113131

HEAD OP NIOBK, (Florence.)

APOLLO BELVEDKBB.

THE

A SMALLER'

CLASSICAL DICTIONARY

OF

BIOGRAPHY, MYTHOLOGY, AND GEOGRAPHY.

ABRIDGED FROM THE LARGER DICTIONARY.

BY WILLIAM SMITH, D.C.L., LL.D.

WITH ILLUSTRATION'S.

NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

E-P 1

PREFACE.

present work is designed to supply a want which still exists in our School Classical Literature. It has been represented to the editor, from several quarters, that his Larger Classical Dictionary, though well adapted for the use of the higher forms in the public schools, is ex- cluded, both by its size and price, from a great number of schools, which are therefore obliged to put up with the abridgments of Lempriere's obsolete work. In consequence of these representations, the editor has been induced to draw up this Smaller Dictionary. All names have been inserted which a young person would be likely to meet with at the com- mencement of his classical studies; and only those have been omitted which occur in later writers, or in works not usually read in schools. The quantities have been carefully marked, and the gonitive cases in- serted. The mythological articles have been illustrated by drawings from ancient works of art, for which the editor is indebted to the skill- ful pencil of his friend, Mr. George Scharf. In this, as in the Smaller Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, care has been taken not to presume too much on the knowledge of the reader. It is therefore hoped that these two works may be used conjointly with advantage, even in schools where Latin and Greek are not taught.

WILLIAM SMITH- B

SMALLER CLASSICAL DICTIONARY.

ABACAENUM.

ABORIGINES.

ABACAENUM (-i), an ancient town of the Siculi in Sicily, W. of Messaua, and S. of Tyn- daris.

ABAE (-arum), an ancient town of Phocis, on the boundaries of Boeotia; celebrated for an ancient temple and oracle of Apollo, who hence derived the surname of Aba&us.

ABANTES, the ancient inhabitants of Eu- boea. They are said to have been of Thra- cian origin, to have first settled in Phocis, where they built Abae, and afterwards to have crossed over to Euboea. The Abantes of Euboea assisted in colonizing several of the Ionic cities of Asia Minor.

ABANTIADSS (-ae), any descendant of Abas, but especially Perseus, great-grandson of Abas, and Acrisius, sou of Abas. A female descendant of Abas, as Danae and Atalante, was called Abantias.

ABARlS (-is), a Hyperborean priest of Apollo, came from the country about the Caucasus to Greece, while his native land was visited by a plague. His history is entirely mythical : he is said to have taken no earthly food, and to have ridden on an arrow, the gift of Apollo, through the air. He may per- haps be placed about B.O. 570.

ABAS (-antis). (1) Son of Metanira, was changed by Demeter (Ceres) into a lizard, be- cause he mocked the goddess when she had come on her wanderings into the house of his mother, and drank eagerly to quench her thirst— (2) Twelfth king of Argos, son of Lyn- ceus and Hypermnestra, grandson of Danaus, and father of Acrisius and Proetus. When he informed his father of the death of Danaus, he was rewarded with the shield of his grand- father, which was sacred to Hera (Juno). This shield performed various marvels, and

the mere sight of it could reduce a revolted people to submission.

ABDERA (-ae and orum), a town of Thrace, near the mouth of the Nestus, which flowed through the town. It was colonized by Timesius of Clazomenae about B.O. 656, and a second time by the inhabitants of Teos in Ionia, who settled there after their own town had been taken by the Persians, B.O. 544. It was the birthplace of Democritus, Protag- oras, Anaxarchus, and other distinguished men ; but its inhabitants, notwithstanding, were accounted stupid, and an "Abderite" was a term of reproach.

ABELLA or AVELLA (-ae), a town of Campania, not far from Nola, founded by the Chalcidians in Euboea. It was celebrated for its apples, whence Virgil calls it imalif&ra.

ABGARUS, ACBARUS, or AUGARUS (-i), a name common to many rulers of Edessa, the capital of the district of Osrhoene in Mesopo- tamia. . Of these rulers one is supposed by Eusebius to have been the author of a letter written to Christ, which he found in a church at Edessa and translated from the Syriac. The letter is believed to be spurious.

ABIA (-ae), a town, of Messenia, on the Messenian gulf.

ABII, a tribe mentioned by Homer, and ap- parently a Thracian people.

ABILA (-orum), a town of Coele-Syria, aft- erwards called Claudiopolis, and the capital of the tetrarchy of Abilene (Luke iii. 1).

ABN6BA MONS (-ae), the range of hills covered by the Black Forest in Germany, not a single mountain.

ABORIGINES (-urn), the original inhabi- tants, of a country, equivalent to the Greek

ABORRHAS,

10

ACERRAE.

Autochthones. But the Aborigines in Italy are not in the Latin writers t)ae original in- habitants of all Italy, but the name of an an- cient people who drove the Siculi out of La- tium, and there became the progenitors of theLatini.

ABORRHAS, a branch of the Euphrates, joining that river on the E. side near Arce- sium ; called the Araxes by Xenophon.

ABSYRTUS or APSYRTUS (-i), son of Aeetes, king of Colchis, whom Medea took with her when she fled with Jason. Being pursued by her father, she murdered her brother, cut his body in pieces, and strewed them on the road, that her father might be detained by gathering the limbs of his child. Tomi, the place where this horror was com- mitted, was believed to have derived its name from (T<?JUVU>) " cut."

.ABUS (-i: Humbert a river in Britain.

XBYDOS (-i). (1) A town of the Troad on the Hellespont, and a Milesian colony, nearly opposite to Sestos, but a little lower down the stream. The bridge of boats which Xerxes constructed over the Hellespont, B.O. 480, commenced a little higher up than Abydos, and touched the European shore between Sestos and Madytus.— (2) A city of Tipper Egypt, near the W. bank of the Nile ; once second only to Thebes, but in Strabo's time (A.D. 14) a small village. It had a temple of Osiris and a Memnonium, both still standing, and an oracle. Here was found the inscrip- tion known as the Table of Abydos, which contains a list of the Egyptian kings.

A"B¥LA (-ae) or XBlLA (-ae) MONS or CO- LUMNA, a mountain in Mauretania Tingi- tana, forming the E. extremity of the S. or African coast of the Fretum Gailitanum. This and M. Calpe (Gibraltar), opposite to it on the Spanish coast, were called the Columns of Heretdes, from the fable that they were originally one mountain, torn asunder by Hercules.

IClDlMA and -1A (-ae), a piece of land on the Cephissus, 6 stadia from Athens, orig- inally belonging to a hero Academus, and subsequently a gymnasium, adorned by Ci- mon with plane and olive plantations, stat- ues, and other works of art. Here taught Plato, who possessed a piece of land in the neighborhood, and after him his followers, who were hence called the Academici, or Academic philosophers. Cicero gave the name of Academia to his villa near Puteoli, where he wrote his "Quaestiones Academ- icae."

IClMlS (-antis) . (1) Son of Theseus and Phaedra, accompanied Diomedes to Troy to demand the surrender of Helen.— (2) Son of Antenor and Theano, one of the bravest Tro- ' jans, slam by Meriones. — (3) Son of Eussorus, one of the leaders of the Thracians in the Trojan war, slain by the Telamonian Ajax.

iCANTHUS (-i), a town on the Isthmus, Which connects the peninsula of Athos with Chalcidice, founded by the inhabitants of An- dros.

Amphoterus. Their father was murdered by Phegeus when they were very young ; but as soon as they had grown up, they slew Phege- us, his wife, and his two sons. They after- wards went to Epirus, where Acarnan found- ed the state called after him Acarnania.

ACARNANIA (-ae), the most westerly prov- ince of Greece, bounded on the N. by the Am- bracian gulf; on the W. and S.W. by the Io- nian sea ; on the N.E. by Amphilochia, which is sometimes included in Acarnania ; and on the E. by Aetolia, from which, at a. later time, it was separated by the Achelous. The name of Acarnania does not occur in Homer. In the most ancient times the land was inhabit- ed by the Taphii, Teleboae, and Lelcgcs, and subsequently by the Curetes. At a later time a colony from Argos, said to have been led by AOARNAN, settled in the country. In the sev- enth century B.O. the Corinthians founded sev- eral towns on the coast. The Acarnanians first emerge from obscurity at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, B.O. 431. They were then a rude people, living by piracy and robbery, and they always remained behind the rest of the Greeks in civilization and re- finement. They were good slingers, and are praised for their fidelity and courage. The different towns fo'rmed a League, which met at Stratus, and subsequently at Thyrium or Leucas.

ACASTUS (-i), son of Pelias, kino; of lol- cus, one of the Argonauts and of the^Calydo- nian hunters. His sisters were induced by Medea to cut up their father and boil him, in order to make him young again. Acastus, in consequence, drove Jason and Medea from lolcus, and instituted funeral games in hon- our of his father. During these games, Hip- polyte, the wife of Acastus, fell in love with Peleus. When Peleus refused to listen to her she accused him to her husband of having at- tempted her dishonor. Shortly afterwards, while Acastus and Peleus were hunting on mount Pelion, and the latter had fallen asleep, Acastus took his sword from him, and left him alone. He was, in consequence, nearly destroyed by the Centaurs ; but he was saved by Chiron or Hermes, returned to Acastus and killed him, together with his wife.

ACBARUS.

ACCA LAURENTU OE LARENTiA (-ae), the wife of the shepherd Faustulus and the nurse of Romulus and Remus, after they had been taken from the she-wolf. She seems to be connected with the worship of the Lares, from which her name Larentia is probably

. ACC!TJSoEATTlUS(-i),L., a Roman trag- ic poet, was born u.o. 170, and lived to a great age. His tragedies were chiefly imitatedlrom the Greekjbuthe also wrote some on Roman subjects (Praetextatae).

ACCO, a chief of the Senones in Gaul, in- duced his countrymen to revolt against Cae- sar, B.O. 53, by whom he was put to death.

ACE. [PTOLKMAIS.]

ACERBAS. [Dii>o.J

.ACERRAE (-arum). (1) A town in Campa- nia, on the Clanius ; destroyed by Hannibal,

ACESINES.

11

ACHERUSIA.

but rebuilt— (2) A town of the Insubres in Gallia Transpadana.

XCfiSINES (-ae : ChenauV), a river in India, into which the Hydaspes flows, and which it- self flows into the Indus.

XCESTA. [SEGESTA.]

iCESTKS (-ae), son of a Trojan woman, of the name of Egesta or Segesta, who was sent by her father to Sicily, that she might not be devoured by the monsters which infested the territory of Troy. When Egesta arrived in Sicily, the river-god Crimisus begot by her a son Acestes, who was afterwards regarded as the hero who had founded the town of Seges- ta. Aeneas, on his arrival in Sicily, was hos- pitably received by Acestes.

ACHAEI (-Grum), one of the chief Hellenic races, were, according to tradition, descended from Achaeus, who was the son of Xuthus and Creusa, and grandson of Hellon. The Achaei originally dwelt in Thessaly, and from thence migrated to Peloponnesus, the whole of which became subject to them with the exception of Arcadia, and the country afterwards called Achaia. As they were the rulingnation in Peloponnesus in the heroic times,Tlomer fre- quently gives the name of Achaei to the col- lective Greeks. On the conquest of Pelopon- nesus by the Heraclidae and the Dorians, 80 years after the Trojan war, many of the Achaei under Tisamenns, the son of Orestes, left their country and took possession of the northern coast of Peloponnesus, then inhabited by lo- nians, whom they expelled from the country, which was henceforth called Achaia. The ex- pelled lonians migrated to Attica and Asia Minor. The Achaei settled in 12 cities : Pel- lene, Aegira, Aegae, Bura, Helice, Aegium, Rhypae, Tatrae, Tharae, Olenus, Dyme, and Tritaea. These 12 cities formed a league for mutual defense and protection. The Achaei had little influence in the affairs of Greece till the time of the successors of Alexander. In B.O. 281, the Achaei, who were then subject to the Macedonians, resolved to renew their ancient league for the purpose of shaking off the Macedonian yoke. This was the origin of the celebrated Achaean League. It at first consisted of only four towns, Dyme, Patrae, Tritaea, and Pharae, but was subsequently joined by the other towns of Achaia, with the exception of Olenus and Helice. It did not, however, obtain much importance till B.O. 251, when Aratus united to it his native town, Sic- yon. The example of Sicyon was followed by Corinth and many other towns in Greece, and the League soon became the chief politi- cal power in Greece. At length the Achaei declared war against the Romans, who de- stroyed the League, and thus put an end to the independence of Greece. Corinth, then the chief town of the League, was taken by the Roman general Mummius, in B.C. 146, and the whole of southern Greece made a Roman province under the name of Aon AI A.

ICHAEMfiNiS (-is). (1) The ancestor of the Persian kings, who founded the family of the A chaememdae, Which was the noblest fam- ily of the Pasargadae, the noblest of the Per- sian tribes. The Roman poets use the adjec- tive Ackaemenius in the sense of Persian.—

(2) Sou of Darius I., was governor of Egypt, and commanded the Egyptian fleet in the ex- pedition of Xerxes against Greece. B.C. 480. He was defeated and killed in battle by Ina- rus the Libyan, 4CO.

iCHAEMENlDES, on ICHEMENIDES, a companion of Ulysses, who left him behind in Sicily when he fled from the Cyclops.

ACHAEUS. [AoiiAisi.]

iCHllA (-ae). (1) The northern coast of the Peloponnesus, originally called Aegialea or Aegialus, i. e. the coast-land, was bounded on the N. by the Corinthian gulf and the le- nian sea, on the S. by Elis and Arcadia, on the W. by the Ionian sea, and on the E. by Sicyo- nia. Respecting its inhabitants, see AOJFIAEI. -—(2) A district in Thessaly, which appears to have been the original seat of the Achaei.—

(3) The Roman province, which included Pe- loponnesus and northern Greece S. of Thes- saly. It was formed on the dissolution of the Achaean League in u.o. 146, and hence derived its name.

ICHARNAE (-arum), the principal demus of Attica, 60 stadia N. ot Athens, possessing a numerous and warlike population. One of the plays of Aristophanes bears their name.

.X.CHSL01X.DES. [AoiiELOus.]

ICHEL5US (-i), the largest river in Greece, rises in Mount Pindus, and flows southward, forming the boun dary between Acarnania and Aetolia, and falls into the Ionian sea opposite the islands called Echinades. It is about 130 miles in length. The god of this river is de- scribed as me son of Oceanus and Tethys, and as the eldest of his 3000 brothers. He fought with Hercules for Deianira, but was conquered in the contest He then took the form of a bull ,but was again-overcome by Her- cules, who deprived him of one of his horns, which, however, he recovered by giving up the horn of Amalthea. According to Ovia (Met. ix. 87), the Naiads changed the horn which Hercules took from Achelous into the horn of plenty. Achelous was from the ear- liest times considered to be a great divinity throughout Greece, and was invoked in pray- ers, sacrifices, etc. Achelous was regarded as the representative of all fresh water; hence we find in Virgil AchSIMa pocula, that is, wa- ter in general. The Sirens are called Ach&- lobddes, as the daughters of Achelous.

XCHER5N (-ontis), the name of several riv» ers, all of which were, at least at one time, be* lieved to be connected with the lower world. — (1) A river in Thesprotia, in Epirus, which flows through the lake Acherusia into the Io- nian sea. — (2) A river in southern Italy, in Bruttii, on which Alexander of Epirus per* ished.— (3) The river of the lower world round which the shades hover, and into which the Pyriphlegethon and Cocytus flow. In late writers the name of Acheron is used to des4 ignate the whole of the lower world.

ICHERONTlA (-ae). (1) A town in Apu- lia, on a summit of Mount Vultur, whence Hor- ace speaks of celsae niduvn, Acherontfae.—(2') A town on the river Acheron,in BruttiL [A OH-

EBON, NO. 2.]

[ ACHERON, No. 10

ACHILLES.

12

ACHILLES.

ACHILLES (//e?i. -is, el, ei, or I ; dat. -I ; ace. -em, && ; a5i.-o or e), the great hero of the Iliad. Homeric story. Achilles was the son of Pe- leus, king of the MyrmidSnes in Phthiotis, in Thessaly, and of the Nereid Thetis. From his father's name he is often called Pelldes, Petel- ddes, or Pelwn, and from his grandfather's, Aeacbdes. He was educated by Phoenix, who taught him eloquence and the arts of war. In the healing art he was instructed by Chiron, •the centaur. His mother Thetis foretold him that his fate was either to gain glory and die early, or to live a long but inglorious life. The hero chose the former, and took part in • the Trojan war, from which he knew that he was not to return. In 50 ships he led his hosts of Myrmidones, Hellenes, and Achaeaus against Troy. Here the swift-footed Achilles was the great bulwark of the Greeks, and the worthy favorite of Athena (Minerva) and Hera (Juno). When Agamemnon was obliged to give up Chrysels to her father, he threatened to take away Brisels from Achilla who sur- rendered her on the persuasion of A.uena, but at the same time refused to take any further part in the war, and shut himself up in his tent. Zeus (Jupiter), on the entreaty of The- tis, promised that victory should be on the side of the Trojans, until the Achaeans should have honored her son. The affairs of the Greeks declined in consequence, and they were at last pressed so hard, that an embassy was sent to Achilles, offering him rich pres- ents and the restoration of BriseTs ; but in vain. Finally, however, he was persuaded by Patroclus, his dearest friend, to allow the lat- ter to make use of his men, his horses, and his armor. Patroclus was slain, and when this news reached Achilles, he was seized with un- speakable grief. Thetis consoled him, and promised new arms, to be made by Hephaes- tus (Vulcan) ; and Iris exhorted him to rescue the body of Patroclus. Achilles now rose, and his thundering voice alone put the Trojans to flight. When his new armor was brought to him, he hurried to the field of battle, killed numbers of Trojans, and at length met Hec- tor, whom he chased thrice around the walls of the city. He then slew him, tied his body to his chariot, and dragged him to tho ships of the Greeks ; but he afterwards gave up the corpse to Priam, who came in person to beg for it. Achilles himself fell in the battle at the Scaean gate, before Troy was taken. Achilles is the principal hero of the Iliad : he is the handsomest and bravest of all the Greeks ; he is affectionate towards his mother and his friends ; formidable in battles, which are his delight ; open-hearted and without fear, and at the same time susceptible of the gentle and quiet joys of home. His greatest passion is ambition, and when his sense of honor is hurt, he is unrelenting in his revenge and an- ger, but withal submits obediently to the will of the gods. Later traditions.— Vhese consist chiefly in accounts which fill up the history of his youth and death. His mother, wishing to make her son immortal, concealed him by night in the fire, in order to destroy the mortal parts he had inherited from his father. But Peleus one night discovered his child in the fire, and cried out in terror. Thetis left her

eon and fled, and Peleus intrusted him to Chi- ron, who instructed him in the arts of riding, hunting, and playing the phormiux, and also changed his original name, Ligyron, «'. e. the ** whining," into Achilles. Chiron led his pu- pil with the hearts of lions and tho marrow of bears. According to other accounts, The- tis endeavored to make Achilles immortal by dipping him in the river Styx, and succeeded wun the exception of the ankles, by which she held him. When he was i) years old, Calchaa declared that Troy could not be taken with- out his aid, and Thetis, knowing that this war would be fatal to him, disguised him as a maiden, and introduced him among the daughters of Lycomedcs of Scyros, where he was called by the name of Pyrrha, on account of his golden locks. Here he remained con- cealed till Ulysses visited the place in the dis- guise of a merchant, and offered for sale some female dresses, amidst which he had mixed some arms. Achilles discovered his sex by eagerly seizing the arms, and then accompa- nied Ulysses to the Greek army. During his

Achilles seizing Arms nt Scyrcm. (A Painting found nt Pompeii.)

residence at Scyros, one of his companions, Deldamia, became by him the mother of a son, Pyrrhus or Neoptolcmus. During the war against Troy, Achilles slew Penthesiloa, an Amazon. He nl<o fought with Memnon and Troilus. The accounts of his death dif- fer very much, though all agree in stating that he did not fall by human hands, or at least not without the interference of the god Apol- lo. According to some traditions, he was killed by Apollo himself; according to others, Apollo assumed the appearance of Paris in

ACTAION, (British Museum.)

