. Printed books are allowed to enter the country free of duty. In order to avoid the payment of the duty on paper, foreigners send papers into France with tickets, labels, etc., printed along the edges.

There are 500 lithographic printing offices in Paris, giving employ¬ ment to 5,000 men, women and children. The wages vary from $1 to $3 a day for men, and from 60 cents to $1 for women. These wages are about one-fourth higher than those of twenty years ago.

The National printing house and the Municipal printing office greatly injure the trade, and private printers urge that they should be abolished and the public work given out by contract.

There is no “phat” in Paris newspaper offices. Big heads, rule and figure work, tables of all kinds and display “ads” are measured quite differently from what they are in America. When a paper is established, the printers’ union and the publishers agree as to the num¬ ber of letters of each sized type that the line shall count for. The type are known not by name but by numbers, and it is the larger sizes,

34

THE INLAND PRINTER.

the equivalents of minion, bourgeois and long primer, that are gener¬ ally used. The body of the paper is set up in long primer and bour¬ geois, and a French compositor has a holy horror of small type. I have known them to quit an office in a body because the boss insisted upon introducing nonpareil. When the type is up it is counted line by line and number by number; a large sized line in the body of an arti¬ cle in a smaller type is never counted except in the measurement of its own sized type ; each size is paid for at a different rate, and leads are never counted. Lines in italics, as well as lines of figures, are entitled to a certain sum. extra.

The “ prot,” as he is called, occupies a position similar to that of a day foreman ; he gives out the copy, pulls the proofs and gives a “dupe” to each man, and, at the end of the week, measures up.

When a French printer works on time — that is to say, by the hour — they call it “ putting him on conscience,” and the conscience of some of them is not as moral as it might be. Conscience work is paid for at the same rate per hour that the “ comp” would receive per 1,000. When job-office hands “ vielent” — that is to say, set type at night — they are paid about one-fourth extra. In some offices the printers are guaranteed that they shall earn a certain sum. — Journalist.

PRINTING AND TYPOGRAPHY.

The origin of one may be traced back to the remotest antiquity ; the other was indubitably invented in the fifteenth century. To print is to make a fac simile of an original object by pressure. The word is derived from the Latin prerno, to press, and among the living languages we find its equivalent in the Dutch, prenten, drunken; German, drucken; Swedish, trycka ; French, imprinter Spanish, imprimir ; Portuguese, impritnir, estampar ; Italian, stampare, imprinter e ; all these words indicating pressure as from a stamp. In this sense the art of taking an impression on soft wax by means of a seal might be called printing ; and so, also, would the process of making coins and medals by stamping the metal with a die. In fact, the word has been so ap¬ plied in English literature. In Wickliffe’s translation (ante 1381) of St. Matthew xxii., the inscription on the money is called “ the prente,” and in St. John xx., the laceration of the nails is also called the “prent.” In this sense printing would be, perhaps, the oldest art in the world. When Adam first set down his foot on the soil of the fair Garden of Eden he made an impression — a print — and, if it were not trifling to say so, he might be regarded as the first printer. As to the use of the word printer. As early as the second half of the fourteenth century there was, in Germany and the Netherlands, a trade carried on in prints made from wood engravings, generally consisting of single leaves and called “ briefs,” from breve [scriptum], as every smali document was called in the Latin of the Middle Ages, to distinguish it from a book. The makers of these briefs were called “prenters,” the word being applied to both the printers and the engravers of the blocks. Hence,. the first typographical productions were said to be “prented.” Schoeffer calls Mainz, in 1492, « Eine anefangk der prenterye.” The terminology of this method of wood engraving was consequently at first applied to typography, and we get the words drucken, trucken, prenten, printen, to print, printer. — Geyer' s Stationer.

“ G.’s ” THAT GOVERNED THE WORLD.

The Pall Mall Gazette says that when Mr. Gladstone formally con¬ tradicted the monstrous story that he was in any way responsible for “ G.’s ” article in the Fortnightly, all the other “ G.’s ” in the front rank were passed in review. In England there are only three conspicuous “G.’s” — Lord Granville, Lord Gray and Mr. Goschen, for Mr. Gorst can hardly be reckoned a “ G.” of the first magnitude. On the con¬ tinent there are among statesmen of the first rank only two “G.’s” — Giers and Grevy — neither of whom, it is safe to say, inspired Mr. Es- cott. Three years ago it was said in France that the world was gov¬ erned by the “ G.’s.” There was Guillaume, of Germany ; Gladstone, of England; Gambetta, of France; Gortschakoff, of Russia, and Gar¬ field, of the United States. Death has thinned the ranks of the G.’s,” but still, with Guillaume, Grevy, Gladstone and Giers, it has the first place in an alphabet of statesmen — as, indeed, it deserves, for does not “ G ” stand for government ?

THE PRESS IN RUSSIA.

The London Press-News says: We are in the habit of sending daily to a friend in Russia the Times newspaper, and as an instance of the censorship of the press which is exercised in that country we may mention that whenever there is any matter of a political character which is calculated to give offense to Russians, or to come under the observation of English readers, it is very carefully smudged over with “ official ” ink, so as to make the printing wholly undecipherable. One such paragraph thus obliterated has just reached us, and, as a specimen of the precautions taken to suppress freedom of thought, it is really worthy of a frame !

PRESENTATION.

Mr. Robert Yorkston, the editor and proprietor of American Journalist, was really surprised, and in a very pleasant manner, last evening. Mr. Yorkston, who has lived in St. Louis for the past eight years, is about to locate permanently in New York City, and his hosts of friends quietly went to work to mark his departure in a fitting man¬ ner. Accordingly, when Col. Bob was escorted up to his own office last evening, he was surprised to find the place brilliantly lighted and the room full of friends. Before he had time to look about him, Mr. W. H. Kerns stepped to the front, and in a neat and appropriate speech presented him with a solitaire diamond stud. The sparkler was large and handsome, and was purchased from the Mermod-Jaccard Jewelry Co. It is usual to say that on such occasions the recipient was so- over¬ come that he was unable to say anything, but this was the literal truth so far as Mr. Yorkston was concerned, and the surprise was so well man¬ aged that all that gentleman could do was to mutter his thanks. The headlight was pinned in Mr. Yorkston’s shirt front, and a hurried ad¬ journment was had to a private parlor at Bessehl’s, where about forty of Bob’s friends sat down, after placing the diamond at the head of the table. Then the champagne corks began to pop, cigars were passed around and a couple of very pleasant hours were spent.

Everybody made at-least one speech, and all joined in expressing their kindest regards for Mr. Yorkston and their deep regret that he was about to leave, and a hope that he would meet with all success in his new field of labor. Mr. Yorkston leaves for St. Joseph to-day, re¬ turning on Friday, starting for New York on Sunday evening. — St. Louis Post- Dispatch.

TRADE UNIONISM AND POLITICS.

Perhaps the reason why the trades unionists of the country have so enthusiastically supported the present Franchise Bill is to be found in the fact that all the beneficial measures which have been passed for the amelioration of the condition of the workmen date from the passing of the last Reform Bill. Since the lowering of the franchise in 1868, by which the laboring classes in, cities and towns were given a voice in the nation’s affairs, many useful and necessary measures have been passed, among which may be mentioned the repeal of the Coercion Laws, the amendment of the Master and Servant Act, the Factory Acts, the Trade Union Acts, the Mines Regulation Act, the Employers’ Liability Act, and the reform of the Patent Laws, and it is reasonable to suppose that the enfranchisement of so great a number of workmen had a pal¬ pable effect in bringing about these reforms. What, then, might be hoped for and expected in the future with the large accession to their power and numbers which the new measure must bring?