ACHILLEUM.

13

ACTOE.

killing him, while others say that Apollo merely directed the weapon of Paris. Others, again, relate that Achilles loved Polyxena, a daughter of Priam, and, tempted by the prom- ise that he should receive her as his wife if he would join the Trojans, he went without arms into the temple of Apollo at Thymbra, and was assassinated there by Paris. His body was rescued by Ulysses and Ajax the Telamonian,; his armor was promised by The- tis to the bravest among the Greeks, which gave rise to a contest between the two heroes who had rescued his body. [AJAX.] After his death Achilles became one of the judges in the lower world, and dwelt in the islands of the blessed, where he was united to Medea or Iphigeuia.

ACHILLEUM (-i), a town near the promon- tory Sigoum in the Troad, where Achilles was supposed to have been buried.

ACH1LLIDES (-ae), a patronymic of Pyr- rhus, son of Achilles.

ACHtVT (-orum), the name of the Achaei in the Latin writers, and frequently used, like Achaei, to signify the whole Greek nation.

[AOHAEI.]

ACHRADINA OB ACRADINA. [SYBAOU-

ACIDALlA (-ae), a surname of Venus, from the well Acidalios near Orchomenos, where she used to bathe with the Graces.

ACMUS GLABRtO. [GLAHMO.]

5.CIS (-is or Idis), son of Faunus and Sy- maethis, beloved by the nymph Galatea, and crushed by Polyphemus, the Cyclop, through jealousy, under a huge rock. His blood, gush- ing forth from under the rock, was changed by the nymph into the river Acis or Acinius at the foot of Mount Aetna. This story is perhaps only a happy fiction suggested by the manner in which the little river springs forth from under a rock.

ACMONf DBS (-ae), one of the three Cy- clopes in Ovid, the same as Pyracmon in Vir- gil, and as Arges in other accounts.

A1 COETES (-ae), a sailor who was saved by Bacchus when his companions were destroy- ed, because he was the only one of the crew who had espoused the cause of the god.

ACONTtUS (-i), a beautiful youth of the island of Ceos. Having come to Delos to cel- ebrate the festival of Diana, he fell in love

nian. In order togain -her, he had recourse to a stratagem. While she was sitting before the temple of Diana, he threw to her an ap- ple upon which he had written the words, " I swear by the sanctuary of Diana to marry Acontius." The nurse took up the apple and handed it to Cydippe, who read aloud what was written upon it, and then threw the ap- ple away. But the goddess had heard her vow ; and the repeated illness of the maiden, •when she was about to marry another man, at length compelled her father to give her in marriage to Acontius.

ACRAE (-arum), a town in Sicily,W. of Syr- acuse, and 10 stadia from the river Anapus, founded by the Syracusans TO years after the foundation of their own city.

ACRAEPHlA (-ae), ACRAEPHlAB (-arum), or ACRAEPHiUM (-i), a town in Boeotia, on the lake Copais.

ACRAGAS (-antis). [AGRIQENTUM.]

ACRISK5NE <-6s), a patronymic of Danae, daughter of Acrisius. Terseus, grandson of Acrisius, was called in the same way Acri- sioniudcs.

ACRISIUS (-i), son of Abas, king of Argos, grandson of Lyuceus, and great-grandson of Danaus. An oracle had declared that Dauae, the daughter of Acrisius, would give birth to a son who would kill his grandfather. For this reason he kept Danao shut up in a sub- terraneous apartment, or in a brazen tower. But here she became the mother of Perseus, by Zeus (Jupiter), who visited her in a show- er of gold. Acrisius ordered mother and child to be exposed on the sea in a chest ; but the chest floated towards the island of Seriphus, where both were rescued by Dictys. As to the fulfillment of the oracle, see PERSEUS.

ACROCfiRAUNlA (-orum), a promontory in Epirus, jutting out into the Ionian sea, the most westerly part of the Ceraunii Montes. The coast of the Acroceraunia was dangerous to ships, whence Horace speaks of infanw scopulos Acroceraunia,.

ACROPOLIS.

ACROTHOUM (-i) or ACROTHOl (-orum), a town near the extremity of the peninsula ofAthos.

ACTAEON (-onis), a celebrated huntsman, son of Aristaeus and Autonoe, a daughter of Cadmus. One day, as he was hunting, he saw Artemis (Diana) with her nymphs bathing in the vale of Gargaphia, whereupon the god- dess changed him into a stag, in which form he was torn to pieces by his 50 dogs on Mount Cithaeron.

ACTAEUS <-i), the earliest king of Attica. The adjective Actaeus is used by the poets in the sense of Attic or Athenian.

ACTJ5 (-es), properly a piece of land run- ning into the sea, and attached to another larger piece of laud, but not necessarily by a narrow neck. (1) An ancient name of Attica, used especially by the poets. Hence Orithyia, the daughter of Erectheus, king of Athens, ifl called Actias by Virgil — (2) The peninsula between the Strymonic and Singitic gulfs on which Mount Athos is.

ACTlUM (-i: LaPunta, noiAzfo), a prom- ontory in Acarnania, at the entrance of the Ambracian gulf, off which Augustus gained the celebrated victory over Antony and Cle- opatra, on September 2, u.o.31. At Actium there was a temple of Apollo, who was hence called Aetiacus and Actius. This temple was beautified by Augustus, who established, or rather revived, a festival to Apollo, called Ae- tia, and erected NIOOPOLIS on the opposite coast, in commemoration of his victory. A few buildings sprung up around the temple at Actium, but the place was only a kind of suburb of Nicopolis.

ACTlUS. [ATTIT7S.]

ACTOR (-Oris). (1) Son of Deion and Dio- medes, father of Menoetius, and grandfather of Patrodus.— (2) A companion or Aeneas, of

ACTORIDES.

14

ADRIA.

whose conquered lance Turnus made a boast. This story seems to have given rise to the proverb Actoris spolium for any poor spoil.

ACTORIDES (-ae), a patronymic of de- scendants of an Actor, such as Patroclus, Brithus, Earytus, and Cteatus.

ADDt5A (-ae : Adda), a river of Gallia Cisal- pina, rising in the Rhaetian Alps, and flow- ing through the Lacus Larius (L. di Conio) into the Po, about 8 miles above Cremona.

ADHERBAL (-alis). [JUGURTHA.]

ADlABENE (-es), a district of Assyria, E. of the Tigris, and between the river Lycus, called Zabatus in the Anabasis of Xenophon, and the Caprus, both of which are branches of the Tigris.

ADMETUS (-i). (1) King of Pherae in Thessaly, sued for Alcestis, the daughter of Pelias, who promised heu on condition that he should come in a chariot drawn by lions and boars. This task Admetus performed by the assistance of Apollo. The god tended the flocks of Admetus for 9 years, when he was obliged to serve a mortal for having slain the Cyclops. Apollo prevailed upon the Moirae or Fates to grant to Admetus deliverance from death if his father, mother, or wife would die for him. Alcestis died in his stead, but was brought back by Hercules from the lower world.— (2) King of the Molossians, to whom THEMISTOOLES fled for protection when pursued as a party to the treason of Pausa- nias.

ADONIS (-is or Idis). (1) A beautiful youth, son of Cinyras, by his daughter Smyr- na or Myrrha. He was beloved by Aphro- dite (Venus), but he died of a wound which

Death of Adonis. (A Painting found at Pompeii.)

he received from a boar during the chase. The flower anemone sprung from his blood. The grief of the goddess at ms death was so great that the gods of the lower world al- lowed him to spend six months of every year with Aphrodite upon the earth. The worship of Adonis was of Phoenician origin, and ap- pears to have had reference to the death of

nature in winter and to its revival in wpring: hence Adonis spends G months iii the lower and 6 months in the upper world. His death and his return to life were celebrated in an- nual festivals (Adonia) at By bios, Alexandria in Egypt, Athens, and other places. — (2) A small river of Phoenicia, rising in the range of Libanus.

ADRAMYTTiUM or KUM (-i), a town of Mysia, near the head of the gulf of Adramyt- tium, and opposite to the island of Lesbos.

ADRANA (-ae : ISder), a river in Germany, flowing into the Fulda near Casacl.

ADRASTUS (-i). (1) Sou of Talaus, king of Argos. Being expelled from Argos by Am- phiaruus, he flckd to Polybns, king of Sicyon, whom he succeeded on the throne of Sicyon, and instituted the Nemeau games. After- wards he became reconciled to Amphiariius, and returned to his kingdom of Argos. He married his two daughters Dcipyle and Argia, the former to Tydeus of Calydon, and the latter to Polynlces of Thebes, both fugitives from their native countries. He then prepared to restore Polynlces to Thebes, who had been expelled by his brother Etcocles, although Amphiaruus foretold that all who should en- gage in the war should perish, with the ex- ception of Adrastus. Thus arose the celebra- ted war of the "Seven against Thebes," in which Adrastus was Joined by 6 other heroes, viz., PolynTces, Tydeus.Ainphiaruu», Capane- us, HippomSdon, and Parthenopaeus. This war ended as unfortunately us Amphiaruus had predicted, and Adrastus alone was saved by the swiftness of his horse Arlon, the gift of Hercules. Ten years afterwards, Adrastns persuaded the 6 sous of the heroes who had fallen in the war to make a new attiick upon Thebes, and Amphiaruus now promised suc- cess. This war is known as the war of the " Epigoni" or descendants. Thebes was tak- en and razed to the ground. The only Argive hero that fell in this war was Aegialeus, the son of Adrastus : the latter died of grief at Megara on his return to Argos, and was bur- ied in the former city. The legends about Adrastus and the two wars against Thebes, famished ample materials for the epic as well as tragic poets of Greece. — (2) Son of the Phrygian king GordiuH, having unintention- ally killed his brother,fled to Croesus, who re- ceived him kindly. While hunting, he acci- dentally killed Atys, the son of Croesus, and in despair put an end to his own life.

ADRIA or HADRIA (-ae). (1) A town in Gallia Cisalpina, between the mouths of the Po and the Athesis (Adige), from which the Adriatic sea takes its name. It was original- ly a powerful town of the Etruscans — (2) A town of Picenum in Italy, and afterwards a Roman colony, at which place the family of the emperor Hadrian lived.

ADRSA (-ae) or MARE ADRf ATlCUM,also MARE SUPERUM, so called from the town Adria [No. 1], was, in its widest signification, the sea between Italy on the W.,' and Illyri- cum, Epirus, and Greece on the E. By the Greeks the name Adrian was only applied to the northern part of the sea, the southern part being called the Ionian sea.

ADRIANUS.

15

AEGATES.

ADRllNUS. [HADRIAN us.] ADRttMlTUM. [HADUUMKTUM.] ADUAT&CA (-ae), a castle of the Eburones In Gaul, probably the same as the later Aduaca Tongrorum (Utongeru).

ADTJATtTCI or ABUATlCI (-orum), a pow- erful people of Gallia Belgica in the time of Caesar, were the descendants of the Cimbri and Teutoni, and lived between the Scaldis (Schelde) and Mosa (Moan). ADtTLA (-ae) MONS. [Ai;pjs8.] ADULS (-es) or ADtJLlS (-IB), a maritime city of Aethopia, on a bay of the Red Sea, called Adulitanus Sinus. It fell into the pow- er of the Auxumitae, for whose trade it be- came the great emporium. Here was found the Monumentwni Adulitanuw,, a Greek in- scription recounting the conquests of Ptolemy H. Euergetes in Asia and Thrace.

ADYRM&CEffDAE (-arum), a Libyan peo- ple who appear to have once possessed the whole coast of Africa from the Canopic mouth of the Nile to the Catabathmus Major, but were afterwards pressed further inland.

AEA (-ae), sometimes with the addition of the word Colchis, may be considered either a part of Colchis or another name for the country.

AEXCEDSS (-ae), a patronymic of the de- scendants of Aeacus, as Peleus, Telamon, and Phocus, sous of Aeacus ; Achilles, son of Pe- leus, and grandson of Aeacus ; Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, and great-grandson of Aeacus ; and Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who claimed to be a descendant of Achilles.

AElCUS (4), son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Ae- gina, a daughter of the river-god Asopus, was born in the island of Aegina, which derived its name from his mother. [ABGINA.] Some traditions related that at the birth of Aeacus, Aegina was not yet inhabited, and that Zeus changed the ants of the island into men (Myr- midones), over whom Aeacus ruled. Aeacus was renowned in all Greece for his justice and piety, and after his death became one of the 8 judges in Hades.

AEAEA (-ae), a surname of Circe, the sis- ter of AeStes, was believed to have inhabited a small island of this name off the coast of Italy, which was afterwards united to the main land, and formed the promontory of Cir- ceii. Hence magic arts are called Aeaeae artes and Aeaea carmina. Telegone, the son of Circe, and founder of Tuscumm, is also called Aeaeus.

AAEAS. CAous.] AECULlNUM or AECLlOTM (-i), a town of the Hirpini in Samnium, a few miles S. of Beneventum.

i!D(5N (-onis), daughter of Pandareus of Ephesus, wife of Zethus, king of Thebes, and mother of Itylus. Envious of Niobe, the wife of her brother Amphion, who had 6 sons anc 6 daughters, she resolved to kill the eldest of Niobe's sons, but by mistake slew her own son Itylus. Zeus (Jupiter) relieved her grief by changing her into a nightingale, whose melancholy tunes are represented as ASdon's lamentations for her child. AEDttt or HlDtft (-5rum), one of the most

powerful people in Gaul, lived between the jiger (Loire) and the Arar (Saone). They were he tirst Gallic people who made an alliance ith the Romans, by whom they were called

brothers and relations. " On Caesar's arii val n Gaul, B.C. 58, they were subject to Ariovis- ^us, but were restored by Caesar to their for- mer power. Their principal town was BI- BB ACT B.

AElTES or AESTA (-ae), Bon of Helios ;the Sun) and Perseis, and father of Medea and Absyrtus. He was king of Colchis at the time when Phrixus brought thither the golden fleece. For the remainder of his history, see ABSYRTTO, AKGONAUTAK, jAf?ON, MEDEA.

AESTIS (-idis), AEETlAS (-Mis), and AE1TINE (-es), patronymics of Medea, daughter of Aeetes.

AEGAE (-arum). (1) A town in Achaia, on the Crathis, with a celebrated temple of Po- seidon (Neptune), originally one of the 12 Achaean towns, but its inhabitants subse- quently removed to Aegira.— -(2) A town in Emathia, in Macedonia, the ancient capital of Macedonia and the burial-place of the Mace- donian kings. It was also called Edessa.— (3) A town in Euboea, with a celebrated temple of Poseidon, who was hence called Aegaeus.— (4) Also AEGAEAE, one of the 12 cities of Aeo- lis in Asia Minor, N. of Smyrna, on the river Hyllus.— (5) A sea-port town of Cilicia.

AEGAEON (-onis), son of Uranus (Heaven) by Gaea (Earth). Aegaeon and his brothers Gyes or Gyges and Cottus are known under the name of the Uranids, and are described as huge monsters with 100 arms and 50 heads. Most writers mention the third Uranid under the name of Briareus instead of Aegaeon, which is explained by Homer, who says that men called him Aegaeon, but the gods Bria- reus. According to the most ancient tradition, Aegaeon and his brothers conquered the Ti- tans when they made war upon the gods, and secured the victory to Zeus (Jupiter), who thrust the Titans into Tartarus, and placed Aegaeon and his brothers to guard them. Oth- er legends represent Aegaeon as one of the giants who attacked Olympus ; and many wri- ters represent him as a marine god living in

AEG§EIBI (4) MARE, the part of the Med- iterranean sea now called the Archipelago. It was bounded on the N. by Thrace and Mace- donia, on the W. by Greece, and on the E. by Asia Minor. It contains in its southern part two groups of islands, the Cyclades, which were separated from the coasts of Attica and Peloponnesus by the Myrtoan sea, and the Sporades, lying off the coasts of Caria and Io- nia. The part of the Aegaean which washed the Sporades was called the Icariau sea, from the island Icaria, one of the Sporades.

AEGXLE5S, a mountain in Attica opposite Salamis, from which Xerxes saw the defeat of his fleet, B.C. 480.

AEGATES (-urn), the Goat Islands, were 3 islands off the W. coast of Sicily, between Dre- panum and Lilybaeum, near which the Ro- mans gained a naval victory over the Cartha- ginians, and thus brought the first Punic war to an end, B.O. 241. The islands were Aegasa or Caprarla, Phorbantia, and HiSra.

AEGERIA.

16

AEGISTHUS.

or EGfiRlA (-ae), one of the Camenae in Koman mythology, from whom Numa received his instructions respecting the forms of worship which he introduced. The grove in which the king had his interviews with the goddess, and in which a well gushed forth from a dark recess/was dedicated T>y him to the Canienae. The Roman legends point out two distinct places sacred to Aegeria, one near Aricia, and the other near Home, at the Porta Capena.

AEGE8TA. [SEGEBTA.]

AEGESTUS. [AoESTEs.]

AEGEUS (-£6s, 61, or el; ace. 4ft), son of Pan- dion and king of Athens, and father of THE- SETTS, whom he "begot by Aethra at Troezen. Theseus afterwards came to Athens and re- stored Aegeus to the throne, of which he had been deprived by the 50 sons of Pallas. When Theseus went to Crete to deliver Athens from the tribute it had to pay to Minos, he prom- ised his father to hoist white sails on his re- turn as a signal of his safety. On approach- ing Attica he forgot his promise, and his fa- ther, perceiving the black sails, thought that his son had perished, and threw himself into the sea, which, according to some traditions, received from this event the name of the

AEGflLS or AEGlXUA (-es), daughter or granddaughter of Adrastus, whence she is called Adrastine, and husband of Diomedes. For details, see DIOMBDES.

AEGllLSA, AEGfXLtJS. [AoHAiA.]

AEGIJLLEUS. [ADRASTTTS.!

AEGIDES (-ae), a pjitronymic from Aege- us, especially his son Theseus.

AEGMA. (1) An island between Crete and Cythera.— (2) An island W. of Euboea and opposite Attica.

AEGINA (-ae), a rocky island in the mid- dle of the Saronic gulf, about 200 stadia in

circumference, said to have obtained its name from Aegina, the daughter of the river-god Asopus.who there bore him a son Aeacus. As me island had then no inhabitants, Zeus (Jupiter) changed the ants into men (Myr- midones), over whom Aeacus ruled. It was first colonized by Achaeans, and afterwards by Dorians from Epidaurus, whence the Doric dialect and customs prevailed in the island. It was subject to the Argive Phldon, who is said to have established a silver mint in the island. It early became a place of great com- mercial importance, audits silver coinage was the standard in most of the Dorian states. In the sixth century u.o. Aegina became inde- pendent, and for a century oefore the Persian war was a prosperous and powerful state. It was at that tiibd the chief seat of Grecian art In B.C. 429 the Athenians took possession of the island and expelled its inhabitants. In the N. W. of the island there was a city of the same name, which contained the Aeaceum or temple of Aeacus, and on a hill in the N.E. of the island was the celebrated temple of Zeus (Jupiter) Pauhellenius, the rums of which are still extant.

AEGlNiUM, a town of the Tymphaei in Thessaly, on the confines of Athamania.

AEGIPLANCTTJS (-i) MONS, a mountain in Megaris.

AEGIRA (-ae), formerly Hyperesia, one of the 12 towns of Achaia, situated on a steep hill.

AEGIRUSSA (-ae), one of the 12 cities of Aeolis in Asia Minor.

AEGISTHUS (-i), son of Thyestes by his own daughter Pelopia. He slew his uncle Atreus, and placed Thyestes upon the throne, of which he had been deprived by Atreus. Homer appears to know nothing of these tragic events ; and we learn from him only that Aegisthus succeeded his father Thyestes

Temple of Aegiua, restored.

AEGIUM.

IT

AEMILIUS.

in a part of his dominions. Aegisthus took no part in the Trojan war, and during the absence of Agamemnon he seduced his wife Clytemnestra. He murdered Agamemnon on his return home, and reigned 7 years over Mycenae. In the 8th, Orestes, the son of Aga- memnon, avenged the death of his fatherly putting the adulterer to death.

AEGfUM (-i), one of the 12 towns of Acha- ia, and the capital after the destruction of Belice.

AEGLE (-6s), that is, "Brightness" or " Splendor," the name of several nymphs.

AEGOS-POTX.MOS, the " goat's river," a small river, with a town of the same name on it, in the Thracian Chersonesus, flowing into the Hellespont. Here the Athenians were defeated by Lysander, u.o. 405.

AEGYPTUS (-i), king of Aegypt, son of Be- lus, and twin-brother of Danaus. Aegyptns had 50 sons, and his brother Danaus 50 daugh- ters. Danaus, fearing the sons of his brother, fled with his daughters to Argos in Pelopon- nesus. Thither he was followed by the sons of Aegyptus, who demanded his daughters for their wives. Danaus complied with their request, but to each of his daughters he gave a dagger, with which they were to kill their husbands in the bridal night. All the sons of Aegyptus were thus murdered, with the exception of Lynceus, who was saved by Hy- permnestra,

AEGYPTUS (-i: Egypt), a country in the N.E. corner of Africa, bonnded on the N. by the Mediterranean, on the E. by Palestine, Arabia Petraea, and the Red Sea, on the S. by Aethiopia, the division between the two countries being at the First of Little Cataract of the Nile, close to Syene, and on the W. by the Great Libyan Desert. From Syene the Nile flows due N. for about 500 miles, through a valtey whose average breadth is about 7 miles, to a point some few miles below Mem- phis. Here the river divides into branches <7 in ancient time, but now only 2), which now through a low alluvial land, called, from its shape, the Delta, into the Mediterranean. The whole district thus described is period- ically laid under water by the overflowing of the Nile from April to October. The river, in subsiding, leaves behind a rich deposit of fine mud, which forms the soil of Egypt. All beyond the reach of the inundation is rock or sand. Hence Egypt was called the " Gift of the Nile." The outlying portions of an- cient Egypt consisted of 3 cultivable valleys (called Oases), in the midst of the Western or Libyan Desert. At the earliest period, to which history reaches back, Egypt was in- habited by a highly civilized peoplez under a settled monarchical government, divided into castes, the highest of which was composed of the priests. Its ancient history may be di- vided into 4 great periods :— (1) From the ear- liest times to its conquest by Cambyses, dur- ing which it was ruled by a succession of na- tive princes. The last of them, Psammeni- tus, was conquered and dethroned by Cam- byses in B.O. 525, when Egypt became a prov- ince of the Persian empire. The Homeric poems show some slight acquaintance with

the country and its river (which is also called Ai'-yi/TTTo?, Od. xiv. 25), and refer to the wealth and splendor of " Thebes with the Hundred Gates." (2) From the Persian conquest in 525, to the transference of their dominion to the Macedonians in 332. This period was one of almost constant struggles between the Egyptians and their conquerors. It was dur- ing this period that Egypt was visited by Greek historians and philosophers, such as Hellanicus, Herodotns, Anaxagoras, Plato, and others, who brought back to Greece the knowledge of the country which they acquired from the priests and through personal ob- servation. (3) The dynasty of Macedonian kings, from the accession of Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, in 323, down to 30, when Egypt be- came a province of the Rom an empire. Alex- ander, after the conquest of the country, gave orders for the building of Alexandria. [ALEX- ANDRIA.] (4) Egypt under the Romans, down to its conquest by the Arabs in A.IX 638. As a Roman province, Egypt was one of the most flourishing portions of the empire. The fer- tility of its soil, and its position between Eu- rope and Arabia and India, together with the possession of such a port as Alexandria, gave it the full benefit of the two great sources of wealth, agriculture and commerce. From the earliest times the country was divided into (1) The Delta, or Lower Egypt ; (2) the Hep- tanomis, or Middle Egypt • (3) the Thebais, or Upper Egypt: and it was further subdi- vided into 36 nomes or governments.

AEL5.NA (-ae), the EI.ATH of the Hebrews, a town on the northern arm of the Red Sea, called by the Greeks Aelamtes, from the name of the town.

AELf A (-ae), a name given to Jerusalem after its restoration by the Roman emperor Aelius Hadrianus.

AELliNUS (-i), CLAUDIUS (-i), was born at Praeneste in Italy, and lived at Rome about the middle of the 3d century of the Christian era. He wrote two works which have come down to us ; one a collection of miscellane- ous history in 14 books, called Varia Historic,; and the other on the peculiarities of animals in 17 books, called De Animalium Naturti.

AELlUS, the name of a plebeian gens at Rome, divided into the families of Gallus, La- mia, Paetus, and Tub&ro.

XELLC5 (-us), one of the Harpies. [HAB-

PYIAB.]

AEMlLIA (-ae). (1) The 3d daughter of L. Aemilius Paulus, who fell in the battle of Cannae, was the wife of Scipio African us I. and the mother of the celebrated Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi.— (2) Aemilia Le- pida. [LicriDA.]

AEMlLlA (-ae) VIA (-ae),made by M. Ae- milius Lepidus, cos. B.O. 187, continued the Via Flaminia from Ariminum, and traversed the heart of Cisalpine Gaul through Bononia, Mutina, Parma, Placentia (where it crossed the Po) to Mediolanum. It was subsequent- ly continued as far as Aquile.ia.

AEMlLtlNUS (-i), an agnomen of P. Cor- nelius Scipio Africanus the younger, as the son of L. Aemilius Paulus. [801*10.3

AEMILIUS (-i), the name of one of the

AENABIA.

18

ABOLIDES.

most ancient patrician gentes at Rome, the chief members of which are given under their surnames LEPIDTJS, PATTLUS, and SCAURUS.

AENA.RIA, also called PlTHUCtfSA and INARIME (JTscMx), a volcanic island off the coast of Campania, at the entrance of the bay of Naples, under which the Roman poets rep- resented Typhoeus as lying.

AENSADlS (-ae), a patronymic from Ae- neas, given to his son Ascanius or lulus, and to those who were believed to be descended from him, such as Augustus, and the Romans in general.

AENEAS (-ae ; we. -a), the Trojan hero. Homeric Story.— Aeneas was the sou of An- chises and Aphrodite (Venus), aud was born on mount Ida. He was brought up at Dar- danus, in the house of Alcathous, the hus- band of his sister. At first he took no part in the Trojan war ; and it was not till Achil- les attacked him on mount Ida, and drove away his flocks, that he led his Dardanians against the Greeks. Henceforth Aeneas and Hector appear as the great bulwarks of the Trojans against the Greeks, and Aeneas is beloved by gods and men. On more than one occasion he is saved in battle by the gods :

Aeneas, followed by Ascanius, and carrying Anchisea from burning Troy.

Aphrodite carried him off when he was wound- ed by Diomedes, and Poseidon (Neptune) saved him when he was on the point of perish- ing by the hands of Achilles. Homer makes no allusion to the emigration of Aeneas after the capture of Troy, but, on the contrary, he evidently conceives Aeneas and his descend- ants as reigning at Troy after the extinction of the house ofPriam. Later Stones.— Most accounts agree that after the capture of Troy Aeneas withdrew to mount Ida with his friends and the images of the gods, especially that of Pallas (PaUadiwrn) \ and that from thence he crossed over to Europe, and finally settled at Latiura in Italy, where he became the ancestral hero of the Romans. A descrip- tion ^f the wanderings of Aeneas before he

reached Latium is given by Virgil in his Ae- neid. After visiting Epirus and Sicily, he was driven by a storm on the coast of Africa, where he met with Dido. [Di»o.] He then sailed to Latium, where he was hospitably received, by Latiuus, king of the Aborigines. Here Aeneas founded the town of Lavmium, called after Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, whom he married. Turnus, to whom Lavinia had been betrothed, made war against Latinus and Aeneas. Latinns fell in the first battle, and Turnus was subsequently slaiu by Aene« as ; whereupon, after the death of Latinns, Aeneas became sole ruler of the Aborigines and Tfojans, and both nations were united into one. Soon after this Aeneas fell in bat- tle against the Rutulians who were assisted by Mezeiitius, king of the Etruscans. As his body was not found after the battle, it was be< lieved that it had been carried up to heaven, or that he had perished in the river Numicius. The Latins erected a monument to him, with the inscription To the. father and native god. Virgil represents Aeneas landing in Italy 7 years after the fall of Troy, and comprises all the events in Italy, from the landing to the death of Turnus, within the space of 20 days. The story of the descent of the Romans from the Trojans through Aeneas was believed at an early period,' but rests on no historical foundation.

AENES.S SILVJUS (-i), son of Silvius, and grandson of Ascanius, is the 3d in the list of the mythical kings of Alba in Latium.

AENfSStDEMTJS (-i), a celebrated skeptic, born at Cnossus in Crete, and lived a little later than Cicero. He wrote several works, but none of them have come down to us.

AENIANES (-urn), an ancient Greek race, originally near Ossa, afterwards in southern Thessaly, between Oeta and Othrys, on the banks of the. Spercheus.

AENUS (-1). (1) An ancient town in Thrace, near the mouth of the Hebrus, mentioned in the Iliad, colonized by the Aeolians of Asia Minor. Virgil supposes it to have been built by Aeneas — (2) (Inn) a river in Rhaetia, the boundary between Rhaetia and Noricum.

AEOLES (-um) or AEOLJl (-orum), one of the chief branches of the Hellenic race, sup- posed to be descended from Aeolus, the son of Helen. [AEOLUS, No. 1.] They originally dwelt in Thessaly, from whence they spread over various parts of Greece, and also settled in ABOLIS in Asia Minor, and in the island of LESBOS.

AEOLfAE INStfLAE (-arum: Lipari Isl- ands), a group of islands N.E. of Sicily, where Aeolus, the god of the winds, reigned. Vir- gil accordingly speaks of only one Aeolian island, supposed to be Strongyle or Lipara. These islands were also called Hephaestwdes or Vutednfae, because Hephaestus or Vulcan was believed to have his workshop in one of them called Hiera. They were also named Lipdremes, from Lipara, the largest of them.

AEOLXDB8 (-ae), a patronymic given to the sons of Aeolus, as Athamas, Cretheus, Sisyphus, Salmoueus, etc., and to his grand* sons, as Cephalus, Ulysses, an d Phrixns. AEO' LIB is the patronymic of the female descend'

AEOLIS.

19

AESCHYLUS.

ants of Aeolus, given to his daughters Canace and Alcyone.

AE5LIS (-Idis) or AEOLIA (-ae), a district of Mysia in Asia Minor, was peopled by Aeo- lian Greeks, whose cities extended from the Troad along the shores of the Aegaeau to the river Hermus. In early times their 12 most important cities were independent, and form- ed a League. They were Cyme, Larissae, Ne- ontichos, Temuus, Cilia, Notium, Aegirusa, Pitane, Aegaeae, Myrina, Grynea, and Smyr- na; but SMYKNA subsequently became a mem- ber of the Ionian confederacy. These cities were subdued by Croesus, and were incorpo- rated in the Persian empire on the conquest of Croesus by Cyrus.

AE5LUS <-i). (1) Son of Hellen and the nymph Orsei's, and brother of Dorus and Xu- thus. He was the ruler of Thessaly, and the founder of the Aeolic branch of the Greek nation. His children are said to have been very numerous ; but the most ancient story mentioned only 4 sons, viz., Sisyphus, Atha- mas, Cretheus, and Salmoneus. — (2) Son of Hippotes, or, according to others, of Poseidon (Neptune) and Arne, a descendant of the pre- vious Aeolns. He is represented in Homer as the happy ruler of the Aeolian islands, to whom Zeus had given dominion over the winds, which he might soothe or excite ac- cording to his pleasure. This statement of Homer and the etymology of the name of Aeo- lus from ueXAw, led to Aeolus being regarded in later times as the god and king of the winds, which he kept inclosed in a mountain.

AEPYTITS (-i). (1) A mythical king of Ar- cadia, from whom a part of the country was called Aepytis.— (2) Youngest, sou of the Her- aclid Cresphoutes, king of Messenia, and of Merope, daughter of the Arcadian king Cyp- selus. When his father and brothers were murdered during an insurrection, Aepytus, who was with his grandfather Cypselus, -alone escaped. The throne of Cresphontes was meantime occupied by Polyphonies, who forced Merope to become his wife. When Aepytus had grown to manhood he returned to his kingdom, and put Polyphonies to death. From him the kings of Messeni a were called Aepytids, instead of the more general name Heraclids.

AEQUI (-orum), AEQTJlCOLI (-orum), AEQUICOLZE (-arum), AEQUICtfLANI (-orum), an ancient and warlike people of It- aly, dwelling in the upper valley of the Auio in the mountains forming the eastern bound- ary of Latium, and between the Latini, Sab- ini, Hernici, and Marsi. In conjunction with the Volsci, who were of the same race, they carried on constant hostilities with Rome, hut were finally subdued in B.O. 302. One of their chief seats was Mount Algidus, from which they were accustomed to make their maraud- ing expeditious.

AEQUI FALISCI. [FALEKII.]

XERQP® (-es), daughter of Catreus, king of Crete, and wife of Plisthenes, the son of Atre- us, by whom she became the mother of Aga- memnon and Menelaus. After the death of Pllsttienes, Aerope married Atreus ; and her two sons, who were educated by Atreus, were

generally believed to be his sons. Aerope was faithless to Atreus, being seduced by Thv- estes.

AESlCUS (-i), son of Priam and Alexir- rhoo, fell in love with Hesperia, the daughter of Cebreu, and while he was pursuing her, she was stung by a, viper and died. Aesacus in his grief threw himself into the sea, and was changed by Thetis into an aquatic bird.

AESAR (-iiris) or AESlRUS (-i), a river near Croton iu Bruttii, in southern Italy.

AESCHINES (-is). (1) The Athenian ora- tor, born B.O. 389, was the son of Atrometus and Glaucothea. Iu his youth he assisted his father in his school ; he next acted as secreta- ry to Aristophon, and afterwards to Eubulus ; he subsequently tried his fortune as an act- or, but was unsuccessful ; and at length, after serving with distinction iu the array, came for- ward as a public speaker, and soon acquired great reputation. In 847 he was sent along with Demosthenes as one of the 10 embassa- dors to negotiate a peace with Philip. From this time he appears as the friend of the Mace- donian party, and as the opponent of Demos- thenes. Sh ortly afterwards Aeschines formed one of a second embassy sent to Philip, and on his return to Athens was accused by Ti- marchus. He evaded the danger by bringing forward a counter-accusation against Timar- chus (345), showing that the moral conduct of his accuser was such that he had no right to speak before the people. The speech in which Aeschines attacked Timarchus is still extant: Timarchus was condemned, and Aeschines gained a brilliant triumph. In 343 Demos- thenes renewed the charge against Aeschines of treachery during his second embassy to Philip. This charge of Demosthenes (De Falsa Legatione) was not spoken, but published as a memorial, and Aeschines answered it in a similar memorial on the embassy, which was likewise published. After the battle of Chae- roiioa iu 338, which gave Philip the suprema- cy in Greece, Ctesiphon proposed that Demos- thenes should be rewarded for his services with a golden crown in the theatre at the great Dionysia. Aeschines in consequence accused Ctesiphon ; but he did not prosecute the charge till 8 years later, 330. The speech which he delivered on the occasion is extant, and was answered by Demosthenes in his cel- ebrated oration on the Crown. Aeschines was defeated, and withdrew from Athens. He went to Asia Minor, and at length established a school of eloquence at Rhodes. On one oc- casion he read to his audience in Rhodes his speech against Ctesiphon, and when some of his hearers expressed their astonishment at his defeat, he replied," You would cease to be astonished if you had heard Demosthenes." From Rhodes he went to Samos, where he died in 314.— (2) An Athenian philosopher and rhetorician, and a disciple of Socrates. He wrote several dialogues, but the 3 which have come down to us under his name are not gen- uine.