There are few unions who do not annually contribute to the support of the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress, and the money so contributed is for the most part devoted to the furtherance of labor politics. It cannot, therefore, be said that the spending of union funds in political agitation is a new thing, and the principle having been admitted, it is only a question how far it is wise or expedient to carry it out.

The influence of trades unionism, must lie not in the length of its purse, but in its organization and the power to make itself felt through the ballot-box > and few statesmen of the future, we opine, will care or dare to trifle with the interests of the laboring classes if only they are firmly united, reasonable in their demands, and courageous and inde¬ pendent in their action. — Scottish Typographical Circular.

THE INLAND PRINTER.

35

GREAT WESTERN TYPE FOUNDRY.

Barnhart Bros. & Spindler,

115 & 117 Fifth Ave., CHICAGO,

MANUFACTURERS OF

SUPERIOR COPPER-MIXED TYPE

USED BY THE

Chicago Tribune , Chicago Times, Chicago Daily News , Chicago Staats Zeitung, A. N. Kellogg Co. { all offices'), Chicago Newspaper Union , Western Newspaper Union , St. Paul Globe, St. Paul Day { new paper), Minneapolis Tribune , Minne¬ apolis Journal, Kansas City Journal , Des Moines Register , Des Moines Leader, Quincy Whig, Quincy Herald, Dubuque Herald {dress 8 years old), Dubuque Times , Keokuk Gate City , Burlington Argus, Muscatine Tribune , Muscatine, Journal, Fort Wayne Gazette, Fort Wayne Sentinel , Oshkosh Northwestern, Springfield {Ills.) Journal, and scores of other leading papers throughout the country.

IF YOU CONSULT YOUR BEST INTERESTS YOU WILL

Buy only our Superior Copper-Mixed Type.

WE ARE GENERAL WESTERN AGENTS FOR THE

BABCOCK PRINTING PRESS CO.’S DRUM CYLINDER. TWO-REVOLU¬ TION AND LITHOGRAPHIC PRESSES,

THE HOWARD IRON WORKS’ PAPER CUTTERS,

AND ALSO CARRY A FULL LINE OF

ALL KINDS OF JOB PRESSES.

ESTIMATES FURNISHED

AND

COMPLETE OUT-FITS SHIPPED ON SHORT NOTICE.

ELECTROTYPE

Calendars for 1885.

Sixty-Four different Styles and Sizes.

The best and most complete assortment of Calendar designs in this country.

SAMPLE SHEETS ON APPLICATION.

A. Zeese & Co.

ELECTR O TYPERS,

Relief- Line and Photo -Engravers,

155 & 157 Dearborn Street,

CHICAGO.

J. W. BUTLER PAPER COMPANY,

173 & 175 Adams Street,

Carter, Rice & Co.

CHICAGO,

Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers in All Kinds of

PAPERS

Used by PRINTERS, PUBLISHERS & STATIONERS.

CORPORATION.

WHOLESALE

PAPER

DEALERS,

252 Devonshire St., BOSTON, MASS., U. S. A.

We respectfully solicit attention to the following popular brands of goods which we carry in stock :

FLORENCE MILLS,

IV A WAS A MILLS,

LAKE SHORE MILLS, BUTLER MILLS,

ST. CHARLES MILLS,

LEDGER MILLS,

FLAT

and RULED

PAPERS.

L. L. BROWN'S LEDGER PAPERS.

WE CARRY A LARGE AND VARIED STOCK OF

Book, News, Cover and Manilla Papers

FINE, SUPERFINE AND ENGINE-SIZED

FLATS, CARDS, CARD-BOARD, TAGS, TWINE, ETC.

rn fact, every kind of Paper a Stationer or Printer has occasion to use.

We also have a full line of

Holiday Cards, Ball Programs, Wedding Goods

OF THE LATEST STYLES.

SPECIAL RULING done and SPECIAL SIZES OF PAPER made to order on short notice.

SEND FOR SAMPLES

OF LATEST THING IN COVER PAPER,

Our “ Imperial ” and “ Royal Antique.”

36

THE INLAND PRINTER.

INDEXED MAPS AND GUIDES

— OF —

All Countries in the World !

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL,

McNally & Co., Publishers, Nos. 14.8-152 Monroe Street ,

CHICAGO, ILL.

DOUGLASS, THOMPSON & CO.

Merchants in all Requisites pertaining to the

Art-Science of Photography,

Photographers’ Booksellers, Stationers, Publishers and Newsdealers,

Nos. 22Q &= 251 State Street,

, CHICAGO.

g. Thompson. Send for Catalogue.

OSTRANDER & HUKE,

(Successors to Huke & Spencer)

MANUFACTURERS OF

Type Machinery , Perforating Machines, Lithographic Hand Presses, Gumming Machines, Electrotype Machinery, Stereotype Machinery, Varnishing Machines, Printers' Chases, Pulleys, Shafting, etc.

PRINTING PRESS MACHINISTS.

81 & 83 Jackson St.

CHICAGO, ILL

WM. H. RANNEY,

MANUFACTURER OF

Printers’ Rollers and Roller Composition,

156 & 158 Fifth Aye., Chicago, III.

93 Elm St., Detroit, Mich.

THE INLAND PRINTER.

37

38

THE INLAND PRINTER

GEO. E. LLOYD & CO. H. McALLASTER & CO.

MANUFACTURERS OF _ IMPORTERS OF AND JOBBERS IN

FOLDING MACHINES, ADVERTISING CARDS,

Electrotype and Stereotype Machinery, and

GENERAL PRINTERS’ MACHINISTS,

68 West Monroe St., Chicago.

FOLDERS, BEVEL EDGE CARDS, Novelties, Scrap Pictures, Fringed Goods, &c.

196 & 198 Clark St., Chicago.

Illustrated Catalogue sent free to any Address.

Liberal discount to Printers.

John Angus, Pres’t. Franz Gindele, Manager. Chas. W. Gindele, Sec’y and Treas.

FRANZ GINDELE PRINTINGCO.

Printing in all Modern Languages.

^^“Translations made by competent parties.

FACILITIES FOR ALL KINDS OF WORK.

140-146 Monroe St., Chicago.

Telephone No. 62.

CHICAGO NEWSPAPER UNION

NEWSPAPER

Printing, Folding & Mailing

Done upon Short Notice, and at Reasonable Prices.

Newspaper Work of all Kinds a Specialty. 4®“ Give us a Call. “©ft

271 & 273 Franklin Street.

E. P. DONNELL & CO.

MANUFACTURERS of

Bookbinders’ Machinery

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION,

158-160 South Clark Street,

CHICAGO, ILL.

COFFIN, DEVOE & CO.

F. C. WILSON & CO.

Established 1830. NEW YORK.

MANUFACTURERS OF

IMPORTERS OF

B-R-O-N-Z-E-S

GOLD, SILVER AND FANCY COLORS.

Price, from $1.00 to $6.00 per Pound. 176 Randolph St., CHICAGO.

Tanks,

Cans and

FOR

PRINTERS'!

USE,

239 and 241 Lake Street, CHICAGO.

J. H. BUFFORD’S SONS,

Lithographic Art Publishers,

Works at Harrison Square, Mass. WESTERN BRANCH,

Nos. 156 & 158 Monroe Street, CHICAGO.

ROBERT J. LESTER, Manager.

CLAUDE D. MYERS,

MANUFACTURER OF

Envelopes & Fine Stationery.