AESCHYLUS (-i), the celebrated tragic poet, the son of Euphoriou, was born atEleu- sis in Attica, B.O. 525. At the age of 25 (499) he made his first appearance as a competitor

AESCULAPIUS.

20

AESOPUS.

for the prize of tragedy, without being success- ful. He fought, with his brothers Cynaegirus and Aminius, at the battle of Marathon (490), and also at those of Salamis (480) and Plataea <4T9) . In 484 he gained the prize of tragedy ; and in 4T2 he gained the prize with the trilo- gy, of which the Persae, the earliest of his ex- tant dramas, was one piece. In 46S he was defeated in a tragic contest by his younger ri- val Sophocles ; and he is said in consequence to have quitted Athens in disgust, and to have gone to the court of Hiero, king of Syracuse. In 46T his patron Hiero died ; and in 458 it appears that Aeschylus was again at Athens, from the fact that the trilogy of the Oresteia was produced in that year. In the same or the following year, he again visited Sicily, and he died at Gela in 456, in the 69th year of his age. It is said that an eagle, mistaking the poet's bald head for a stone, let a tortoise fall upon it to break the shell, and so fulfilled an oracle, according to which he was fated to die by a blow from heaven. The alterations made by Aeschylus in the composition and dramat- ic representation of tragedy were so great that he was considered by the Athenians as the fa- ther of it. The principal alteration which he made was the introduction of a second actor, and the consequent formation of the dialogue properly so called, and the limitation of the choral parts. He furnished his actors with more suitable and magnificent dresses, with significant and various masks, and with the thick-soled cothurnus, to raise their stature to the height of heroes. With him also arose the usage of representing at the same time a trilogy of plays connected in subject, so that each formed one act, as it were, of a great whole. A satirical play commonly followed each tragic trilogy. Aeschylus is said to have written 70 tragedies. Of these only 7 are ex- tant, namely, the Persians, the Seven against Thebes, the Suppliants, the Prometheus, the Agamemnon, the Choephori, and Eumenides ; the last three forming the trilogy of the Ores- teia.

AESCtLlPIUS (-1), called ASCLSPiUS (-i) by the Greeks, the god of the medical art. In Homer he is not a divinity, but simply the "blameless physician'' whose sons, Machaon and Podalirius, were the physicians in the Greek army. The common story relates that Aesculapius was a son of Apollo and Coronis, and that when Coronis was with child by Apollo she became enamored oflschys, an Ar- cadian. Apollo, informed of this by a raven, killed Coronis and Ischys. When the body of Coronis was to be burnt, the child Aescu- lapius was saved from the flames, and was brought up by Chiron, who instructed him in the art of healing and in hunting. There are other tales respecting his birth, according to some of which he was a native of Bpidaurus, and this was a common opinion in later times. After he had grown up, he not only cured the sick, but recalled the dead to life. Zeus (Jupiter), fearing lest men might contrive to escape death altogether, killed Aesculapius with his thunderbolt ; but on the request of Apollo, Zeus placed him among the stars. He was" married to Epione, by whom he had the 2 sons spoken of by Homer, and also oth-

er children. The chief seat of the worship of Aesculapius was Epidaurus, where he had a temple surrounded with an extensive grove. Serpents were sacred to him because they were a symbol of renovation, and were be- lieved to have the power of discovering heal- ing herbs. The cock was sacrificed to him. At Rome the worship of Aesculapius was in- troduced from Bpidaurus in B.C. 293, for the purpose of averting a pestilence. The sup- posed descendants of Aesculapius were called by the patronymic name of JLsclepiadae, and their principal seats were Cos and Cnidus. They were an order or caste of priests. The knowledge of medicine was regarded as a sacred secret, which was transmitted from father to son in these families.

AESEPUS (-i), a river rising in the moun- tains of Ida, and flowing into the Propontis.

AESERNIA (-ae), a town in Samnium, made a Roman colony in the first Punic war.

AESIS (-is), a river forming the boundary between Picenum and Umbria, anciently the S. boundary of the Senones, and the N.E. boundary of Italy proper.

AESIS (-is) or AES!UM.(-i), a town and Roman colony in Umbria on the river Aesis.

AESON (-6nis), son of Cretheus and Tyro, and father of Jason. He was excluded from the throne by his half-brother Pelias. Dur- ing the absence of Jason on the Argonautic expedition, Pelias attempted to murder Ae- son, but the latter put an end to his own life. According to Ovid, Aeson survived the return of the Argonauts, and was made young again by Medea.

AESOPUS (-i), a writer of Fables, lived about B.O. 570, and was a contemporary of Solon. He was originally a slave, and re- ceived his freedom from his master ladmon the Samian. Upon this he visited Croesus, who sent him to Delphi, to distribute among the citizens 4 minae apiece ; but in conse- quence of some dispute on the subject he re- fused to give any money at all, upon which the enraged Delphians threw him from a prec- ipice. Plagues were sent upon them from the gods for the offense, and they proclaimed their willingness to give a compensation for his death to any one who could claim it. At length ladmon the grandson of his old mas- ter, received the compensation, since no near- er connection could be found. Later writers represent Aesop as a perfect monster of ug- liness and deformity, a notion for which there is no authority in the classical authors. Whether Aesop left any written works at all is a question which affords room for doubt,* though it is certain that fables, bearing Ae. sop's .name, were popular at Athens in its most intellectual age. They were in prose, and were turned into poetry by several writ- ers. Socrates turned some of them into verse during his imprisonment. The only Greek versifier of Aesop, of whose writings any whole fables are preserved,, is Babrius. Of the Latin writers of Aesopian fables, Phae- drus is the most celebrated. [PHAEDRUS.] The fables now extant in prose, bearing the name of Aesop, are unquestionably spurious.

AESOPUS (-i), CLAUDIUS, or CLODIUS

AESCULAPIUS. (Berlin.)

AESTII.

21

AETOLUS.

(-i),was the greatest tragic actor at Rome, and contemporary of Roscius, the greatest comic actor. Both of them lived on intimate terms with Cicero. Aesopus appeared for the last time on the stage at an advanced age, at the dedication of the theatre of Pompey (B.C. 55), when his voice failed him, and he could not fro through with the speech. He realized an immense fortune by his profession, which was squandered by his son, a foolish spendthrift.

AESTII (-orum), AESTYl, or AESTUI (-orum), a people dwelling on the sea-coast, in the N.E. of Germany, probably in the mod- ern Kurtondjvrho collected amber, which they called glessum. They were probably a Sarma- tian or Slavonic and not a Germanic race.

AEStfrLA (-ae), a town of the Aegui, on a mountain between Praeneste and Tibur.

AETHiLlA. (-ae) or AETHlLIS (4dis), called ILVA (-ae) (Elba) by the Romans, a small island in the Tuscan sea, opposite the town of Populonia, celebrated for its iron

AETH&LIDES (-ae), son of Hermes (Mer- cury) and Eupolemia, the herald of the Argo- nauts. His soul, after many migrations, at length took possession of the body of Pytha- goras, in which it still recollected its former migrations.

AETHICES (-um), a Thessalian or Bpirot people, near M. Pindus.

AETHI5PES (-um: said to be from a and 6^, but perhaps really a foreign name corrupted) was a name applied (1) most gen- erally to all black or dark races of men ; (2) to all the inhabitants of Inner Africa, S. of Mauretania, the Great Desert, and Egypt, from the Atlantic to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, and to some of the dark races of Asia ; and (3) most specifically to the inhabitants of the land S. oi Egypt, which was called AETHIO- PJA.

AETHIOPIA (-ae: Nubia, Kordofan, Sen- naar, Abyssinia), a country of Africa, S. of Egypt, the boundary of the countries being at Syene and the Smaller Cataract of the Nile. and extending on the E. to the Red Sea, and to the S. and S.W. indefinitely, as far appar- ently as the knowledge of the ancients ex- tended. The people of Aethiopia seem to have been of the Caucasian race, arid to have spoken a language allied to the Arabic. Mon- uments are found in the country closely re- sembling those of Egypt, but of an inferior style. It was the seat of a powerful mon- archy, of which MBROK was the capital. Some traditions made Meroe the parent of Eg; tian civilization, while others ascribed the civilization of Ethiopia to Egyptian coloniza- tion. So great was the power of the Ethio- pians that more than once in its history Egypt was governed by Ethiopian kings. Under the Ptolemies Graeco-Egyptian colonies estab- lished themselves in Ethiopia; but the coun- try was never subdued. The Romans failed to extend their empire over Ethiopia, though they made expeditions into the country, m one of which C. Petronius, prefect of Egypt under Augustus, advanced as far as Napata, and defeated the warrior queen Candace («.p. 22). Christianity very early extended to Bthi-

sion of the treasurer of queen Candace (Acts viii. 27).

AETHRA (-ae). (1) Daughter of Pitthens of Troezeu, and mother of Theseus by Aege- us. She afterwards lived in Attica, from whence she was carried off to Lacedaemon by Castor and Pollux, and became a slave of Helen, with whom she was taken to Troy. At the capture of Troy she was restored to liberty by her grandson Acamas or Demo* phon.—(2) Daughter of Oceanus, by whom At las begot the 12 Hyades and a son Hyas.

AETNA (-ae). (1) A volcanic mountain in the N.E. of Sicily between Tauromenium and Catana. It is said to have derived its name from Aetna, a Sicilian nymph, a daughter of Heaven and Earth. Zeus (Jupiter) buried under it Typhon or Euceladus ; and in its in- terior Hephaestus (Vulcan) and the Cyclops forged the thunderbolts for Zeus. There were several eruptions of M. Aetna in antiquity. One occurred in B.C. 475, to which Aeschylus and Pindar probably allude, and another in 425, which Thucydides says was the third on record since the Greeks had settled in Sicily. —(2) A town at the foot of M. Aetna, on the road to Catana, formerly called Inessa or In- nesa. It was founded in B.O. 461 by the in- habitants of Cataua, who had been expelled from their own town by the Siculi. They gave the name of Aetna to Inessa, because their own town Catana had been called Aetna by Hiero I.

AETOLIA (-aeV a division of Greece, was bounded on the W. by Acarnania, from which it was separated by the river Achelous, on the N. by jEpirus and Thessaly, on the E. by the Ozolian Locrians, and on the S. by the en- trance to the Corinthian gulf. It was divided into two parts— Old Aetolia, from the Ache- lous to the Evenus and Calydou, and New Aetolia, or the Acquired, from the Evenus and Calydon to the Ozolian Locrians. On the coast the country is level and fruitful, but in the interior mountainous and unproductive. The mountains contained many wild beasts, and were celebrated in mythology for the hunt of the Calydonian boar. The country was originally inhabited by Curetes and Lele- ges, but was 'at an early period colonized by Greeks from Elis, led by the mythical ABTO- Ltrs. The Aetolians took part in the Trojan war, under their king Thoas. They contin- ued for a long time a rude and uncivilized people, living to a great extent by robbery, and even in the time of Thucydides (B.C. 410) many of their tribes spoke a language which was not Greek, and were in the habit of eat- ing raw flesh. They appear to have been early united by a kind of League, but this League first acquired political importance about the middle of the 3d century B.O., and became a formidable rival to the Macedonian monarchs and the Achaean League. The Aetoliaus took the side of Antiochus III. against the Romans, and on the defeat of that monarch, B.O. 189, they became virtually the subjects of Rome. On the conquest of the Achaeans, B.C. 146, Aetolia was included in the Roman province of Achaia.

AET<3LUS (-i), son of Endymion and hue-

AFRANIUS.

22

AGAMEDES.

Pleuron and Calydon. He was king of Elis, but, having slain Apis, he fled to the country near the Achelous, which was called Aetolia after him.

AFRINIUS (-i), L. (1) A Roman comic poet, nourished about B.C. 100. His comedies depicted Roman life with such accuracy that he is classed with Menander. Only a few fragments of them are preserved.— (2) A per- son of obscure origin, who was, through Pompey's influence, made consul, B.O. 60. When Pompey obtained the provinces of the two Spains in his 2d consulship (55), he sent Afranius and Petreius to govern them, while he himself remained in Rome. In 40 Afra- nius and Petreius were defeated by Caesar in Spain. Afranius thereupon passed over to Pompey in Greece, was present at the battle of Pharsalia (4S), and subsequently at the battle of Thapsus in Africa (46). He then at- tempted to fly into Mauretania, but was taken prisoner by P. Siuius, and killed.

AFRICA (-ae) was used by the ancients in two senses, (1) for the whole continent of Af- rica, and (2) for the portion of N. Africa which the Romans erected into a province.— -(1) In the more general sense the name was not used by the Greek writers ; and its use by the Romans arose from the extension to the whole continent of the name of a part of it. The proper Greek name for the continent is fabi/a. Considerably before the historical period of Greece begins the Phoenicians ex- tended their commerce over the Mediterra- nean, and founded several colonies on the N. coast of Africa, of which Carthage was the chief. [CARTHAGO.] The Greeks knew very little of the country until the foundation of the Dorian colony of CYBENB (B.O. 620), and the intercourse of Greek travelers with Egypt in the 6th and 5th centuries ; and even then their knowledge of all but the part near Cy- rene was derived from the Egyptians and Phoenicians, who sent out some remarkable expeditions to explore the country. A Phoe- nician fleet sent by the Egyptian king Pha- raoh Necho (about B.O. 600) was said to have sailed from the Red Sea, round Africa, and so into the Mediterranean: the authenticity of this story *s still a mj fcter of dispute. We still possefeo an authentic account of another expedition, which the Carthaginians dis- patched under Hanno (about K.O. 510), and which reached a point on the W. coast near- ly, if not quite, as far as lat 10° N. In the in- terior, the Great Desert (Sahara) interposed a formidable obstacle to discovery ; but even before the time of Herodotus the people on the northern coast told of individuals who had crossed the desert, and had reached a great river flowing towards the E.,with croc- odiles in it, and black men living on its banks, which, if the story be true, was prob- ably the Niger in its upper course, near Tvm- buctoo. There were great differences of opin- ion as to the boundaries of the continent. Some divided the whole world into only two parts, Europe and Asia, and they were not agreed to which of these two Libya (i. e. Af- rica) belonged; and those who recognized three divisions differed again in placing the boundary between Libya and Asia either on

the W. of Egypt, or along the Nile, or at tht isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea ; the last opinion gradually prevailed. Herodotus di- vides the inhabitants of Africa into four races, two native, namely, the Libyans and Ethiopians, and two foreign, namely, the Phoenicians and the Greeks. The Libyans, however, were a Caucasian race ; the Ethio- pians of Herodotus correspond to our Negro races. The whole of the north of Africa fell, successively under the power of Rome, and was finally divided into provinces as follows:; —(1) Aegypt ; (2) Libya, including (a) Libya® Nomos or Libya Exterior, (b) Manrnirica, (c) Cyrenai'ca ; (3) Africa Propria, the former em- pire of Carthage, see below, No. 2 ; (4) Nu- rnidia; (5) Mauretania, divided into (a) Siti- fensis, (b) Caesariensis, (c) Tingitana: these, with (6) Aethiopia, make up the whole of Af- rica, according to the divisions recognized by the latest of the ancient geographers. The northern district was better known to the Romans than it is to us, and was extremely populous and flourishing. — (2) AFRICA PBO- PRIA or PBOVINOIA, or simply AVBIOA, was the name under which the Romans, after *the Third Punic War. B.O. 146, erected into a prov- ince the whole of the former territory or Car- thage. It extended from the river Musca, on the W., which divided it from Numidia, to the bottom of the Syrtis Minor, on the S.E. It was divided into two districts (rogiones), namely, (1) Zeugis or Zeugitana, the district round Carthage, (2) Byzacium orByzacena, S. of Zeugitana, as far as the bottom of the Syr- tis Minor. It corresponds to the modern re- gency of Tunis. The province was full of flourishing towns, and was extremely fertile ; it furnished Rome with its chief supplies of com.

(-i), a surname given to the Scipios, on account of their victories in Africa. [SoiPio.]

AFRlCUS (-i : \fy by the Greeks), the S. W. wind, so called because it blew from Africa.

AGAMfjDfiS (-ae), commonly called son of Erginus, king of Orchomenus, and brother of Trophonius. Agamedes and Trophonius dis» tinguished themselves as architects. They built a temple of Apollo at Delphi, and a treasury of Hyrieus,king of Hyria, in Boeotia. In the construction of the latter, they con- trived to place a stone in such a manner that it could be taken away outside without any body perceiving it They now constantly robbed the treasury ; and the king, seeing that locks and seals were uninjured, while his treas- ures were constantly decreasing, set traps to catch the thief. Agamedes was thus caught, and Trophonius cut off his head to avert the discovery. After this, Trophonius was im- mediately swallowed up by the earth in the grove of LebadSa. Here he was worshiped as a hero, and had a celebrated oracle. A tra- dition mentioned by Cicero states that Aga- medes and Trophonius, after building the temple of Apollo at Delphi, prayed to the god to grant them, in reward for their labor, wnat was best for men. The god promised to do so 'on a certain day, and when the day cane the two brothers died.

AGAMEMNON.

23

AGENORIDES.

AGAMEMNON (-onis), son of PITathenes and Aorqpu or Eriphyle, and grandson of Atreus, king of Mycenae ; but Homer and oth- ers call him a son of Atreus and grandson of Pelops. Agamemnon and his brother Mene- laus were brought up together with Aegis- thus, the son of Thyestes, in the house of At- reus. After the murder of Atreus by Aegis- thus and Thyestes, who succeeded Atrens in the kingdom of Mycenae [AEGISTHUS], Aga- memnon and Menelaus went to Sparta. Here Agamemnon married Clytemnestra, the daughter of Tyndareus, by whom he became the father of Iphianassa (Iphigenla), Chryso- themis, Laodice (Electra), and Orestes. The manner in which Agamemnon obtained the kingdom of Mycenae is differently related. From Homer it appears as if he had peacably succeeded Thyestes ; while, according to oth- ers, he expelled Thyestes, and usurped his throne. He now became the most powerful prince in Greece. Homer says he ruled over all Argos, which signifies Peloponnesus, or the greater part of it, for the city of Argos was governed by Diomedes. When Helen, the wife of Menelans, was carried offfcy Paris, and the Greek chiefs resolved to recover her by force of arms, Agamemnon was chosen their com- mander in chief. After two years of prepa- ration, the Greek army and fleet assembled in the port of Aulis, in Boeotia. At this place Agamemnon killed a stag which was sacred to Artemis (Diana), who in return visited the Greek army with a pestilence, and produced a calm which prevented the Greeks from leav- ing the port. In order to appease her wrath, Agamemnon consented to sacrifice his daugh- ter Iphigenla ; but, at the moment of the sac- rifice, she was carried off by Artemis herself to Tauris, and another victim was substituted in her place. The calm now ceased, and the army sailed to the coast of Troy. The quar- rel between Agamemnon and Achilles, in the 10th year of the war, is related elsewhere. [AoHiLLES.] Agamemnon, although the chief commander of the Greeks, is not the hero of the Iliad, and in chivalrous spirit, bravery, and character, altogether inferior to Achilles- But he nevertheless rises above all the Greeks by his dignity, power, and majesty: his eyes and head are likened to those of Zeus (Jupi- ter), his girdle to that of Ares (Mars), and his breast to that of Poseidon (Neptune). At the capture of Troy he received Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, as his prize. On his re- turn home he was murdered by Aegisthus, who had seduced Clytcmnestra during the ab- sence of her husband. The tragic poets make Clytemnestra alone murder Agamemnon. His death was avenged by his son Orestes.

XGAMEMNONlDKS (-ae),the son of Aga- memnon, i. e. Orestes.

AGANIPPE (-6s), a nymph of the fountain of the same name at the foot of Mt. Helicon, in Boeotia. It was sacred to the Muses (who were hence called Aganippides), and was be- lieved to inspire those who drank of it. The fountain of HippocrSne has the epithet Aga- nippte, from its being sacred to the Muses, like that of Aganippe.

AGATHOCLES (-is or e5s) was born at Thermae, a town of Sicily subject to Carthage,

and was brought up as a potter at Syracuse, His strength and personal beauty recom- mended him to Datnas, a noble Syracusan, who drew him from obscurity, and on whose death he married his rich widow, and so be- came one of the wealthiest citizens in Syra- cuse. His ambitious schemes then developed themselves, and he was driven into exile. After several changes of fortune he collected an army, and was declared sovereign of Syra- cuse, u.c. 31T. In the course of a few years the whole of Sicily, which was not under the dominion of Carthage, submitted to him. In 310 he was defeated at Hhnera by the Cartha- ginians,under Hamilcar,who straightway laid siege to Syracuse, whereupon he formed the bold design of averting the ruin which threat- ened him by carrying the war into Africa. His successes were most brilliant and rapid. He constantly defeated the troops of Carthage, but was at length summoned from Africa oy the affairs of Sicily, where many cities had re- volted from him, 30T. These he reduced, aft- er making a treaty with the Carthaginians. He had previously assumed the title of king of Sicily. He afterwards plundered the Lipari isles, and also carried his arms into Italy, in order to attack the Bruttii. But his last days were embittered by family misfortunes. His grandson Archagathus murdered his son Aga- thocles, for the sake of succeeding to the crown, and the old king feared that the rest of his family would share his fate. He ac- cordingly sent his wife and her two children to Egypt ; and his own death followed almost immediately, 289, after a reign of 28 years, and in the 72d year of his age. Some authors re- late an incredible story of his being poisoned by Maeuo, an associate of Archagathus. The poison, we are told, was concealed in the quill with which he cleaned his teeth, and reduced him to so frightful a condition that he was placed on the funeral pile and burnt while yet living, being unable to give any signs that he was not dead.

AGATH(5N, an Athenian tragic poet, a con- temporary and friend of Euripides and Plato. He died about B.O. 400.

AGATHYRNA (-ae), iGlTHYRNUM (-i), a town on the N. coast of Sicily.

AGATHYRSI (-drum), a people in Euro- pean Sarmatia, on the river Maria (Marosck), in Transylvania. From the practice of paint- ing or tattooing their skin, they are called by Virgil picti Agathyrsi.

AGAVS (-cs), daughter of Cadmus, wife of Echlon, and mother of Pentheus. For details see PENTHEUS.

AGBX.TANA. [EOBATANA.]

AGENDlCUM or AGEDSCUM (-i: Sens), the chief town of the Senones in Gallia Lug- dunensis.

AGKNOR (-oris). (1) Son of Poseidon (Nep- tune), king of Phoenicia, and father of Cad- mus and Europa. Virgil calls Carthage the city of Agenor, since Dido was descended from Agenor.— (2) Son of the Trojan Antenor and Theano, one of the bravest among the Tro<

X.GHSN5RIDES (-ae), adescendantof anAg. enor, such as Cadmus, Phineus, and Perseus,

AGESILAUS.

AGRIPPA.

AGESiLAUS (-i), kings of Sparta. — (1) Keigned about »,o. 886, and was contempora- ry with the legislation of Lycnrgus.— (2) Sou of Archidamus II., succeeded his half-brother Agis II., u.o. 398, excluding, on the ground of spurious birth, and by the interest of Lysau- der, his nephew LEOTYOUIDES. From 396 to 394 he carried on the war in Asia Minor with great success, but, in the midst of his con- quests, was summoned home to defend his country against Thebes, Corinth, and Argos, which had been induced by Artaxerxes to take up arms against Sparta, • In 394 he met and defeated, at Coronua in Boeotia, the allied forces. During the next 4 years he regained for his country much of its former supremacy, till at length the fatal battle of Leuctra, 371, overthrew forever the power of Sparta, and gave the supremacy for a time to Thebes. In 361 he crossed, with a body of Lacedaemonian mercenaries, into Egypt, where he died in the winter of 361-360, after a life of iibove SO years, and a reign of 38. In person Agesi- laus was small, mean-looking, and lame, on which last ground objection had been made to his accession, an oracle, curiously fulnlled, having warned Sparta of evils awaiting her under a "lame sovereignty." In his reign, indeed, her fall took place, but not through him, for he was one of the best citizens and generals that Sparta ever had.

AGESlPOLIS, kings of Sparta. — (1) Suc- ceeded his father, Pausanias, while yet a mi- nor, in B.O. 394, and reigned 14 years.— (2) Son of Cleombrotus, reigned one year, 371. — (3) Succeeded Cleomenes in 220, but was soon de- posed by his colleague Lycurgus.

AGINNUM (-i: Ag&n\ the chief town of the Nitiobriges in Gallia Aquitanica.

AGIS (Idis), kings of Sparta — (1) Son of Eurysthenes, the founder of the family of the Agidae.— (2) Sou of Archidamus II., reigned B.O. 427-398. He took an active part in the Peloponnesian war, and invaded Attica sev- eral times. While Alcibiades was at Sparta he was the guest of Agis, and is said to have seduced his wife Timaea ; in consequence of which Leotychides, the son of Agis, was ex- cluded from the throne as illegitimate.— <3) Son of Archidamus HI., reigned 338-330. He attempted to overthrow the Macedonian pow- er in Europe, while Alexander the Great was in Asia, but was defeated and killed in battle by Antipater in 330,— (4) Son of Eudamidas IL, reigned 244-240. He attempted to re-es- tablish the institutions of Lycurgus, and to effect a thorough reform in the Spartan state ; but be was resisted by his colleague Leonidas II. and the wealthy, was thrown into prison, and was there put to death by command of the ephors, along with his mother and grand- mother.

AGLAaA (-ae), " the bright one," one of the CHABITJCS or Graces.

AGRAULOS (-1). (1) Daughter of Actaeus, first king of Athens, and wife of Cecrops. — (2) Daughter of Cecrops and Agraulos, of whom various stories are told. Athena (Mi- nerva) is said to have -given Erichthonins in a chest to Agraulos and her sister Herse, with strict injunctions not to open it; but they disobeyed the command. [EEIOHTHONITJS."!

Agranlos was subsequently punished by be- ing changed into a stone by Hermes (Mer- cury), because she attempted to prevent the god from entering the house of Herse, with whom he had fallen in love. Another legend relates that Agraulos threw herself down from the Acropolis because an oracle had declared that the Athenians would conquer if some one would sacrifice himself for his country. The Athenians in gratitude built her a temple on, the Acropolis, in which the young Athenians, on receiving their first suit of armor, took an oath that they would always defend their country to the last. A fes tival (Agraulia) was celebrated at Athens in. her honor.

AGJRI DECIMATES, tithe lands, the name given by the Komans to a part of Germany, Jfl. of the Rhine and N. of the Danube, which they took possession of when the Germans retired eastward, and which they gave to the Gauls, and subsequently to their own veter- ans, on the payment of a tenth of the produce (deciumi). Towards the end of the first or the beginning of the second century after Christ these lands were incorporated in the Roman empire.

AGRICOLA (-ae), CN. JtJXIUS (-i), born June 13th, A.D. 37, at Forum Julii (Frejus, in Provence), was the son of Julius Graecinus, who was executed by Caligula, and of Julia Procilla. He received a careful education; he first served in Britain, A.T>. 60, under Sue- tonius Paulinus ; was quaestor in Asia in 63 ; was governor of Aquitania from 74 to 76 ; and was consul in 77, when he betrothed his daughter to the historian Tacitus, and in the following year gave her to him in marriage. In 78 he received the government of Britain, which he held for 7 years, during which time he subdued the whole of the country with the exception of the highlands of Caledonia, and by his wise administration introduced among the inhabitants the language and civilization of Rome. He was recalled in 85 through the jealousy of Domitian, and on his return lived in retirement till his death in t>8, which ac- cording to some was occasioned by poison administered by order of Domitian. His char- acter is drawn in the brightest colors by his son-in-law Tacitus, whoseLife of Agricola has come down to us,

AGItfGBNTUM (-i), called ACRXGAS (-an- tis) by the Greeks (Girgentf), a city on the S. coast, of Sicily, about 2£ miles from the sea- It was celebrated for its wealth and popu- lonsness, and was one of the most splendid cities of the ancient world. It was founded by a Doric colony from Gela, about u.o. 579, was under the government of the cruel tyrant Pbalaris (about 560), and subsequently under that of Theron (488-472). It was destroyed by the Carthaginians (405), and, though re- built by Timoleon, it never regained its for- mer greatness. It came into the power of the Romans in 210. It was the birthplace of Era- pedocles. There are still gigantic remains of the ancient city.

He was educated at Rom£ and iiveTon inti- mate terms with the future emperors Calig-

AGRI1TA,

AHENOBARBUS.

ula and Claudius. Caligula gave him the te- trarchies of Abilene, Butanaea, Trachonitis, and Auranitis ; and Claudius annexed Judaea

Coin of Herod Apripppa I.

and Samaria to his dominion*,. His govern- ment was exceedingly popular among the Jews. It was probably to increase his popu- larity with the Jews that he caused the apos- tle James to be beheaded, and Peter to be cast into prison (A.D. 44). The manner of his death, which took place at Caesarea in the same year, is related in Acts xii.— (2) Son of the preceding, king of Chalcis. On the break- ing out of the Jewish war he sided with the Romans, and after the capture of Jerusalem he went with his sister Berenice to Rome, and died in the 70th year oi hia age, A.D. 100. It was before this Agrippa that the apostle Paul made his defense, A.D. 60 (Acts xxv.

^AGOaiPPA (-ae), M. VIPSANIUS (-i), born in B.O. 63, of an obscure family, studied with young Octavius (afterwards the emperor Au- gustus) at Apollonia in IJiyna, and upon the murder of Caesar in 44 was one oi: the friends of Octavius who advised him to proceed im-

M. Vipsanius Agripp"

mediately to Home. In the civil wars which followed, and which terminated in giving An gustus the sovereignty of the Roman world Agrippa took an active part ; and his mill

ary abilities contributed greatly to that re- ult. He commanded the fleet of Augustus t the battle of Actium in 31. He was thrice onsul, and in his third consulship, in 27, he built the Pantheon. In 21 he married Julia, laughter of Augustus. He continued to be rnpioyed in various military commands till iis death in B.O. 12. By his first wife Pom- ponia, Agrippa had Vipsania, married to Ti- >erius, the successor of Augustus ; and by Tulia he had 2 daughters, Julia and Agrip- 3ina, and 3 sons, Cains Caesar, Lucius Caesar CATLSAR], and Agrippa Postumus: the last was banished by Augustus to the island of Planasia, and was put to death by Tiberius at his accession, A.D. 14.

AGRIPPINA (-ae). (1) Daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa and of Julia, the daughter of Augustus, married Germanicus, by whom she had 9 children, among whom were the smperor Caligula, and Agrippina, the mother >f Nero. She was distinguished for her vir- tues and heroism, and shared all the dangers of her husband's campaigns. On his death in A.D. 17 she returned to Italy; but the favor with which she was received by the people increased the hatred which Tiberius and his mother Livia had long entertained towards aer. At length in A.D. 30 Tiberius banished her to the island of Pandataria, where she died 3 years afterwards, probably by volun- tary starvation.— (2) Daugnter of Germanicus and Agrippina CNo. 1], and mother of the em- peror Nero, was born at Oppidum Ubioram, afterwards called in honor of her Colonia Agrippina, now Cologne. [COLONIA.] She was beautiful and intelligent, but licentious, cruel, and ambitious. She was first married to Cn. Domitius Aheuobarbus (A,D. 28), by whom she had a son, afterwards the emperor Nero ; next to Crispus Passienus ; and thirdly to the emperor Claudius (49), although she was his niece. In 50 she prevailed upon Claudius to adopt her son, to the prejudice of his own son Britannicus ; and in order to secure the succession for her son she poisoned the em- peror in 54. The young emperor soon be- came tired of the ascendancy of his mother, and, after making several attempts to shake off her authority, he caused her to be assas- sinated in 59.

AGRJUS (-i), son of Porthaon and Euryte, and father of Thersites and 5 other sons.

AGY1EUS (trisyll.), a surname of Apollo, as the protector of the streets and public places.

AGYLLA. [CAERE.]

AGtRiUM, a town in Sicily on the Cya- mosorus, N.W. of Centuripae and N.B. of Enna, the birthplace of the historian Dio- dorus.

IHALA (-ae), C. SERVILlUS (-i), magis- ter equitum in B.C. 439 to the dictator L. Cin- cinnatus, when he slew SP. MAEUTTS in the forum because he refused to appear before the dictator. Ahala was brought to trial, and only escaped condemnation by a voluntary

eXAHARNA (-ae), a town in Etruria, N.E. of Voleinii.

AHENOBARBUS (-i), the name of a dis- tinguished family of the Domitia gens. They

AIDES.

ALANI.

are said to have obtained the surname of Ahenobarbus, i. e. "Brazen -Beard" or "Red-Beard," because the Dioscuri (Cas- tor and Pollux) announced to one of their ancestors the victory of the Ro- mans over the Latins at lake Regillus (B.O. 496), and, to confirm the truth of what they said, stroked his black hair and beard, which immediately became red. — (1) ON. DOMITIUS AHKNOBABBUS, consul B.O. 122, conquered the Allobro- ges in Gaul, at the confluence of the Sul- ga and Rhodanus.— (2) CN. DOMITIUS AHENOBARBUS, tribune of the plebs, 104, brought forward the law (Lex Domitia) by which the election of the priests was transferred from the collegia to the peo- ple. The people afterwards elected him Pontifex Maximus out of gratitude. He was consul in 96, and censor in 92, with Licinius Crassus, the orator. — (3) L. DO- MITIUS AHENOBABBUS, married Porcia, the sister of M. Cato, and was a staunch and courageous supporter of the aristo- cratical party. He was aedile in 01, praetor in 58, and consul in 54. On the breaking out of the civil war in 49 h« threw himself into Corfinium, but was compelled by his own troops to sur- render to Caesar. He next went to Mas- silia, and after the surrender of that town repaired to Pompey in Greece? he fell in the battle of Pharsalia (48), where he com- manded the left wing, and, according to Cic- ero's assertion in the second Philippic, by the hand of Antony. — (4) CN. Dowmus AUBNO- BABBUS, son of No. E, was taken with his fa- ther at Corfinium (49), was present at the bat- tle of Pharsalia (48), and returned to Italy in 46, when he was pardoned by Caesar. He ac- companied Antony in his campaign against the Parthians in 36. He was consul in 32, and deserted to Augustus shortly before the battle of Actium. — (5) CN. BOMITIUS AHENO- BARBUS, consul A.I>. 32, married Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, and was father of the emperor Nero. [AGKIPPINA.] AIDES or AID(5NEUS. [HADES], AITJS (-i) LOCtMUS (-i) or LOQTJENS (-entis), a Roman divinity. A short time be- fore the Gauls took Rome (B.O. 390) a voice was heard at Rome during the silence of night announcing: that the Gauls were ap- proaching. The Romans afterwards erected on the spot where the voice had been heard an altar, with a sacred enclosure around it, to Aius Locutius, or the "Announcing Speaker." AJAX (-Jicis), called AIAS by the Greeks. —(1) Son of Telamon, king of Salarais, and grandson of Aeacus. Homer calls him Ajax the Telamonian, Ajax the Great, or simply Ajax, whereas the other Ajax, son of OHeus, is always distinguished from the former by some epithet. He sailed against Troy in 12 ships, and is represented in the Iliad as sec- ond only to Achilles in bravery. In the con- test for the armor of Achilles he was con- quered by Ulysses, and this, says Homer, was the cause of his death. Later poets relate that his defeat by Ulysses threw him into an awful state of madness ; that he rushed from his tent and slaughtered the sheep of the

Ajax. (Aegiim Marbles.)

Greek army, fancying they were his enemies; and that at length he put an end to his own life. From his blood there sprang up a pur- ple flower bearing the letters Ai (A!) on its leaves, which were at once the initials of his name and expressive of a sigh. Homer does not mention his mistress TKOMESSA.— (2) Son of Olleus, king of the Locrians, also called the lesser Ajax, sailed against Troy in 40 ships. He is described as small of stature, but skilled in throwing the spear, and, next to Achilles, the most swift-footed among the Greeks. On his return from Troy his vessel was wrecked • he himself got safe upon a rock through the assistance of Poseidon (Neptune) ; but as he boasted that he would escape in. defiance of the immortals, Poseidon split the rock with his trident, and Ajax was swallowed up by the sea. This is the account of Homer. Vir- gil tells us that the anger of Athena (Minerva) was excited against him because on the night of the capture of Troy he violated Cas- sandra in the temple of the goddess.

ALABANDA (-orum), an inland town of Caria, near the Marsyas, to the S. of the Mae- ander, situated between two hills. It was a prosperous place, but one of the most corrupt and luxurious towns in Asia Minor.

ALALCOMSNAE (-arum), an ancient town of Boeotia, E. of Coronea, with a temple of Athena (Minerva), who is said to have been born in the town, and who was hence called Alalcomeneis.

ALALtA. CALERIA.]