SPECIALTY : BEVELED EDGE CARDS

OF ALL SIZES.

164 Randolph St.? Chicago.

W. B. CONKEY, BOOKBINDER. PAMPHLETS MY SPECIALTY.

163 and 165 Dearborn Street,

CHICAGO.

SNIDER & HOOLE,

Bookbinders’ Materials,

152 Monroe Street,

CHICAGO.

101 & 103 Walnut Street,

CINCINNATI, O.

STANDARD NEWSPAPER UNION.

“A NEW BROOM SWEEPS CLEAN.”

Partly Printed Sheets equal in all respects to those of any older house.

For Terms and Samples Write to

Standard Newspaper Union,

CHICAGO, ILL.

A. N. KELLOGG

NEWSPAPER CO.

AUXILIARY SHEETS. AUXILIARY PLATES. DAILY NEWS PLATES.

NEWSPAPER HEADINGS.

Electrotyping and Stereotyping.

OFFICES :

Chicago, 79 Jackson Street.

St. Louis, 224 Walnut Street.

Cleveland, 141 St. Clair Street.

Kansas City, 314 West Sixth Street. Cincinnati, 177 Elm Street.

Memphis, 35 Jefferson Street.

39

THE INLAND PRINTER.

Shniedewend & Lee,

ELECT ROT YPERS,

AND MANUFACTURERS OF

LABOR SAVING LEADS, SLUGS, RULE AND METAL FURNITURE.

Prompt attention given to orders from outside the city .

3°3-3°5 Dearborn St., # 46-48 Third Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL.

H. E. Mead, Pres’t. A. T. Hodge, Sec’y. W. C. Gillett, Treas.

Manufactrers and Dealers in

LEDGER, WRAPPING, BLOTTER, RULED, BOOK, WRITING, POSTER AND NEWS

PAPERS.

ENVELOPES, CARDBOARD,

AND

ALL STOCK USED BY PRINTERS. Send for Catalogue.

181 Monroe Street, Chicago.

SHEPARD & JOHNSTON,

Printers of Fine Job Work,

FOR THE TRADE.

BOOKWORK,

CATALOGUES,

PAMPHLETS,

MAGAZINES,

BILL HEADS,

LETTER HEADS,

BUSINESS CARDS, PROGRAMMES.

Wedding Orders a Specialty.

SPECIAL FORMS SET UP AND ELECTROTYPED

For the Country Trade.

ESTABLISHED 1824.

NEW ENGLAND

TYPE FOUNDRY CO.

BOSTON, MASS.

243 Washington Street.

NEW DESIGNS

140-146 Monroe Street, Chicago.

being constantly issued by us.

SMITH & SEAL,

DEALERS IN

PRINTERS' AND BINDERS'

M achinery & M aterials

No. 124 EXCHANGE PLACE,

Philadelphia , Pa.

ESTIMATES FOR NEW AND SECOND-HAND OUTFITS FURNISHED .

THE

Chicago Metal Felloe Co.

MANUFACTURERS OF

Chicago Metal Felloe Co.: Chicago, August 29, 1884.

Gents,— The hand cart you supplied us is undeniably the strongest on the market; the metal felloes cannot possibly wear out or break with any ordinary usage ; we strongly recommend them. Yours truly

Shepard & Johnston.

FACTORY AND OFFICE:

Corner 53rd and Arnold Streets, CHICAGO, ILL.

40

THE INLAND PRINTER.

SANBORN’S •

PAPER CUTTING BOOKBINDERS’ PRINTERS’ AND PAPER BOX MAKERS’ J

MACHINES

COMPLETE STOCK ALWAYS ON HAND.

SANBORN MACHINES CAN BE SEEN AT

1S2 Monroe St., Chicago.

printers' cutter.

Geo. H.

Sanborn & Sons,

69 Beekm a.n St., New York.

Manufactory: Standard Machinery Co., Mystic River, Ct.

‘-PARAGON Paper and Card Cutting Machines.

30-Inch Front Lever Cutter.

EDWARD L. MILLER, Manufacturer,

328 Vine St. & 327 New St. , PHILADELPHIA.

“PROUTY”

Job Printing Presses.

(Small 8th Medium.)

Strength and Power without excessive bulk and weight. Simplicity of construction, perfect register, and beauty of design and finish.

For Illustrated Pamphlet and Specimens of Printing, address

The PROUTY PRESS CO.

52 Federal Street, BOSTON, MASS.

THE INLAND PRINTER

41

TYPES.

The following was written by the late Guy H. Salisbury, Esq., the first President of Buffalo Typographical Union No. 9, and read by him at the Printers’ Union Festival, held in commemoration of the birthday of Benjamin Franklin, at St. James’ Hall, January 17, 1861:

The Monarch hedges round his throne,

With bristling bayonets many a one,

And cannon tells, in thunder tones,

To whom the land allegiance owns;

While Power would crush all thought or speech,

That still of human rights would teach.

Ah ! dark the realm that owns such sway,

Where despots rule, vassals obey !

The Press is chained — there rests a ban On all that ask the rights of man —

And most the Tyrant fears our Art,

That stirs and moulds the Nation’s heart !

For mightier host than kings can wield —

Though millions throng the battlefield —

Is ours, to marshal, day by day,

With serried ranks, in firm array —

Yet gleaming spear, nor flashing sword,

Nor brazen trumpet’s harsh discord,

Is seen or heard in that phalanx,

Whose countless myriads, rank on ranks,

In ever-changing files sweep on,

Whose legion march is but begun —

As type on type, with constant click,

Fall swiftly in the printer's stick !

How many a tale those types could tell,

If words they uttered as they fell ! —

Of empires falling, or begun ;

Of battles lost and battles won ;

Of gallant ships that ’neath the wave Whelm hundreds in a nameless grave ;

Of pranks of that mad demon, Fire,

Who heaps with glee his lurid pyre ;

Of rise of cotton, fall of stocks ;

The ballot — or the cartridge — box;

Of all the varied weal or woe That human homes and bosoms know.

But saddest tale those types have told,

To fright the timid, awe the bold,

Has been of fierce, intestine strife,

Of fearful perils madly rife.

Where new, strange banners float the zone Our starry flag has made its own,

While, as with earthquake’s giant throe,

Our Union’s Temple tremble now !

Still may we hope those Types shall never Record the hour that shall dissever The proudest realm that Time has known Since Freedom’s sun in glory shone !

Oh ! may those types ne’er tell the story That whelms our Nation’s grandest glory In one wild sea of blood and storm,

Whose clouds those genial skies deform,

Where Marion fought and Moultrie bled,

Where rests such hosts of gallant dead !

Still may we trust that Wisdom yet Hath power beyond the bayonet ;

That Peace War’s tempest voice shall still,

Threatening the land with direst ill,

And loud proclaim, with clarion word,

Of nobler triumphs than the Sword !

From northern Maine’s bleak, rocky shore To where Columbia’s billows roar,

From vast Superior’s ocean flow To sunny Gulf of Mexico,

There beats no heart that does not seek What faithful types each day must speak ;

And anxious millions watch to see What may the hourly tidings be.

Still must our Art the record show,

Whether of joy or deepest woe ;

God grant its mission ne’er may be

To tell the doom of Liberty ! — Justice.

WORKING AND THINKING.