ALANI (-drum), a great Asiatic people, in- cluded under the general name of Scythians. They are first found about the E. part of the Caucasus, in the country called Albania, which appears to be only another form of the same name. At a later time they pressed into Europe as far as the banks of the Lower Danube, where, towards the end of the 5th century, they were routed by the Huns, who

ALAKICUS.

27

ALBINOVANUS.

then compelled them to become their allies. In A.I). 406 some of the Alani took part with the Vandals in their irruption into Gaul and Spain, where they gradually disappear from history.

XLARXCUS (-i), in German Al-ric, i. e. "All- rich," king of the Visigoths, who took and plundered Rome, 24th of August, A.D. 410. He died shortly afterwards at Consentia in Brut- tium.

ALBA (-ae) SILVftJS (-i), one of the myth- ical kings of Alba, son ofLatiuus, reigned 39 years.

the W. by Iberia. It was a fertile plain, abounding in pasture and vineyards; but the inhabitants were tierce and warlike. They were a Scythian tribe, identical with the ALANI. The Romans first became acquaint- ed with them at the time of the Mithridatic war, when they encountered Pompey with a large army.

ALBlNUM. [ALBA, No. 2.]

ALBANUS (-i) LACUS, a small lake, about 5 miles in circumference, W. of the MODS Al- banns, between Bovillae and Alba Longa, is the crater of an extinct volcano, and is many

Lake of Alba.

ALBA (-ae). (1) FUOKNTIA or FCTOKNTIS, a town of the Marsi, and subsequently a Roman colony, situated on a lofty rock near the lake Fuciuus, and used by the Romans as a state prison. — (2) LONGA, the most ancient town in Latium, is said to have been built by Asca- nins, and to have founded Rome. It was called Longa from its stretching in a long line down the Alban Mount towards the Af ban Lake. It was destroyed by Tullus Hos- tilius, and was never rebuilt ; its inhabitants were removed to Rome. At a later time the surrounding country was studded with the splendid viflas of the Roman aristocracy and emperors (Pompey's, Domitian's, etc.), each of which was called A Ibanum. — (3) POMPBIA, a town in Liguria, colonized by Pompeius Mag- nus, the birthplace of the emperor Pertin ax.

ALBANIA (-ae: in the S.E. part of Geor- gia), a country of Asia on the W. side of the Caspian, extending from the rivers Cyrus and Araxes on the 8. toM. Ceraunius (the E. part of the Caucasus) on the N., and bounded on

hundred feet deep. The emissarium which the Romans bored through the solid rock during the siege of Veii, in order to cany off the superfluous water of the lake, is extant at the present day.

ALBANUS MONS was, in its narrower sig- nification, the mountain in Latium on whose declivity the town of Alba Longa was situa- ted. It waa the sacred mountain of the Lat- ins, on which the religious festivals of the Latin League were celebrated (Feriae Lat* inae), and on its highest summit was the tem- ple of Jupiter Latiaris, to which the Roman generals ascended in triumph when this honor was denied them in Rome. The Mons Albanus in its wider signification included the Mons ALGIDUS and the mountains about Tusculum.

ALBICI (-drum), a warlike Gallic people inhabiting the mountains north of Massilia.

ALBtNSVANUS (-i), C. PfiDO (-onis), a friend of Ovid, who addresses to him one of his Epistles from Pontns.

ALBINUS.

28

ALCIBIADES.

ALBINUS or ALBUS (-i), POSTtfMiUS (-i), the name of a patrician family at Rome, many of the members of which held the high- est offices of the state from the commence- ment of the republic to its downfall. The founder of the family was dictator B.O. 498, when he conquered the Latins in the great battle near Lake Regillus.

ALBINUS (-i), CLODIUS (-i), was governor of Britain at the death of Commodus in A.I>. 192. In order to secure his neutrality, Sep- timius Severus made him Caesar ; but, after Severus had defeated his rivals, he turned his arms against Albinus. A great 'battle was fought between them at Lngdunum (Lyons), in Gaul, 197, in which Albinus was defeated and killed.

ALBION (-onis), another name of BBITAN- »IA, the white land, from its white cliffs oppo- site the coast of Gaul.

ALBIS (-is: Elbe), one of tho great rivers in Germany, the most easterly which the Ro- mans became acquainted with. The Roinaus reached the Elbe for the first time in it.o. 0, under Drusus. The last Roman gen« al who saw the Elbe was Tiberius, in A.D. 5.

ALBIUM INGAUNUM or ALBINGAU- NUM (-i), a town of the Ingauni on the coast of Liguria, and a municipium.

ALBITJM INTEMELIUM or ALBINTE- MELIUM (-i), a town of the Intemelii on the coast of Liguria, and a municipium.

ALBULA (-ae), an ancient name of the riv-

.

ALBtJLAE AQUAE. [ALBTJNEA.]

ALBUNEA or ALBtJNA (-ae), a prophetic nymph or sybil, to whom a grove was conse- crated in the neighborhood of Tibur, with a fountain and a temple. This fountain was the largest of the Albulae aquae, sulphureous springs at Tibur, flowinginto the Aido. The temple is still extant at Tivoli.

ALBURNTTS (-i) MONS, a mountain in Lu- cania covered with wood, behind Paestum.

ALCAEUS (-i), of Mytilene in Lesbos, the earliest of the Aeolian lyric poets, began to flourish about B.O. 611. In the war between the Athenians and Mytilenaeans for the pos- session of Sigeum (B.C. 606) he incurred the disgrace of leaving his arms on the field of battle. Alcaeus belonged by birth to the no- bles, and was driven into exile with his broth- er Antimenidas when "the popular party got the upper hand. He attempted by force of arms to regain his country; but all his at- tempts were frustrated by PITTACITS, who had been chosen by the people Aesymnetes or dictator for the purpose of resisting him and the other exiles. Alcaeus and his brother afterwards traveled into various countries. The time of his death is uncertain. The ex- tant fragments of his poems, and the excel- lent imitations of Horace, enable us to un- derstand something of their character. Those which have received the highest praise are his warlike odes, in which he tried to rouse She spirits of the nobles, the Alcaei minaees Ccvmenae of Horace. Alcaeus is said to have invented the well-known Alcaic metre.

ALOlTHOUS (-i), son of Pelops and Hip- podamia, obtained as his wife Evaechme, the

daughter of Megareus, by slaying the Cithae» roiiiau lion, and succeeded his father-in-law as king of Megara. He restored the walls of Megara, which is therefore sometimes called Alciithoo by the poets. In this work he was assisted by Apollo. The stone upon which the god used to place his lyre while he was at work was believed, even in late times, to give forth a sound, when struck, similar to that of a lyre.

ALCESTIS (-is) or ALCESTE (-6s), wife of Adinetus. [ADMETUS.]

ALClBlADES (-is), son of Cliuias and Di nornache, was born at Athens about B.O. 450, and on the death of his lather, in 447, was brought up by his relation Pericles. He pos- sessed a beautiful person, transcendent abil- ties, and great wealth. His youth wua dis- graced by his amours and debaucheries, and Socrates, who saw his vast capabilities, at- tempted to win him to the paths of virtue, but in vain. Their intima- cy was strengthened by mutual services. At the battle of Poudaea (432) his life was saved by Socrates, and at that of Delium (424) he saved the life of Socra- tes. After the death of Cleon (422) he be- came one of the lead- ing politicians, and the head of the war party in opposition toNicias. In 415 he was appoint- ed, along with Nicias andLamachus, as com- mander of the expedi- tion to Sicily. While the preparations for the expedition were going on, there oc- curred the mysterious mutilation of the busts of the Hermae, which

AMIB/

Bust of Alclbladea.

the popular fears connected with an attempt to overthrow the Athenian constitution. A1- cibiades was charged with being the ringlead- er in this attempt. He demanded an investi- gation before he set sail, but this his enemies would not grant ; but he had not been long in Sicily before he was recalled to stand his trial. On his return homeward he managed to escape at Thurii, and thence proceeded to Sparta, where he acted as the avowed enemy of his country. The machinations of his ene- my, Agis II.,indnced him to abandon the Spare tans and take refuge with Tissaphernes (412), whose favor he soon gained. Through his influence Tissaphernes deserted the Spartans and professed his willingness to assist the Athenians, who accordingly recalled Alcibi- ades from banishment in 411. He did not immediately return to Athens, but remained abroad for the next 4 years, during which the Athenians under his command gained the victories of Cynossema, Ahydos, and Cyzicus, and got possession of Chalcedou and Byzan- tium. In 407 he returned to Athene, where

ALCIDES.

29

ALESIA.

he was received with great enthusiasm, aud was appoiuced commander-in-chief of all the land aud,«ea forces. Bat the defeat at Notium, occasioned, during his absence by the impru- dence of *?is lieutenant, Antiuchus, furnished his enemies with a handle against him, and he was Superseded in his command (40G) He now went into voluntary exile to his fortified domain at Bisanthe, in the Thraciau Cherso- nesus. After the fall of Athens (404) he took refuge with Pharnabazus. He was about to proceed to the court of Artaxerxes, when one uight his house was surrounded by a band of armed men, and set on fire. He rushed out, sword in hand, but fell, pierced with arrows (404). The assassins were probably either em- ployed by the Spartans or by the brothers of a lady whom Alcibiades had seduced. He left a son by his wife Hipparete named Alcibiades, who never distinguished himself.

ALCIDES (-ae), a name of Hercules, as the grandson of Alceus or Alcaeus.

ALCIMEDE (-es), daughter of Phylacus and ClymenG, wife of Aeson, and mother of Jason. ALCINOUS (-i), son of Nausithous, and grandson of Poseidon (Neptune), is celebrated in the Odyssey as the happy ruler of the Phae- acians in the island of Scheria.

ALCIPHRQN (-onis), the most distin- guished of the Greek epistolary writers, was, perhaps, a con temporary of Lucian, about A. t>. 180. The letters (113 in number) are written by fictitious personages, and the language is distinguished by its purity and elegance.

ALCITH5E (cs) or ALCiTEOE (-es), daughter of Minyas, changed, together with her sisters, into bats, for refusing to join the other women of Boeotia in the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus).

ALCMAEON (-onis), sou of Atnphiaraus and Eriphyle, and brother of Amphilochus. Alc- maeon took part in the expedition of the Bpi- goni against Thebes, and on his return home he slew his mother, according to the injunc- tion of his father. [AMPHIARAUS.] For this deed he became mad, and was haunted by the Erinnyes. He went to Phegeus, in Psophis, and, being purified by the latter, he married his daughter Arsi no or Alphesiboea, to whor he gave the necklace and peplus of Harn* nia. But as the land of this country ceased to bear, on account of its harboring a matri- cide, he left Psophis and repaired to the coun- try at the mouth of the river Achelous. The god Achelous gave him his daughter Callir- rhoo in marriage. Callirrhoe, wishing to pos- sess the necklace and peplus of Harmonia, Alcmaeon went to Psophis and obtained them from Phegeus, under the pretext of dedica- ting them at Delphi ; but when Phegeus heard that the treasures were fetched for Caliirrhoe, he caused his sons to murder Alcmaeon.

ALCMAE<3NIDAE (-arum), a noble family at Athens, were a branch of the family of the Nelfdae,who were driven out of Pylus, in Mes- senia, by the Dorians, and settled at Athens. In consequence of the way in which Mega- cles, one of the fumily, treated the insurgents under CYT^ON (u.o 612), they brought upon themselves the guilt of sacrilege, and were in consequence banished from Athens about 595.

About 560 they returned from exile, but were again expelled by Pisistratus. In 54S they con- tacted with the Amphictyonic council to re- build the temple of Delphi, and obtained great popularity throughout Greece by executing the work in a style ot magnificence which much exceeded their engageraen t. On the ex- pulsion of Hippias, in 510, they were again re- stored to Athens. They now joined the pop- ular party, and Clisthenes, who was at that time the head of the family, gave a new con- stitution to Athens. [CLIBTHENKS.]

ALCMAN (-aiiis), the chief lyric poet of Sparta, by birth a Lydian of Sarcfis, was brought to Laconia as a slave when very young, and was emancipated by his master, who discovered his genius. He probably flour- ished about B.O. 631. He is said to have died, like Sulla, of the morbus pedicularis. Alcman is said by some to have been the inventor of erotic poetry.

ALCMENE (-es) or ALCMENA (-ae), daugh- ter of Electryon, king of Mycenae, promised to many Amphitryon, provided he avenged the death of her brothers, who had been slain by the sons ofPterelaus. Amphitryon under- took the task ; but, during his absence, Zeus (Jupiter), in the disguise of Amphitryon, vis- ited Alcmene, and, pretending to he her hus* band, related in what way he had avenged the death of her brothers. Amphitryon him- self returned the next day: Alcraene became the mother of Hercules by Zeus, and of Iphi- cles by Amphitryon. [HEEOULES.]

ALCYONE or HALCtONE (-os). (1) A Pleiad, daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and beloved by Poseidon (Neptune).— (2) Daugh- ter of Aeolus and Enarete, and wife of Ceyx. Her husband having perished in a shipwreck, Alcyone, for grief, threw herself into the sea; but the gods, out of compassion, changed the two into birds. While the bird aleyon was breeding there always prevailed calms at sea. ALCtONlUM MIRE, the E. part of the Corinthian gulf.

ALEA (-ae), a town in Arcadia, S. of the

Stymphalean lake. Athena (Minerva) was

worshiped under the name of Alea in this place

and in Tegea.

5.LECTO (-us; occ.-6), on<J of the Furies.

[EOMENIDES.]

XLEMANNI or XLIM ANNI or ILIM&NI

(-orum) (from the German alle Marnier, all men), a confederacy of German tribes be- tween the Danube, the Rhine, and the Main. They first came into contact with the Romans in the reign of Caracalla, who assumed the surname of M'-,maniiicus on account of a pre- tended victory over them (A.D. 214). After this time they continually invaded the Roman dominions, and in the 5th century were in possession of Alsace and of German Switzer- land.

ALERf A or ALX.LI A (-ae), one of the chief cities of Corsica, on the E. of the island, found- ed by the Phocaeans B.O. 564, and mad* a Ro- man colony by Sulla.

XLISA (-ae). [HALESA.]

ALESlA (-ae), an ancient town of the Man- dubii in Gallia Lugdunensis, and situated op

ALETRIUM.

30

ALEXANDER.

a high hill (now Avaeoit)t which was washed by the two rivers Lutosa (Oze) and Osera (Oze- rain). It was taken and destroyed by Caesar, in B.O. 52, after a memorable siege.

iLETRlUM or iLATRiXIM, an ancient town of the Hernici, subsequently a municip- lum and a Roman colony, W. of Sora and B. of Anagpia.

iLEUADAE (-arum). [ALEUAS.]

iLEUAS (-ae), a descendant of Hercules, was the ruler of Larissa in Thessaly, and the reputed founder of the celebrated family of the Aleuadae. They were divided into two branches, the Aleuadae and the Scopadae, of whom the latter inhabited Crannon, while the former remained at Larissa. In the invasion of Greece by Xerxes (B.O. 480), the Aleuadae espoused the cause of the Persians, and the family continued to be the predominant one in Thessaly for a long time afterwards.

ALEXANDER (-drj), the usual name of PARIS in the Iliad.

ALEXANDER SEVSRUS. [SEVEBUS.]

ALEXANDER, i. zings of jsptrus. — (i)

Son of Neoptolemus and brother of Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great, was made king of JJpirus by Philip, B.O. 336. In 332 Alexander crossed over into Italy to aid the Tareutines against the Lncanians and Brut- tii. He was defeated and slain in battle in 326, near Pandosia, on the banks of the Ache- ron.in Southern Italy.— (2) Son of Pyrrhus and Lanassa, succeeded his father in 272.

II. Kings of Macedonia. — (1) Son of Amyn- tas I., succeeded his father about B.O. 505, was obliged to submit to the Persians, and accom- panied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece (B.O. 480). He was secretly inclined to the cause of the Greeks. He died about 455, and was succeeded by Perdiccas II. — -(2) Son of Amyn- tas II., whom he succeeded, reigned 369-36T. He was murdered by Ptolemy Alorites.— (3)

Attdent Statue of Alexander the Great.

Surnamed the GBEAT, son of Philip II. and Olympias, was born at Pella, B.O. 356. He was educated by Aristotle, who acquired a great influence over his mind and character. He first distinguished himself at the battle of Chaeronea (338), where the victory was mainly owing to his impetuosity and courage. On the murder of Philip (336), he ascended the throne, at the age of 20, and found him- self surrounded by enemies on every side. He first put down rebellion in his own king- dom, and then rapidly marched into Greece. His unexpected activity overawed all oppo- sition ; Thebes, which had been most active against him, submitted when he appeared at its gates ; and the assembled Greeks at the Isthmus of Corinth elected him to the com- mand against Persia. He now directed his arms against the barbarians of the north, and crossea the Danube (335). A report of his death having reached Greece, the Thebans once more took up arms. But a terrible pun- ishment awaited them. He took Thebes by assault, destroyed all the buildings, with the exception of the house of Pindar, killed most of the inhabitants, and sold the rest as slaves. Alexander now prepared for his great expe- dition against Persia. In the spring of 334 he crossed the Hellespont, with about 35,000 men. Of these 30,000 were foot and 5000 horse, and of the former only 12,000 were Macedo- nians. Alexander's first engagement with the Persians was on the river Gramcus in Mysia (May, 334), where they were entirely defeated by him. In the following year (333) he collected his army at Gordium in Phrygia, where he cut or untied the celebrated Gor- dian knot, which, it was said, was to be loos- ened only by the conqueror of Asia. From thence he marched to Issus, on the confines of Syria, where he gained a great victory over Darius, the Persian king. Darius himself es- caped, but his mother, wife, and chil- dren fell into the hands of Alexander, who treated them with the utmost deli- cacy and respect. Alexander now di- rected his arms against the cities of Phoenicia, most of which submitted ; but Tyre was not taken till the middle of 332, after an obstinate defense of 7 months. He next marched into Egypt, which willingly submitted to him. At the beginning of 331 he founded at the mouth of the Nile the city of ALEXAN- DRIA, and about the same time visited the temple of Jupiter Ammon, in the desert of Libya, and was saluted by the priests as the son of Jupiter Ammon. In the spring of the same year (331) he set out against Darius, who had collect- ed another army. He crossed the Eu- phrates and the Tigris, and at length met with the immense hosts of Darius, said to have amounted to more than a million of men, in the plains of Gauga- mela. The battle was fought in the month of October, 331, and ended in the complete defeat of the Persians. Alex- ander was now the conqueror of Asia, and began to adopt Persian habits and customs, by which he conciliated the af* fections of his new subjects. From Ar»

ALEXANDER.