It is a no less fatal error to despise labor, when regulated by intellect, than to value it for its own sake. We are always in these days trying to separate the two ; we want one man to be always think¬ ing and another to be always working, and we call one a gentleman and the other- an operative ; whereas the workman ought often to be thinking and the thinker often to be working, and both should be gentlemen in the best sense. As it is, we make both ungentle, the one envying, the other despising his brother, and the mass of society is made up of morbid thinkers and miserable workers. Now, it is only by labor that thought can be make healthy, and only by thought that labor can be made happy ; and the professions should be liberal, and there should be less pride felt in peculiarity of employment and more in excellence of achievement — Ruskin.

LEGAL DEFINITION OF A “NEWSPAPER.”

Newspapers are of so many varieties that it would be next to impossi¬ ble to give any brief definition which would ‘include and describe all kinds of newspapers. We are not called upon to incur the risk of giving any such definition at this time. It will be sufficient for all the purposes of this case to say that, in the ordinary understanding of the word, a newspaper is a publication which usually contains, among other things, what is called the general news, the current news or the news of the day, and nothing which does not usually contain such news, and is intended for general circulation, is a newspaper in the ordinary sense of the word. Such a newspaper is a publication adapted to the general reader. Now, in the absence of some controlling consideration to the contrary, the statute is to be taken to have used the word newspaper in this, its ordinary sense, or “ according to the common or approved usage of the language;” and when the object of the publication of a summons is considered, the reasonableness of such a construction of the word newspaper as requires the publication to be made where it will be likely to meet the eye of the general reader is quite apparent. — Minnesota Supreme Court.

ORIGIN OF THE COMPOSING-RULE.

The printers of today would scout the idea of setting type without a composing-rule to facilitate their labors, and anyone who has ever tried the experiment for even a few lines knows how annoying and in¬ convenient it is. Yet Mr. William Blades informs us that this useful implement appears to have been unknown to the first printers, and up to the time of its adoption the lines of type (except in the case of large letters) varied in length like the lines of manuscript, because the work¬ man was unable, without frequently breaking the lines, to shift the words in order to increase or decrease the normal space between them. But when the setting rule was devised it so eased the operation of the compositor, and, by making all the lines of an even length, so improved the symmetrical appearance of the pages, that no printer, after once try¬ ing it, returned to the old plan. In 1467, Ulric Zell, of Cologne, was unacquainted with this improvement, but as, out of the numberless works which issued from his press, it is a great rarity to find one with lines of an uneven length, *we may safely conclude that he adopted it about 1468-69. But Mansion, at Bruges, did not use it until 1478, ten years later, while it took nearly ten years more for the improvement to cross the sea to Westminster. Caxton adopted it in 1480. — New York Union.

42

THE INLAND PRINTER.

LOCAL ITEMS.

The Union Catholic Publishing Company, of this city, has made an assignment to Otto Phillippi.

We learn from a visit to our paper houses that business is improv¬ ing, and that a further advance in prices may shortly be expected.

We call the special attention of the trade to the card of F. C. Wilson, 239 and 241 Lake street, manufacturer of cans and tanks for printers’ use.

John B. Wiggins, engraver and stationer, 48 Madison street, is now turning out some of the finest work in his line of business ever seen in Chicago. Marriage cards a specialty.

The proceedings of the International Typographical Union, held at New Orleans last June, can now be had at the office of Secretary- Treasurer Rastall, 76 Fifth avenue, room 9.

The Union Type Foundry of 54 and 56 Franklin street, have increased their manufacturing facilities by one-third, by the introduction of new and improved steam-casting machines.

We regret to learn that Mr. W. F. Russell for some time past employed in the Herald proof-room, has been stricken down with paralysis. Fears are entertained for his ultimate recovery.

Mr. Schneidewend, of the firm of Schneidewend & Lee, met with a sad loss in the death of his daughter, which occurred on Mon¬ day morning, Sept. 29. We tender him our sincere condolence.

The Union Type Foundry, 54 and 56 Franklin street, have now in press a new hand specimen-book of 350 pages, which it is expected will be ready for delivery to their customers by the 15th of the present month.

R. F. Herring, of Donohue & Henneberry’s, has invented a brush to obviate danger of fire to printing offices in the use of benzine. The brush and benzine are combined in one article in an ingenious and safe manner.

Henry E. Smith, recently foreman of the South Bend, Ind., paper mill, has bought an interest in the business of-Geo. H. Taylor, and will in the future be associated with Mr. Taylor in the paper business in this city.

The printing business in Chicago at this season of the year is ex- ceptionally dull. There is a great falling off in job work, while the newspapers, in spite of the political campaign, publish less matter than at this time last year.

A Lithographic Convention is to be held in this city in November next. It will be the first general meeting of lithographers ever held in America, and it is predicted that it will be one of the most important events in the history of the trade in this country.

We have received a copy of The Tonsorial Gazette, of this city, an 8-page monthly, devoted, as its name implies, to the interests of the tonsorial profession. It is edited by L. H. Rice, and the initial number contains some very interesting information to barbers in general.

The Chicago Brass Rule Works, 84 Market street, — under the supervision of J. B. Trentor, who has had an experience of twenty-five years in all the principal foundries of the United States — are now turning out some fine-finished brass labor-saving rule, and are preparing to manufacture all kinds of leads, slugs and metal furniture.

The printing establishment of Cushing, Thomas & Co., advertised to be sold at auction on the 27th of September, was disposed of by private sale to Messrs. H. Hartt & Co., of this city, a few minutes before the time announced, for $6,000, the latter firm also assuming mortgages to the amount of $10,000. An offer to repurchase was refused, except at a handsome advance on the amount paid.

Philip Barnard, of Chicago, has patented an engraver’s block consisting of plaster-of-paris, or like friable material, capable of being scratched by a sharp stylus, the body of the block being colored in cor¬ respondence to the color or tint of the material upon which the final imprint is made, while the sketch surface has a pigment coating in color corresponding to that of the ink with which the imprint is made, and in sharp and striking contrast to the color of the surface of the friable block.

Mr. Ellacott, of the firm of Ellacott & Lyman, manufacturers of brass rule, etc., of this city, claims to have invented and patented a pro¬ cess which makes a composition from which an impression can be taken for a matrix for making stereotype plates, in a few moments. He also claims that in less than three minutes from the time the form to be stereotyped is received, the stereotype itself can be ready for press. If practical experience demonstrates his claim to be well founded, his invention will not lack for patrons among the leading newspapers of the country.

Relief Line Engraving. — We direct the special attention of the readers of The Inland Printer to the specimens of relief line engraving on another page shown by A. Zeese & Co., of this city, who make a special feature of this art, and whose facilities for turning out work of this character are unexcelled. Their workmen are selected for their undoubted skill and ability, and rank among the best in the country. Though recently introduced this art has proven to be so thoroughly reliable that many of the best artists in this country and Europe have adopted it, and instead of producing their work by the process of engraving on wood, stone or copper, make their drawings on paper, and have them engraved in relief.

The Rounds Type and Press Company, of 175 Monroe street, ‘on Monday, Sept. 29, filed with the Recorder their voluntary assign¬ ment to Samuel D. Ward. The assets of the firm, as turned out on Sept. 9, amounted to $66,433, inclusive of $14,783 representing the Denver branch; liabilities, $48,061. The indebtedness is represented by the claim of MacKellar, Smith & Jordan, Philadelphia, $34,995 ; bills payable, $8,527 ; open accounts, $4,539. The assets consist prin¬ cipally of printing material, presses and fixtures, an electrotype foundry and bills receivable, amounting to $13,000. As there are no preferred creditors all will be paid pro rata. It is not expected, however, that more than $14,000 will be realized from the proceeds of the establish¬ ment.

We sincerely regret to announce the death of Mr. Wm. Thompson, late foreman of the ticket-room of the J. M. W. Jones Printing and Stationery Company, who departed this life, Monday, September 15, in the thirtieth year of his age. The deceased, who originally hailed from Toronto, Canada, was employed for. a number of years by the firm of Cameron & Amberg, leaving which he made Denver, Colorado, his home. On the death of his brother, however, he returned to Chicago, assuming the foremanship of the Jones’ ticket-room, which position he satisfactorily occupied till the spring of 1884, when failing health compelled him to relinquish his trust. He again went to Denver under the hope that the climate of Colorado, would in a measure restore his wasted energies, but the fell disease, consumption, had fastened its fangs too certainly to be thus shaken oft, and after spending a few months without any appreciable benefit returned home to die. His many noble characteristics of head and heart endeared him to a large circle of acquaintances, by whom his loss is deeply deplored.

“The Chicago” is the name of a new improved paper cutting machine manufactured and patented by Mr. E. P. Donnell, of this city, one of its leading features being that it dispenses entirely with the cut¬ ting stick. On descending, when the upper blade reaches the table, it passes the lower flat blade and throws the front table out to let the upper knife pass, while on ascending, the front table is thrown back in position by means of a spring, which makes a solid surface of the table. To accomplish this — the result obtained by this machine — has been the ambition of almost every paper cutter manufacturer, both in Europe and America. By this means the sharpening of the knife, almost a daily job, is avoided, because the knife-dulling wooden-'surface is dispensed with. Besides, the side arms which bring the knife down each side of the machine, are made from steel rod, with a right and left hand thread, so that the knife bar can be adjusted from either side to any desired angle. Another special feature and advantage of this machine is that it does away with the set screws used to take up the wear on the knife bar. It has a simple bevel gib, and is tightened by screwing one nut on top that brings the gib always parallel with the knife bar. It also has a quick-acting back gauge that is drawn in and out by means of a positive chain belt, which exercises an equal pressure on all parts of the stock to be trimmed or cut. Again, it possesses a special advantage

THE INLAND PRINTER.

43

over the old paper cutter in its method of clutch and throw-off — which a child can operate — and which is rendered noiseless and positive, thus avoiding all the jarring, which will doubtless be specially appreci¬ ated by those subjected to the grating noise of the old method. Alto¬ gether it is well worth a visit, as even a cursory examination will convince the most skeptical of the positive value of the advantages claimed for it.

As an instance of energy and perseverance under circumstances which would totally crush the spirit of most men, we mention the case of Frank P. Beslin, editor and publisher of the Enterprise, at Chero¬ kee, Iowa. Two years ago he worked at the case, saving enough money only to make frequent prospecting trips to the mountains of Colorado and Utah, in the hazardous search for a “ strike ” which would enable him to become independent of the life of a “jour.” printer. His last trip promised well ; he was satisfied he had discov¬ ered a rich deposit of silver ore, and, highly elated with his success, prepared to blast out a quantity of the precious material for assaying. His eagerness deprived him of his usual caution. The blast exploded prematurely and Mr. Beslin received its force full in the face, and both eyes were destroyed. His career as a prospector was ended, but his naturally buoyant spirit still remained. With the aid of a fine collec¬ tion of mineral specimens he had gathered, he started lecturing on “ Life in the Rocky Mountains.” This venture proved disastrous financially, though Mr. Beslin is a pleasing and intelligent speaker, and had a long and interesting experience with his subject. He presented his collection of ores and fossils to Chicago Typographical Union, who had rendered him a little assistance. After meeting with the greatest discouragements, he chanced to learn of a printing office in Cherokee, Iowa, which could be had with but little outlay, as the office did not pay. It was a singular conceit that he could make a living where men in the enjoyment of all their faculties failed; but he resolved to make the attempt, and has succeeded in one year in not only paying for the office, but has enlarged the paper and made other improvements. Instead of being a charge upon the community, Mr. Beslin is one of the most industrious and useful citizens of Cherokee. He does most of the writing for the paper ; is indefatigable in scouring the town for local news, which he presents to his readers in the spiciest style imaginable, and, in addition, frequently sets up a column of type in a day. Mr. Beslin was in Chicago last week purchasing new mate¬ rial for his office. He has the confidence and esteem of the community in which he has settled, and we sincerely hope that prosperity which has now dawned upon him may continue to the end of his strange career.

A CARD.

H. O. Shepard, President of The Inland Printer Co., on his return from the East, desires to record his appreciation of the kindly and courteous treatment which was universally accorded him by the printers’ supply manufacturers and dealers, and gentlemen of the craft with whom he came in contact during his recent visit, and in recipro¬ cation begs to inform them and all members of the craft, that the office of The Inland Printer will be always at their service during their visits to Chicago. Writing facilities will be cheerfully afforded, mail taken charge of, and a cordial reception vouchsafed to all visiting friends who will favor us with a call.

R. HOE & CO.

THEIR REMOVAL TO NEW QUARTERS.

Messrs. R. Hoe & Co., manufacturers of printing presses and prin¬ ters’ materials, have removed from their old location on Monroe Street to larger quarters, Nos. 199 and 201 East Van Buren Street, a change made necessary by great increase of trade. Their present quarters are much larger and better adapted for their business, they now having ample room to carry a full stock of presses and printers’ materials, enabling them to fill orders the day they are received, and shipped directly from this city. On these premises they have also one of the most complete repair shops in the country, where skilled mechanics are employed for the repair of printing presses, and general job work. This firm carries in stock samples of the presses made by them, as well

as the machinery used by stereotypers, electrotypers, lithographers and binders. With the enlarged facilities this old and well-known firm now possesses in Chicago, it is prepared to meet all the demands the people throughout the West may make on them promptly, and with its old-time reliability.

OF INTEREST TO THE CRAFT.

Haverhill (Mass.) Typographical Union has received its Charter.

Trade throughout the Dominion of Canada is in a very depressed condition

The Woodland (Cal.) Daily Democrat is the only paper in America issued on Sunday evening.

One-fourth of Boston’s compositors are women, employed in book offices and weekly papers.

The States, of New Orleans, has recently put into its establish¬ ment a four-cylinder Hoe press.

The Omaha Republican has donned a new dress, and is now one of the handsomest sheets in the Missouri Valley.

On the occasion of the great parade of laboring men in New York, all the papers employing Union printers hoisted flags.

All the printing offices of Anoka, Minn., were recently destroyed by fire, but the papers were on time, being issued in St. Paul.

Nearly two hundred employes in the Government Printing Office and Bindery, have been recently discharged from that establishment.

The Typographical Union of Columbus own nine hundred and ten square feet of ground in Green Lawn cemetery. They will bury only union men in it.

Union No 201, Victoria, B. C., has a membership of thirty-five, including two ladies, Miss Nelson and Miss Coburn. Price of com¬ position 45 cents per 1000 ems.

The New Orleans Times- Democrat sold 60,000 copies of its 1st of September edition, giving a review of the commercial year. The edition contained twenty-eight pages.

The German printers of Cincinnati, O., have secured an advance to 45 cents per 1000 ems, and every printer is employed ; but there is a surplus of English printing labor.

The newsboys of Denver are on a strike against the Evening Times of that city. They are now charged two-and-a-half cents a paper, and demand that the price be reduced to three for a nickel.

A petition is being circulated by the Typographical Union of St. Louis against the convict labor system which is meeting with signers among the foremost business men, showing that progressive ideas are taking root.