31

ALEXANDER.

Coin representing Alexander the Great as Jupiter Amm<

bela he marched to Babylon, Susa, audPersep- olis, all of which surrendered to him. He is said to have set fire to the palace of Persepolis, and, according to some accounts, in the rev- elry of a banquet, at the instigation of Thais, an Athenian courtesan. At the beginning of 330 Alexander marched from Persepolis into Media, in pursuit of Darius, whom he follow- ed into Parthia, where the unfortunate king was murdered by Bessus, satrap of Bactria. In 329 Alexander crossed the mountains of the Paropamisus (the Hindoo Koosh), and marched into Bactria against Bessus, who was betrayed to him, and was put to death. During the next 2 years he was chiefly en- gaged in the conquest of Sogdiana. He also crossed the Jaxartes (the Sir), and defeated several Scythian tribes N. of that river. On the conquest of a mountain fortress he ob- tained possession of Roxana, the daughter of the Bactrian chief Oxyartes, whom he made his wife. It was about this time that he kill- ed his friend CLITUS in a drunken brawl. He had previously put to death his faithful serv- ant PARMENION, on the charge of treason. In 327 he invaded India, and crossed the Indus, probably near the modern Attock. He met with no resistance till he reached the Hydas- pes, where he was opposed by Porus, an In- dian king, whom he defeated after a gallant resistance, and took prisoner. Alexander re- stored to him his kingdom, and treated him with distinguished honor. He founded a town 'on the Hydaspes, called Bucephala, in honor of his horse Bucephalus, who died here, after carrying him through so many victories. From thence he penetrated as far as the Hy- phasis (Garra). This was the farthest point which he reached, for the Macedonians, worn out by long service, and tired of the war, re- fused to advance farther; and Alexander, notwithstanding his entreaties and prayers, was obliged to lead them back. He returned to the Hydaspes, and then sailed down the river with a portion of his troops, while the remainder marched along the banks in two divisions. He finally reached the Indian ocean about the middle of 326. Nearchus was sent with the fleet to sail along the coast to the Persian gulf [NEABOHUS] ; and Alex- ander marched with the rest of his forces through Gedrosia, in which country his army suffered greatly from want of water and pro- visions, lie reached Susa at the beginning of 325. Here he allowed himself and his troops some rest from their labors ; and anxious to form his European and Asiatic subjects into one people, he assigned Asiatic wives to

about 80 of his generals. He himself took a second wife, Barsine, the eldest daughter of Darius. Towards the close of the year 325 he went to Ecbatana, where he lost his great favorite, HE- PUAESTION. From Ecbatana he marched to Babylon, which he intended to make the capital of his empire, as the best point of communication between his eastern and western dominions. His schemes were numerous and gigantic ; but he was cut off in the midst of them,. He was attacked by a fever, which was n* probably aggravated by the quantity of wine he had drunk at a banquet given to his principal officers, and he died after an illness of 11 days, in the month of May or June, B.O. 323. at the age of 32, after a reign of 12 years and S mouths. He appointed no one as his

Coiu of Alexander the Great.

successor, but just before his death he gave his ring to Perdiccas. Roxan a was with child at the time of his death, and afterwards bore a son who is known by the name of Alexan- der Aegus — (4) AEGTJS, son of Alexander the Great and Roxana, was born shortly after the death of his father, in B.O. 323, and was ac- knowledged as the partner of Philip Arrhi- daeus in the empire, under the guardianship of Perdiccas, Antipater, and Polysperchon, in succession. Alexander and his mother Rox- ana were imprisoned by Cassander when he obtained possession of Macedonia in 316, and remained in prison till 311, when they were put to death by Cassauder.

III. Kings of Syria.— (I) Surnamed BALAS, a person of low origin, pretended to be the son of Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, and reigned in Syria «.o. 150-146. He was defeated and dethroned by Demetrius ILNicator. — (2) Sur- namedZBBCNA orZABtNAs, son of a merchant, was set up by Ptolemy Physcon as a pretend- er to the throne of Syria, B.O. 128. He was defeated by Antiochus Grypus, by whom he was put to death, 122.

IV. Literary. — (1) Of AEGAE, a peripatetic philosopher at Rome in the first century after Christ, was tutor to the emperor Nero. — (2) The AETOMAN, of Pleuron in Aetolia, a Greek poet, lived in the reign of Ptolemaeus PMla- delphus (B.O. 285-247), at Alexandria, where he was reckoned one of the 7 tragic poets who constituted the tragic pleiad.— (3) Of APHBO- DISIAS, in Oaria, the most celebrated of the commentators on Aristotle, lived about A.I>. 200. Some of his works were edited and

, translated into Latin at the revival of liter* ature.

ALEXANDRIA.

32 ALEXANDRIA.

ALEXANDRIA, oftener -XA, rarely -lA (-ae), the name of several cities founded by, or in memory of, Alexander the Great Of tnese the most important are:— (1) The capital of Egypt under the Ptolemies, ordered by Alex- ander to be founded in B.O. 332. It was built on the narrow neck of land between the Lake Mareotis and the Mediterranean, opposite to the I. of Pharos, which was joined to the city by an artificial dike. On this island a great lighthouse was built in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphia (288). Under the care of the Ptolemies, as the capital of a great kingdom, and commanding by its position all the com- merce of Europe with the Bast, Alexandria soon became the most wealthy and splendid city of the known world. It was celebrated for its magnificent library, founded by the first two Ptolemies. The library suffered se- •w-Ai-ftly by fire when Julius Caesar was besieged

in Alexandria, and was finally destroyed by Amrou, the lieutenant of the Caliph Omar, in A.D. 651. Tinder the Romans Alexandria re- tained its commercial and literary importance, and became also a chief seat of Christianity and theological learning. Its site is now cov- ered by a mass of ruins, among which are the two obelisks (vulg. Cleopatra's Needles) which adorned the gateway of the royal palace, and, outside the walls, to the S., the column of Dio- cletian (vulg. PompetfK Pillar). The modern city stands on the dike uniting the island of Pharos to the main land.— (2) A. TBOAS, also TEOAS simply, on the sea-coast S.W. of Troy, was enlarged by Antigonus, hence called An- tigonla, but afterwards it resumed its first name. It flourished greatly, both under the Greeks and the Romans ; and both Julius Cae- sar and Constantine thought of establishing the seat of empire in it.— (3) A. AD Issmc, a

ALFENUS VARUS.

ALPES.

saa-port at the entrance of Syria, a little S. "£ Issus. — (4) In Susiana, aft. ANTIOOHIA, aft. tfaABAX SPASIWI, at the mouth of the Tigris, ouilt by Alexander ; destroyed by a flood ; re- stored by AntiochDS Epiphanes : birthplace of Diouysius Periegetes and Isidorus Chara- eenus.

ALFENUS VARUS (-i), a celebrated Ro- man jurist, who was originally a shoemaker or a barber. He Is mentioned by Horace.

ALGlDUS MONS, a range of mountains in Latium, extending S. from Praeueste to M. Albanus, cold, but covered with wood, and containing good pasturage. On it was situ- ated the town of Algidnm. It was an an- cient seat of the worship of Diana. From it ihe Aequi usually made their incursions into the Roman territory. ALIENUS CAECXNA. [CAEOINA.] ALIMSNTTJS, L. CINCIUS (-i), a cele- bratedRoman annalist, antiquary, and jurist ; was praetor in Sicily, B.O. 209, and wrote sev- eral works, of which the best known was his Annales, which contained an account of the second runic war.

ALtPHSRA (-ae), a fortified town in Ar- cadia, situated on a mountain on the borders of Elis, S. of the Alph<3us.

ALISO (-onis: Elseri), a strong fortress built by Drusus, B.O. 11, at the confluence of the Luppia (Lippe) and the Eliso (Alme).

ALLIA (-ae), or more correctly ALIA, a small river flowing into the Tiber about 6 miles from Rome. It is memorable by the defeat of the Romans by the Gauls on its banks, July 16th, B.O. 390. Hence the dies A l- liensis was an unlucky day in the Roman cal- endar.

ALLIFAE or ALIFAE (-arum), a town of Samnium, on the Vulturnus, celebrated for the manufacture of its large drinking-cups (Allifana pocula).

ALLOBROGES (-um), a powerful people of Gaul, dwelling between the Rhodanus (Rhone) and the Isara (fsere), as far as the L. Leman- nus (Lake of Geneva), consequently in the modern Dauphine and Savoy. Their chief town was VIENNA on the Rhone. They were conquered, in B.O. 121. by Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus, and made subjects of Rome, but they bore the yoke unwillingly, and were al- ways disposed to rebellion.

ALMO (-onis), a small river, rising near Bo- villae, and flowing into the Tiber S. of Rome, in whi'11 the statues of Cybelo were washed annually.

ALM5PES (-um), a people in Macedonia, inhabiting the district Almopia between Eor- daea and Pelagonia.

ILOEUS (-66s, el, or el ; dat. -So or eu ; ace. -&i), son of Poseidon (Neptune) and Canace, married Iphimedla, the daughter of Triops. His wife was beloved by Poseidon, by whom she had two sons, Otus and Ephialtes, who are usually called the AWldae, from their re- puted father Aloeus. They were renowned for their extraordinary strength and daring spirit. When they were 9 years old, each of their bodies measured 9 cubits in breadth, and 2T iu height. At this early age, they

threatened the Olympian gods witn war, and ittempted to pile Ossa upon Olympus, and Pelion upon Ossa. They would have aeconi- )lished their object, says Homer, had they )een allowed to grow up to the age of mau- lood ; but Apollo destroyed them before their beards began to appear. They also put the ^od Ares in chains, and kept him imprisoned tor 13 months.

ILCJIDAE (-arum). [ALOEUS.]

ALOPE (-Gs), a town in the Opuntian Lo, cris, opposite Euboea.

ILOPECONNESUS (-i), a town in theThra- cian Chersonesus, founded by the Aeolians.

ALPENUS (-i), a town of the Epicnemidii Locri at the entrance of the pass of Ther- mopylae.

ALPES (-mm: probably from the Celtic Alb or Alp, " a height"), the mountains form- ing the boundary of northern Italy, which were distinguished by the following names. We enumerate them in order from W. to E. 1. ALPKS MAUITIMAE, the Maritime or Ligu- rian Alps, from Genua (Genoa), where the Apennines begin, run W. as far as the river Varus (Far), and then N. to M. Vesulus (Monte Viso), one of the highest points of the Alps.— 2. ALPES COTTIAB or COTTIANAE, the Cottian Alps (so called from a king Cottius in the time of Augustus), from Monte Viso to Mont Cenis, contained M. Matrona, after- wards called M. Janus or Janua (Mont Gene- we}, across which Cottius constructed a road, which became the chief means of communi- cation between Italy and Gaul.— 3. ALPES GRAIAE, also SALT us GBAIUS (the name is probably Celtic, and has nothing to do with Greece), the Graian Alps, from Mont Cenis to the Little St. Bernard inclusive, contained the Jugura Cremonis (le Orcvmont) and the Centronicae Alpes, apparently the Little St. Bernard and the surrounding mountains. The Little St. Bernard, which is sometimes called Alpis Graia, is probably the pass by which Hannibal crossed the Alps ; the road over it, which was improved by Augustus, led to Augusta (Aosta) in the territory of the Salassi. — 4. ALPES PENNINAE, the Pennine Alps, from the Great St. Bernard to the Sim- plon inclusive, the highest portion of the chain, including Mont Blanc, Monte Rosa, and Mont Cervin. The Great StBernard was called M. PennTnus, and on its summit the inhabitants worshiped a deity whom the Ro- mans called Jupiter Penninus. The name is probably derived from the Celtic pen, " a height." — 5. ALPES LEPONTIORUM or LEPON- TIAE, the Lepontian or Helvetian Alps, from the Simplon to the StGothard.— 6. ALPEB RHAETIOAE, the Rlwetfan Alps, from the St. Gothard to the Orteler by the pass of the Stelvio. M. Adula is usually supposed to be the St. Gothard.— 7. ALPES TBiDENTrNAE, the mountains of southern Tyrol, in which the Athesis (Adige) rises, with the pass of the Brenner.-— 8. ALPES NOEIOAE, the Noric Alps, N.E. of the Tridentine Alps, comprising the mountains in the neighborhood of Salzburg. —9. ALPES CAUNIOAE, the Carnio Alps, E. of the Tridentine, and S. of the Noric, to Mount Terglu.— 10. ALPES JULIAE, the Juli

ALPHESIBOEA.

AMAZONES.

from Mount Terglu to the commencement of the Illyrian or Dalmatian mountains,which are known by the name of the Alpes Dalrna- ticae, farther north by the name of the Alpes Pannonicae. The Alpes Juliae were so called because Julius Caesar or Augustus construct- ed roads across them ; they are also called Alpes Venetae.

ALPHESIBOEA (-ae), daughter of Phegens and wife of Alcmaeon. [ALCMAKON.]

ALPHEUS (-i),the chief river of Pelopon- nesus, rising in the S.E. of Arcadia, flowing through Arcadia and Elis, not far from Olym- pia, and falling into the Ionian sea. In some parts of its course the river flows under ground ; and this subterranean descent gave rise to the story about the river-god Alphous and the nymph Arethusa. The latter, pur- sued by Alpheus, was changed by Artemis into the fountain of Arethusa in the island of Ortygia at Syracuse, hut the god continued to pursue her under the sea, and attempted to mingle his stream with the fountain in Or- tygia.

ALPINUS (-i), a name which Horace gives in ridicule to a bombastic poet. He probably means BIJBAOULTTS.

ALSltTM (-i). one of the most ancient Etrus- can towns on the coast near Caere, and a Ro- man colony after the first Punic war.

ALTHAEA (-ae), daughter of Thestins, wife of Oeneus, and mother of MELTS AGES, upon whose death she killed herself.

ALTTNtTM (-i), a wealthy town of the Ve- neti in the N. of Italy, at the mouth of the river Silis, and the chief emporium for all the goods which were sent from southern Italy to the countries of the north.

ALTIS. [OLYMPIA.]

ALUNTIUM or HlLUNTlUM (-i), a town on the N. coast of Sicily, on a steep hill, cele- brated for its wine.

ALTJS or HALTJS, a town in Phthiotis in Thessaly, at the extremity of M. Othrys.

&LYATT1S (-is), king of Lydia, B.O. 617- 560, succeeded his father Sadyattes, and was himself succeeded by his son Croesus. The tomb of Alyattes, N. of Sardis, near the lake Gygaea, which consisted of a large mound of earth raised upon a foundation of great stones, still exists. It is nearly a mile in cir- cumference.

ALYZlA or ALYZSA (-ae), a town in Acar- nania near the sea opposite Leucas, with a harbor and a temple both sacred to Her- cules.

XMALTHEA (-ae), the nurse of the infant Zeus (Jupiter) in Crete, was, according to some traditions, the goat which suckled Zeus, and MVB.& rewarded by being placed among the stars. According to others, Amalthea was a nymph who fed Zeus with the milk of a goat. When this goat broke off one of her horns, Amalthea filled it with fresh herbs and gave it to Zeus, who placed it among the stars. According to other accounts, Zeus himself broke off one of the horns of the goat, and en- dowed it with the wonderful power of be- coming filled with whatever the possessor might wish. Hence this horn was commonly

called the horn of plenty, or cornucopia, and it was used in later times as the symbol of plenty in genera].

IMALTHEUM (-i) or AMALTHEA (-ae), a villa of Atticus in Epirus, perhaps originally a shrine of the nymph Amalthea, which Atti- cus converted into a beautiful summer re- treat. Cicero, in imitation, constructed a sim- ilar retreat on his estate at Arpinnm.

IMANTIA (-ae), a Greek town and district in Illyricum, at some distance from the coast, E. of Oricum.

AMANUS (-i), a branch of Mt. Taurus, which runs from the head of the Gulf of Issue N.E. to the principal chain, dividing Syria from Cilicia and Cappadocia. Its inhabitants were wild banditti.

AMARDI or MARDI (orurn), a powerful, warlike, and predatory tribe who dwelt on the S. shore of the Caspian Sea.

IMARYNTHUS (-i), a town in Euboea,7 stadia from Eretria, with a celebrated temple of Artemis (Diana), who was hence called A'niarijnthia or Amary&ia.

IMXSENUS (-i), a small river in Latium, which, after being joined by the Ufens, falls into the sea between Circeii and Terracina, though the greater part of its waters are lost in the Pontine marshes.

iMASXA (-ae) or -EA (-ae), the capital of the kings of Poutus, was a strongly fortified city on T>oth banks of the river Iris. It was the birthplace of Mithridates the Great and of the geographer Strabo.

AMASIS (-is), king of Egypt, u. o. 570-526, succeeded Apries, whom he dethroned. Dur- ing his long reign Egypt was in a very pros- perous condition, and the Greeks were brought mto much closer intercourse with the Egyp- tians than had existed previously.

AMASTRIS (-is). (1) Wife of Xerxes and mother of Artaxerxes I., was of a cruel and vindictive character.— -(2) Also called AMAS- TKINE, niece of Darius, the last king of Persia. She married, 1, Craterus ; 2, Dionysius, tyrant of Heraclea in Bithynia, u. o. 822 ; and, 3, Ly- simachus, 302. She was drowned by her two sons about 288.— (3) A city on the coast of Paphlagonia, built by Amastris after her sep- aration from Lysimachus.

XMS.TA (-ae), wife of king Latinus and mother of Lavinia, opposed Laviuia being given in marriage to Aeneas, because she had already promised her to Turnus. When she heard that Turnus had fallen in battle, she hung herself.

AMXTHtTS (-untis), an ancient town on the S. coast of Cyprus, with a celebrated temple of Aphrodite (Venus), who was hence called Amathusfa. There were copper-mines in the neighborhood of the town.

AMlZONES (-urn) and XMlZftNlDES (-um), a mythical race of warlike females, are said to have come from the Caucasus, and to have settled in Asia Minor, about the river Thermodon, where they founded the city Themiscyra. They were governed by a queen, and the female children had their riprht breasts cut off that they might use the bow with more ease. They constantly oc«ur in Greek my

AN AMAZON. (Berlin.) C2

AMBARRI.

35

AMMON.

thology. One of the labors imposed upon Hercules was to take from Hippolyte, the queen of the Amazons, her girdle. [HERCU- LES.] In the reign of Theseus they invaded Attica. Toward the end of the Trojan war, they came, under their queen Penthesilea, to the assistance of Priam ; hut she was killed by Achilles.

AMBARRI (-orum), a people of Gaul, on the Arar (Saone), E. of Aedui.