The cities of New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Newark, Philadel¬ phia, Boston and Chicago, with an aggregate population of 3,750,000, and with eighty-four daily newspapers, issue an aggregate edition of 1,693,000, being at the rate of 140 copies' per annum for each person in those places.

We direct the special attention of the trade to the advertisement of the Elm City Counter, Card Cutter, and Self-Feeding Bronzing Pad, to be found in the present issue of The Inland Printer. The special merits of these machines are so apparent, and the prices of each so reasonable, that we feel we cannot do better than advise every printer in need of all or any of them to send his order at once to G. D. R. Hub¬ bard, Elm City Printers’ Warehouse, New Haven, Conn.

Leads required to justify with type, from Pearl to Gt. Primer

inclusive :

Pearl . One four and one eight-to-pica.

Agate . One four and one six-to-pica.

Nonpareil . Two fours ; three sixes ; or four eights.

Minion . One iour and two sixes.

Brevier . Two fours and one six.

Bourgeois . Three eights and two sixes.

Long Primer . Three fours ; or six eights

Small Pica . Two fours' and two sixes.

Pica . Four fours ; or six sixes.

English . .- . Three fours and two sixes.

Gt, Primer . Four fours and two sixes.

44

THE INLAND PRINTER.

The annual report of the International Typographical Union just issued, shows that in point of numbers, the local unions rank as follows : New York, 3,410; Chicago, 1,044; Washington, 980; Philadelphia, 807; Boston, 661; Cincinnati, 501.

We acknowledge the receipt, from the New England Institute, Boston, of the Art Year Book for 1884. This more than sumptuous volume, illustrative of contemporaneous American art, may be re¬ garded from three points of view : (1) The information its pages give with regard to artists, exhibitions of the year, active art industries, graphic processes, and the position, purpose and policy of the New England Institute, — its history, its art exhibitions and its general work. (2) The illustrations it has of art objects referred to in the text and of the work of noted, or technically skillful, artists. (3) The practical value that it is to every one interested in bookmaking, in that it has examples of etching, steel-engraving, wood-engraving, artotype, alber- type, heliotype, phototype, lithography, photo-engraving, zinc-etching, hand-made paper, super calendered paper, fine-laid book paper, parch¬ ment paper, and printing in relief from all these varieties of paper either in one color, or in two or more colors. Almost every illustra¬ tion is by a special artist of note. The title-page, a beautiful design drawn in a Moresque style, is printed in red and black, and is totally unlike any title-page in current books. The catalogue of exhibits that follows the designs shows that the art collection of the Institute con¬ tains 384 numbers, and that a specially interesting exhibit is made in connection with it of ancient and modern Mexican easel art.

FOREIGN.

One hundred million of labels are said to be used annually for the product of the Burton breweries in England.

Miller & Son, of Edinburgh, Scotland, have invented a rotary machine, which with two rolls of paper, enables them to print 30,000 impressions per hour.

In 1571 a printing press, with a font of Irish types, was provided at the expense of Queen Elizabeth and sent to Dublin, and the first book printed in Ireland in that character was a catechism.

The German typographical pension scheme is an important and growing feature among the printers of Germany. They now have ^14,000 or $70,000 in the treasury to the credit of this fund.

Messrs. Brochaus, of Leipzig, are printing the new edition of their “ Conversations Lexicons,” in a web printing machine, and report very favorably of the work done. The average speed is 8,000 per hour.

During the ten years of its existence, there have been 1,912 pupils at the Vienna school for printers’ and typefounders’ apprentices. The total expenses amounted to 25,716 florins 33 kreutzer (about £2,570 or $12,336).

A London firm has obtained a concession from the government of Venezuela of the exclusive right to cut and export a fibrous grass, known as “ Gamelotte,” growing wild over vast tracts of land in that country, and which is found to be very suitable for paper-making, superior even to esparto.

The Indian Art Journal, of which two admirable numbers have appeared, has now been placed in the hands of Mr. Kipling, of Lahore, ' who will conduct it at the cost of government for the next eighteen months or two years. The primary object of the periodical is to show Indian art industries characteristic in style and likely to be carried on with profit by local craftsmen. — British and Colonial Printer.

Among celebrities who have risen from the ranks of the typo¬ graphic fraternity may be classed Dr. Strousberg, the famous financier and railway cqntractor who lately died. We believe that when he first came over to this country he was employed as compositor on an Eng¬ lish provincial newspaper. Later on he became connected with jour¬ nalism, and after his financial collapse he started in Germany the Kleine Journal (Little Journal). — Press News.

An interesting work of art has been published by its author, Herr Bucchler, a compositor at Haller Goldshach’s printing office at Berne. It is a large-sized portrait, of Gutenberg, after the drawing of a Dusseldorf artist, set entirely in brass rule; and surrounded by a frame¬ work and ornaments, also set in rule. The whole picture has the

appearance of a bold pencil drawing in lines only, and is an exceedingly clever piece of typography, well worth framing, as well for its effect, which is increased by different parts of it being printed in tints, as for its being a really artistic work in composition and printing.

Circulation of the London Newspapers. — Hubbard’s new edition of the leading newspapers of “ all kinds in all countries of the earth,” gives the following as the circulation of leading London dailies : Standard, morning and evening, 242,000 ; the Telegraph, 250,000 ; the Daily News, 160,000; the Daily Chronicle, 120,000, and the Times, 100,000. Among the weeklies the Graphic and Illustrated London News, each 100,000; Penny Illustrated, 150,000; the Police News, 300,000 ; the Family Herald, 200,000, and the supplement of the same paper, 200,000; Reynolds, 360,000; the Dispatch, 220,000, and Lloyd's Weekly, 612,902.

A Leipzig firm of machine engineers, that of Schmiers, Werner & Stein, has, says a contemporary, constructed a five-color printing ma¬ chine with flat forms (one with arched forms or plates, constructed by Koenig & Bauer, has been already in use for several years in playing- card manufactories) after the principle of the two-color machine ex¬ hibited by Messrs. Newsum, Wood & Dyson, of Leeds, at the Caxton Exhibition in 1877, and at Paris in 1878. The plates are screwed on flat-surfaced segments of a very large cylinder, whilst the intervening rounded parts serve as ink tables for distribution ; the skipping of the rollers over those parts which are not to be touched seems to have been effected in the same way as in Newsum’s, and the printing cylinder has quite a similar position.

Japanese journalism, of which Mr. Yano is one of the most distinguished representatives, has developed with great rapidity during the last ten years. In 1875, the Japanese empire counted only fifty- three periodical publications of all kinds. Today, there are published within its boundaries at least 2,000, counting periodicals of all kinds. The Kwampo, the official organ, is modeled exactly upon the French Journal Officiel. Mr. Yano’s paper, the Hotchishienboun ( shienboun means a journal) contains four pages the same size as the Debats, and is sold for twopence. They are mainly modeled upon the best European dailies. They contain leading articles, news paragraphs, money articles, market reports, and advertisements, all precisely as with us, save that one reads from the bottom of the column to the top. The Hotchishienboim has a daily circulation of 20,000.

ITEMS OF INTEREST.

Paris printers are taking up subscriptions to aid their brothers in the south of France, now suffering from the cholera and its attendant evils.

A BRILLIANT appearance can be given to gold bronze work by rolling after printing. Of course, the ink must dry for a few hours before rolling. •

Paper is made in France from the hop vine, and it is claimed that the fibre secured is the best substitute for rags yet obtained, as it posses¬ ses great length, strength, flexibility and delicacy.

A TRICYCLE postal delivery system is to be tried by the postmaster- general of Victoria at Portland, Yale and Ararat, with the view of extending it, if it proves successful, to other districts of the colony.

The proprietors of a Scotch weekly newspaper, published at Dun¬ dee, have offered a prize of $1,000 for the best serial story that shall be sent them, and agree, further, that the copyright shall remain with the author.

Metallic paper is a recent French invention, and chromo-litho¬ graphs are rendered transparent by a coating and backed with tinfoil. The effect is said to be very striking, and the applications are very numerous.

Worthy of Emulation. — Carter, Rice & Co., paper dealers, 252 Devonshire street, Boston, have established a feature in connection with their business which, we think, can be followed with advantage by other representative firm's. We refer to the Printers and Stationers’ Ex¬ change, a reading room for the use of their patrons and visitors, in which may be found the leading daily papers of the eastern and western

THE INLAND PRINTER.

45

cities, as also all necessary material required by correspondents, etc. Visiting printers whom business or pleasure calls to fhat city are always welcomed, and it is needless to add that the courtesies extended are duly appreciated.

At a wood-pulp factory in Augusta, Ga., recently, a tree was cut in the forest at six o’clock in the morning, was made into pulp and then into paper at six o’clock in the evening, and distributed among the people as a newspaper by six o’clock the next morning.

The Paper World advocates the cultivation of jute in this country. It claims that the baling of the cotton crop in the United States in 1882 consumed more than 100,000,000 pounds of this material, and that a large annual saving can be made by producing it here.

A new automatic, self-feeding, ruling and counting paper machine has been introduced in a Saugerties, N. Y., paper mill and bindery, which does the work of six persons in one day. It rules both sides of the paper and counts sheets up to a ream, when a bell strikes and a dial registers the amount.

An “ Automatic Paper Feeding Machine,” attached to a ruling machine, is being successsully operated in the bindery of James Arnold, Philadelphia. The claim is made that it will feed the paper twenty-five per cent, faster than can be done by hand, doing the work as well in all respects. The average speed is seventy-five sheets per minute.

The following is the compound used by wood engravers to make a transfer from a print on to a type-metal block : One ounce caustic potash to half pint alcohol should be made into a solution, with which the print is wetted for a few minutes; the type-metal block is then brushed over thoroughly with Canada balsam, the picture put on face down, and the two run between rollers.

A Good Dryer for Poster Inks. — Spirits of turpentine, one quart ; balsam copaiba, six ounces. Add a sufficient quantity of ink to thin it to a proper consistency for working. This compound is one of the best that can be used as a dryer ; it brightens the inks and makes them work freely. Ruling-inks can be made to dry quickly by adding half a gill of methylated spirits to every pint of ink. The spirit is partly soaked into the paper and partly evaporates, and it also makes the lines firm.

The oldest authentic documents on Fabriano paper date from the year 1293, but it is certain that paper was made in the city long before, and in fact parchment records show that a paper mill was presented to Sylvestine monks in 1276. In fact paper mills had been conducted near Bologna in 1200 by a maker from Fabriano, and paper made in Fabriano was sold all over Europe, and a novel writer says in 1480 : “ If all the deception played on one another by married people were written down, all the paper ever made in Fabriano would not suffice.” The place yet maintains its reputation for good paper, and one of the mills took the first prize among Italian factories at the London ex¬ hibition in 1851.

Photographic Printing in Colors. — In this process it is neces¬ sary to use colored negatives — that is, ordinary negatives which have been hand painted in their proper tints, with transparent colors. 1. Take a piece of ordinary sensitized paper, and wash it to remove any free silver nitrate. 2. Place the washed paper in a solution of protochloride of tin, and expose to weak light until the silver chloride is reduced to subchloride, and the paper assumes a uniform gray color. 3. Float the paper in a mixed solution of chromate of potash and sulphate of copper, and dry in the dark. The paper is now sensitive to all the colors of the spectrum, and by printing on it with a colored negative the colors of the negative will be reproduced. After printing, wash with cold water, and dry. — J. Sherlock, St. Helen's Photo. Assoc. ■

Joseph Kneeland, Holyoke, Mass, has recently completed his perfecting paper feeder. The machine takes paper direct from the loft in its rough state, or paper direct from the calender, trimmed or un¬ trimmed. Whether it is jogged or otherwise it can be fed by this ma¬ chine from any part of the table without altering any of the movements for the different sizes, and is so accurate that a thousand reams will pass through without so much as a quire being injured. Only one sheet is taken at a time and at any required speed. All other machines for the purpose cannot guarantee to take but one sheet at a time. Besides

these important advantages secured, the machine will feed a “striker,” which no other machine has been able to do. The vital point about it is the device for separating the sheets before the picker- up comes in contact with the sheet. The machine is applicable to the calender and ruler of a paper mill and also to a printing press.

Recipes for Paste. — Place five pounds of potato starch in six pounds of water, and add one-quarter pound of pure nitric acid. Keep it in a warm place, stirring frequently for forty-eight hours. Then boil the mixture until it forms a thick and translucent substance. Dilute with water, if necessary, and filter through a thick cloth. At the same time another paste is made from sugar and gum arabic. Dissolve five pounds gum arabic and one pound of sugar in five pounds of water, and add one ounce of nitric acid and fyeat to boiling. Then mix the above with the starch paste. The resultant paste is liquid, does not mould, and dries on paper with a gloss. It is useful for labels, wrap¬ pers and fine bookbinder’s use. Dry pocket glue is made from twelve parts- of glue and parts of sugar. The glue is boiled until entirely dis¬ solved, the sugar dissolved in the hot glue, and the mass evaporated until it hardens on cooling. The hard substance dissolves rapidly in lukewarm water, and is an excellent glue for use on paper.

Indestructible Ink. — India ink, and many other varieties of ink containing considerable quantities of carbon, are practically indestructi¬ ble, that is to say, they are far more permanent than the material on which they are used, as paper in time becomes exceedingly brittle and friable. A very good formula is the following : Make a solution of gum lac in an aqueous solution of borax, and add to this a sufficient quantity of lampblack to give the proper black coloration. This ink is claimed to t>e almost indestructible, resisting both time and chemical agents, and yielding a beautiful lustrous black. The printing-press has, for the general preservation of literary treasures, largely reduced the necessity for indestructible materials upon which to record them permanently, since they may be readily duplicated and distributed. But the question of the preservation of important public records upon more permanent materials than wood paper and indifferent inks, will doubtless make itself felt as a grave necessity before many more years have passed.

Paper Mills in Mexico. ; — There are but six paper mills in the Republic: four in the city of Mexico, one in Vera Cruz and one in Guadalajara, in the state of Jalisco, which leaves Central, North and East Mexico without any. The mill at Guadalajara in one year manu¬ factured 80,000 reams of writing and wrapping paper, in the manufacture of which it used 888,550 pounds of material at a cost of $54,693.24. The price of labor ranges from 25 cents to $1 a day, according to the class and skill of the laborers. Mexican women could be very profit¬ ably employed in such a factory. They are intelligent, ingenious and industrious. Material suitable for the manufacture of paper is very abundant in the country. Fibrous plants grow luxuriantly throughout the whole land. The wholesale price per ream of 25 pounds, 22 by 32, of paper for newspaper purposes is from $5.80 to $6.20 in Monterey. Writing paper ranges from $2.50 to $12 a ream. Envelopes sell at from 50 cents to $1.50 per 100, and Manila paper, 24 by 30, and thin, at $12 a ream. These data are reliable, and will prove valuable to paper manufacturers.

A Type-Rubbing Machine. — A type-rubbing machine is the joint device of George S. Eaton and James W. Lyon, Brooklyn, N. Y. The types to be operated upon are advanced from an inclined table onto the shoulder of a vibrating blade, which carries them one by one between two stationery cheeks of the rubbing device, to grind two of their opposite faces. At the end of the sweep of the blade each type is dropped into a notch in a carrier supported by a hub attached to a vibrating arm. As this hub vibrates, the carrier is by suitable mechan¬ ism turned a quarter rotation, the type being thereafter ejected from the notch onto the shoulder of another blade vibrating in a direction opposite the first. This blade, on its return sweep, carries the types between two stationary cheeks to grind the remaining two sides, and deposits them into a galley provided for the purpose, the type being advanced on this galley by a reciprocating pusher. Instead of a vibrat¬ ing carrier, a curved channel leading from the first two cheeks to the second pair between the cheeks may be employed.

46

THE INLAND PRINTER.

BUSINESS OUTLOOK.

CORRECTED FROM MONTH TO MONTH.

Austin. — State of trade, fair ; prospects, good ; composition on morning papers, 45 cents; evening, 42^ cents; bookwork, 45 cents; job printers, per week, $20. Keep away for some time yet, though since the state printing has been re-awarded to a union office at an increased price strangers are much elated.

Boston. — State of trade, fair; prospects, good ; composition on morning papers, 40 cents ; evening, 35 cents ; bookwork, 38 cents ; job compositors, per week, $15. Our advice to printers— keep away from the East, as there is a surplus of labor. The difficulty with the Post still continues.

Buffalo. — State of trade, very dull; prospects, fair; composition on morning papers, 35 cents ; evening, 33 cents ; bookwork, 35 cents ; job printers, per week, $15. Keep away, as the Courier difficulty is not yet settled.

Cambridge. — State of trade, good; prospects, bright; composition on book- work, 40 and 42 cents; job printers, per week, $16 and $18. No difficulty, but printers had better remain away for a short time yet.

Cleveland. — State of trade, dull; prospects, better; composition on morning papers, 35 cents ; evening, 33^ cents ; bookwork, 35 cents ; job printers, per week,. $12 to $14. No existing difficulty, but plenty of men here already.

Cincinnati. — State of trade, exceedingly dull ; prospects, not bright; compo¬ sition on morning papers, 40 cents; evening, 37 cents; bookwork, 40 cents; job printers, per week, 8. Advice, stay away just now. Work will be more plentiful in a few weeks. Organize and be prepared to demand wages at the proper time.

Columbus. — State of trade, dull; prospects, there are none; composition on morning papers, 35 cents; evening, 33% cents; job and bookwork, by week, $14. No difficulty, but at present there is an influx of printers.

Dayton. — State of trade, fair; prospects, reasonably good; composition on morning papers, 35 cents ; evening, 32 cents ; bookwork, 32 and 35 cents ; job printers, per week, $15. There are enough of printers here to fill all demands, and we have two rat papers in the city

Denver, Col. — State of trade, fair; prospects, encouraging; price of compo¬ sition on morning papers, 45 cents; on evening papers, 40 cents; book work, 45 cents ; wages of job printers, per week, $21. Plenty of men here at present, but no existing difficulty.

Detroit. — State of trade, bad ; prospects, equally bad ; composition on morning papers, 35 cents ; evening, 32 cents ; bookwork, 33^ cents. Advice — with empha¬ sis — keep away, this place is crowded.

Indianapolis. — State of trade, fair; prospects, not very bright; composition on morning papers, 35 cents; evening, 33 cents; bookwork, 35 cents; job printers, per week, $15. No difficulty, but printers are requested to stay away from this city at least for a month to come.

Joliet. — State of trade, dull ; prospects, fair ; composition on morning papers, 28 cents ; evening, 25 cents ; job printers, per week, $12 to $15. The only difficulty is, the scale is too low, and will be raised to the old scale, 27 and 30 cents, on October 6.

Keokuk. — State of trade, fair ; prospects, good ; composition on morning papers, 30 cents ; evening, 25 cents ; bookwork, 30 cents ; job printers, per week, $12. No difficulty, but keep away.

Lincoln. — State of trade, good; prospects, good; composition on morning papers, 32 cents ; bookwork, 30 cents ; job printers, per week, $15. No scarcity of printers.

Lowell. — State of trade, very dull ; prospects, not good ; composition on morn¬ ing papers, 28 cents ; evening, 21 and 22 cents ; bookwork, 25 cents ; job printers, per week, $8 to $15. The difficulty existing arises from a foreman showing partiality. Not settled yet, and the offender was ratted.

Memphis. — State of trade, fair; prospects, good ; composition on morning papers, 45 cents ; evening, 38 cents ; bookwork, 40 cents ; job printers, per week, $18. No difficulty, but printers had better stay away for the present.

Milwaukee.— State of trade, rather dull ; prospects, good ; composition on morning papers, 38 cents ; evening, 33 cents ; bookwork, 35 cents ; job printers, per week, $14 to $18. The Evening Wisconsin is still being boycotted, and the outlook is rather favorable for the boys.

New Haven. — State of trade, poor; prospects, fair ; composition on morning papers, 40 cents ; evening, 35 cents ; bookwork, 35 to 38 cents ; job printers, per week, #15. Keep away, as we have trouble with the Morning News , whose pro¬ prietors wanted to reduce to 35 cents/ The men walked out, and that paper is being boycotted. A newspaper will probably be established.

New Orleans. — State of trade, fair; prospects, poor; composition on morn¬ ing papers, 45 cents ; evening, 40 cents ; bookwork, 40 cents ; job printers, per week, $18. Printers, keep away, as this city is flooded.

New York. — State of trade, very dull; prospects, not encouraging; composi¬ tion on morning papers, 46 cents ; evening, 40 cents; bookwork, 37 and 40 cents; job printers, per week, $18. Keep away from New York by all means. There is a strike against reduction on the Coinmercial Advertiser , and the Tribune is still being boycotted.

Omaha. — State of trade, dull; prospects, not encouraging; composition on morning papers, 33 cents ; evening, 30 cents ; bookwork, 30 cents ; job printers, per week, $15. There are more printers here than can secure employment, and the Bee office is still closed to union printers.

Ottumwa. — State of trade, fair ; prospects, good ; composition on morning papers, 25 cents ; bookwork, 30 cents ; job printers, per week, $12. No difficulty, but all positions are filled.

Pittsburgh. — State of trade, fair to good ; prospects, job work beginning to pick up ; composition on morning papers, 35 cents ; evening, 35 cents ; bookwork,

35 cents; job printers, per week, $15. If printers look for work it can be found, but work will not hunt the printer. Two non-union offices, both dailies, in the city. J ob printers are very derelict in their duty to the union.

Philadelphia. — State of trade, medium; prospects, bright; composition on morning papers, 40 cents ; evening, 40 cents ; bookwork, 38 and 40 cents ; job print¬ ers, per week, $16. The Press still employs non-union men, while advocating pro¬ tection to American industry.

Saint Paul. — State of trade, very dull; prospects, a little better; composition on morning papers, 38 cents ; evening, 32 cents ; bookwork, 35 cents ; job printers, per week, $15. Advice to printers — pay deference to your own good by keeping away from Saint Paul at present. The Globe is still an unfair office.

Stockton. — State of trade, dull; prospects, not favorable; composition on morning papers, 45 cents ; evening, 40 cents ; bookwork, 40 cents ; job printers, per week, $18. We