AMBllNI (-orum), a Belgic people, be- tween the Bellovaci and Atrebates, conquer- ed by Caesar in B.O. 57. Their chief town was Samarobrlva, afterwards Ambiani, now Amiens.

AMBlORIX (-igis), a chief of the Ebnrones in Gaul, who cut to pieces the Eoman troops under Sabinus and Cotta, B.C. 54.

AMB1VARETI (-orum), the clientes or vas- sals of the Aedui, probably dwelt N. of the latter.

AMBIVARITI (-orum), a Gallic people, W of the Maas, in the neighborhood of Hamur.

AMBRlCtA (-ae : Arta), a town on the left bank of the Arachthus, N. of the Arabracian gulf, was originally included in Acarnania, but afterwards in Epirus. It was colonized by the Corinthians about B.O. 660. Pyrrhus made it the capital of his kingdom, and adorned i with public buildings and statues. At a later time it joined the Aetolian League, was taken by the Romans in B.C. 189, and stripped of its works of art Its inhabitants were trans planted to the new city of NIOOPOLIS, found ed by Augustus after the battle of Actium

B.0.31.

AMBRlCiUS SINTJS «?. of Arta), a guff >f the Ionian sea between Epirus and Acar- nania, 25 miles long and 10 wide,

AMBRONES (-urn), a Celtic people, who joined the Cimbri and Teuton! in their inva- ion of the Roman dominions, and were de- feated by Marius near Aquae Sextiae (A fa), in B.C. 102.

AMBRf SUS or AMPHRYSTJS (-i), a town in Phocis, S. of M. Parnassus.

XMfiNlNUS (-i), a river in Sicily near Ca- tana, only flowed occasionally.

.IMERJA (-ae), an ancient town in Umbria, and a municipium, the birthplace of Sex! Roscius defended by Cicero, was situate in a district rich in vines.

AMERIOLA (-ae), a town in the land of the Sabines, destroyed by the Romans.

AMESTRlTUS (-i), a town in the N. of Sicily not far from the coast.

AMJDA (-ae), a city in Sophene (Armenia Major) on the upper Tigris.

XMILCAR. [HA.MILOAB.]

AM1SIA or 1MISIUS (-i : Ems), a river in northern Germany well known to the Ro- mans.

1.MISUS (-i), a large city on the coast of Pontus, on a bay of the Euxine Sea, called after it (Amisenus Sinus). Mithridates en- larged it, and made it one of his residences.

iMITERNUM (4), one of the most ancient towns of the Sabines, on the Aternus, the birthplace of the historian Sallust.

AMMtlNUS MARCELLTNUS (-i), by birth a Greek, and a native of Syrian Antioch, served among the imperial body guards. He attended the emperor Julian in his campaign against the Persians (A.D. 363). He wrote a history of the Roman empire, of which 18 books are extant, embracing the period from A.D. 353, to the death of Valens, 3T8. His style is harsh and inflated, but his accuracy, fidel- ity, and impartiality deserve praise.

AMM5N (-onis), an Egyptian divinity, whom the Greeks identified with Zeus, ana

IHffffl I-

Image of Amman. (From the Egyptian Monuments.)

AMNISUS.

36

AMPHISSA.

tlie Romans with Jupiter. He possessed a celebrated temple and oracle in the oasis of Ammonium (Siwah) in the Libyan Desert, which was visited by Alexander the Great.

AMNISUS (-i), a town in the N. of Crete, and the harbor of Cnossus, situated on a river of the same name.

iMOR (-Sris), the god of love, had no place in the religion of the Romans, who only trans- late the Greek name Eros into Amor. CEsos.]

iMORGUS (-i), an island in the Grecian Archipelago, one of the Sporades, the birth- place of Simonides. and under the Roman emperors a place of banishment.

AMPfiLtTSIA (-ae), the promontory at the W. end of the African coast of the Fretum Gaditanum (Straits of Gibraltar).

AMPHllRlUS (-1), son of Oicles and Hyp- ennnestra, a great prophet and hero at Ar- gos. By his wife Eryphylo,the sister of Adras- tns, he was the father of Alcmaeon, Amphil- ochns, Barydice, and Demonassa. He join- ed Adrastus in the expedition against Thebes, although he foresaw its fatal termination, through the persuasions of his wife Eriphyle, who had been induced to persuade her hus- band by the necklace of Harmonia, which Polynices had given her. On leaving Argos he enjoined his sons to punish their mother for his death. During the war against The- bes, Amphiaraus fought bravely, but could not escape his fate. Pursued by Periclyme- nus, he fled towards the river Ismenius, and the earth swallowed him up, together with his chariot, before he was overtaken by his enemy. He was made immortal, and was worshiped as a hero. His oracle between Potniae and Thebes, where he was said to have been swallowed up, enjoyed great celeb- rity. His son, Alcmaeon, is called AmpKUL

AMPHICL35A (-ae), a town in the N. of Phocis.

AMPHICTtSN (-5nis), son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, believed to have been the founder of the Amphictyonic council.

AMPHlLOCHlA (-ae), the country of the Amphilochi. an Epirot race, at the E. end of the Ambracian gulf, usually included in Acar- nania. Their chief town was Argos Amphi- lochicum. [AniPHiLOostrs.]

AMPHlLOCHUS (4), son of Amphiaraus and Eriphfle, and brother of Alcmaeon. He took part in the expedition of the Epigoni against Thebes, assisted his brother in the /nurder of their mother [AIXJMAEON], and aft- erwards fought against Troy. Like his father, he was a celebrated seer. He was killed in single combat by Mopsus, who was also a seer, at Hallos, in Cilicia. According to some he founded Argos Amphilochicum on the Ambraciau gulf.

AMPHI5N (-onis), son of Zens (Jupiter) and Antidpe, and twin-brother of Zethus. They were born on Mount Cithaeron, and grew up among the shepherds. Having be- come acquainted with their origin they march- ed against Thebes, where Lycus reigned, the husband of their mother Antiope, who had married Dirce in her stead. They took the

city, and killed Lycus and Dirce because they had treated Antiope with great cruelty. They put Dirce to death by tying her to a bull, who dragged her about till she perished; and they then threw her body into a fountain, which was from this time called the fountain of Dirce. After they had obtained possession of Thebes, they fortified it by a wall. Am- phion had received a lyre from Hermes (Mer- cury), on which he played with such magic skill that the stones moved of their own ac- cord and formed the wall. Amphion after- wards married Niobe, who bore him many sons and daughters, all of whom were killed by Apollo, whereupon he put an end to his own life. [NiouB.]

ZetbiiB and Amphion. (From a Bass-relief at Rome.)

AMPHJP5LIS (-is), a town in Macedonia on the eastern bank of the Strymon, about 3 miles from the sea. The Strymon flowed al- most round the town, nearly forming a circle, whence its name Amphi-polis, It was orig- inally called Ennea Hodoi, the "Nine Ways," and belonged to the Edonians, a Thracian people. It was colonized by the Athenians in 4*57, who drove the Edonians out of the place. It was one of the most important of the Athenian possessions in the N. of the Aegaean sea. Hence their indignation when it fell into the hands of Brasidas (424) and of Philip (358). The port of Amphipolis was EION.

AMPHISSA (-ae), one of the chief towns of the Locri Ozolae on the borders of Phocis. 7 miles from Delphi. In consequence of the

AMPHITKITE.

37

ANAXAGOEAS.

Sacred War declared against Amphissa by the Ainphictyons, the town was destroyed by Philip, 1*. o. B:J8, but was afterwards rebuilt.

AMPH1TRITE (-cs), a Nereid or an Ocea- nid, wife of Poseidon (Neptune) and goddess of tbe sea, especially of the Mediterranean. She was the mother of Triton.

AMPHITRYON or AMPHlTRtfa (-onis), son of Alcaeus and Hippouome, and husband of Alcmene. For details see ALOMENE. Her- cules, the son of Zens (Jupiter) and Alcmene, is called Aniphltryonlddes in allusion to his reputed father. Amphitryon fell in a war against Ergiuus, king of the Miuyans.

AMPHRYSUS (-i). (1) A small river in Thessaly which flowed into the Pagasaean gulf, on the banks of which Apollo fed the herds of Admetus.— (2) See AMBKYSUS.

AMPSiGA (-ae), a river of N. Africa, divid- ing Numidia from Mauretania Sitifensis, and flowing past the town of Cirta.

AMPSANCTUS or AMSANCTUS LACUS, a small, lake in Sanmium near Aeculanum, from which mephitic vapors arose. Hence it was regarded as an entrance to the lower world.

AMPtCUS (-i), son of Pelias, husband of Chloris, and father of the famous seer Mop- sus, who is hence called Ampycbdes.

iM'O'LlUS. [RoMTiLtrs.]

XMYCLAE (-arum). (l)'An ancient town of Lacouia on the Eurotas, 2£ miles S.E. of Sparta. It is said to have been the abode of Tyndarus, and of Castor and Pollux, who are hence called Amyclaei Fratres. After the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians, the Achaeans maintained themselves in Amyclae for a long time ; but it was at length taken and destroyed by the Lacedaemonians under Teleclus. Amyclae still continued memora- ble by the festival of the Hyacinthia celebrated at the place annually, and by the colossal statue of Apollo, who was hence called Amy- claeus.—(2) An ancient town of Latium, E. of Terracina, on the Sinus Amyclanus, claimed to be an Achaean colony from Laconia. The inhabitants were said to have deserted it on account of its being infested by serpents ; whence Virgil speaks of tatitae Amyclae.

XMYCLIDES (-ae), a name of Hyacinthus, as the son of Amyclas, the founder of Amyclae.

iM¥CTJS (-i), son of Poseidon (Neptune), king of the Bebryces, celebrated for his skill in boxing. He used to challenge strangers to box with him, and slay them ; but when the Argonauts came to his dominions, Pollux killed him in a boxing-match.

IMTM5NE (-Gs), one of the 60 daughters of Danaus, was the mother by Poseidon (Nep- tune) of Nauplius, the father of Palamedes. (The fountain of Amymone in Argolis was called after her.

.X.MYNT&S (-ae). (1) King of Macedonia, reigned from about B.C. 540 to 500, and was succeeded by his son Alexander I.— (2) King of Macedonia, son of Philip, the brother of Perdiccas II., reigned 393-369, and obtained the crown by the murder of the usurper Pau- eaniaa. He carefully cultivated the friendship of Athens. He left by his wife Eurydice 3

sons, Alexander, Perdiccas, and the famous Philip, who is hence called by Ovid Amyn- tlddes.

IMYNTOR (-oris),king of the Dolopes, and father of Phoenix, who is hence called Amyn- tdrldes. [PHOENIX.]

iM^THAON (-onis), son of Cretheus and Tyro, father of Bias and of the seer Melam- pus, who is hence called Amythutiriius.

ANlCES or ANACTES, i. e. " the Kings," a name frequently given to Castor and Pollux.

INICHARSIS (-is), a Scythian of princely rank, left his native country in pursuit of knowledge, and came to Athens, about B.O. 594 He became acquainted with Solon, and by his talents and acute observations he ex- cited general admiration. He was killed by his brother Saulius on his return to his native country. The letters which go under his name are spurious.

ANACREON (-ontis), a celebrated lyric poet, born at Teos, an Ionian city in Asia Minor. He removed to Abdera, in Thrace, when Teos was taken by the Persians (about B.O. 544), but he lived chiefly at Satnos, under the patronage of Polycrates. After the death of Polycrates (522), he went to Athens at the invitation of the tyrant Hipparchus. He died at the age of 85, probably about 478. Of his poems only a few genuine fragments have come down to us; for the " Odes" attributed to him are spurious. In his poems he cele- brates the praises of love and wine.

1NACTQ RlUM (-i), a town in Acarnania, built by the Corinthians, upon a promontory of the same name at the entrance of the Am- bracian gulf.

XNAGNlA (-ae), the chief town of the Her- nici in Latium, and subsequently both a muni- cipium and a Roman colony. In the neigh- borhood Cicero had a beautiful estate, Anag- ninum (sc, praediuw).

INIPHB (-Ss), a small island in the S. of the Aegean sea, E. of Thera.

1N1PUS (-1). (1) A river in Acarnania, flowing into the Achelous.— (2) A river in Sicily, flowing into the sea S. of Syracuse through marshes,

ANARTES (-ium) or -TI (-orum), a people ofDacia,N.oftheTheiss.

iNAS (-ae: Guadfana), one of the chief rivers of Spain, forming the boundary be- tween Lusitania and Baetica, and flowing into

XNAXlGORAS (-ae), a celebrated Greek philosopher of the Ionian school, was born at Clazomenae in Ionia, B.C. 500. He gave up his property to his relations, as he intended to devote his life to higher ends, and went to Athens at the age of 20 ; here he remained 30 years, and became the intimate friend and teacher of Euripides and Pericles. His doc- trines gave offense to the religious feelings of the Athenians ; and he was accused of im- piety, 450. It was only through the eloquence of Pericles that he was not put to death ; bat he was sentenced to pay a fine of 5 talents and to quit Athens. He retired to Lampsa- cus, where he died in 428, at the age of 72.

ANAXANDRIDES.

38

ANDROGEOS.

He taught that a supreme intelligence was the cause of all things.

1NAXANDRIDES, king of Sparta, reigned from about u.o. 500 to 620. Having a barren wife whom he would not divorce, the ephors made him take with her a second. By her he had Cleomeues ; and after this, by his first wife, Dorieus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus.

ANAXARCHUS (-i), a philosopher of Ab- dera, of the school of Democritus, accompa- nied Alexander into Asia (B.O. 334). After the death of Alexander (323), Anaxarchus was thrown by shipwreck into the power of Nico- creon, king of Cyprus, to whom he had given offense, and who had him pounded to death in a stone mortar.

ANAXARSTE (-es), a maiden of Cyprus, treated her lover Iphis with such haughtiness that he hung himself at her door. She looked with indifference at the funeral of the youth, but Venus changed her into a stone statue.

ANAXIMANDER (-dri), of Miletus, was born B.G. 610, and died 647, in his 64th year. He was one of the earliest philosophers of the Ionian school, and the immediate successor of Thales, its first founder.

ANAXiMENES (-is), of Miletus, the third in the series of Ionian philosophers, flourish- ed about B.C. 544; but as he was the teacher of Anaxagoras, B.C. 480, he must have lived to a great age. He considered air to be the first cause of all things.

ANAZARBUS (-i) or -A (-ae), a city of Cili- cia Campestris, at the foot of a mountain of the same name. Augustus conferred upon it the name of Caesarea (ad Anazarbum).

ANCAEUS (-i). (1) Son of the Arcadian Ly- curgus, and father of Agapenor. He was one of the Argonauts, and was killed by the Caly- donian boar.-~(2) Son of Poseidon (Neptune) and Astypalaea, also one of the Argonauts, and the helmsman of the ship Argo after the death of Tiphys.

ANCHlUB (-68) and -LUS (-i). (I) A town in Thrace, on the Black Sea, on the borders of Moesia.— (2) An ancient city of Cilicia,W. of the Cydnus near the coast, said to have been built by Sardanapalus.

ANCHIS1S (-ae),son ofCapys and Themis, the daughter of Bus, and king of Dardanus on Mount Ida. In beauty he equaled the im- mortal gods, and was beloved by Aphrodite (Venus), by whom he became the father of Aeneas, who is hence called AnclMddes. Having boasted of his intercourse with the goddess, he was struck by a flash of lightning, which deprived him of his sight. On the capture of Troy by the Greeks, Aeneas carried his father on his shoulders from the burning city. He died soon after the arrival of Aeneas in Sicily, and was buried on mount Eryx.

ANCONA (-ae) or ANCON (-onis). a town in Piceuum on the Adriatic sea, lying in a bend of the coast between two promontories, and hence called Aneon, or an "elbow." It was built by the Syracusans in the time of the elder Dionysius, B.O. 392. Th6 Romans made it a colony. It possessed an excellent harbor, completed by Trajan, and was one of the most important sea-ports of the Adriatic.

ANCUS MARClUS (-i),fourthking of Rome, reigned 24 years, B.O. G40-61G, and is said to have been the son of Numa's daughter. He took many Latin towns, transported the in- habitants to Rome, and gave them the Aven- tiue to dwell on: these conquered Latins form- ed the original Plebs. He was succeeded by Tarquinius Priscus.

ANCYRA (-ae). (1) A city of Galatia in Asia Minor, originally the chief city of a Gallic tribe named the Tectosages, who came from the S. of France. When Augustus recorded the chief events of his life on bronze tablets at Rome, the citizens of Ancyra had a copy made, which was cut on marble blocks, and placed at Ancyra in a temple dedicated to Augustus and Rome. This inscription is still extant, and called the Monumentum Ancyrar num.—(2) A town in Phrygia Epictetus on the borders of Mysia.

ANDECAVI, ANDEGAVI (-orum), or AN- DES (-ium), a Gallic people N. of the Loire, with a town of the same name, also called Juliomagus, now Angers.

ANDES (-ium), a village near Mantua, the birthplace of Virgil.

ANDOCtDES, one of the 10 Attic orators, son of Leogoras, was born at Athens in B.C. 467. He belonged to a noble family, and was a supporter of the oligarchical party at Ath- ens. In 415 he became involved in the charge brought against Alcibiades of having muti- lated the Hermae, and was thrown into pris- on ; but. he recovered his liberty by denoun- cing the real or pretended perpetrators of the crime. He was four times banished from Athens, and after leading a wandering and disreputable life, died in exile. Four of his orations have come down to us.

ANDRAEMON (-5nis). (1) Husband of Gorge, daughter ofOeneusking of Calydonin Aetolia, whom he succeeded, and father of Thoas, who is hence called Andra&nionides.— (2) Son of Oxylus, and husband of Dryope, who was mother of Amphissus by Apollo.

ANDROCLUS (-i) or -CLES (-is), the slave of a Roman consular, was sentenced to be ex- posed to the wild beasts in the circus ; but a lion, which had been let loose upon him, ex- hibited signs of recognition, and began lick- ing him. Upon inquiry it appeared that An- droclus had rim away from his master in Af- rica; and that, having taken refuge in a cave, a lion entered, went up to him, and held out his paw. Androclus extracted a large thorn which had entered it. Henceforth they lived together for some time, the lion catering for his benefactor. But at last, tired of this sav- age life, Androclus left the cave, was appre- hended by some soldiers, brought to Rome, and condemned to the wild beasts. He was pardoned, and presented with the lion, which he used to lead about the city.

ANDRpGEOS (-o) or ANDROGEUS (-i), son of Minos and Pasiphao, conquered all his opponents in the games of the Paualhenaea at Athens, and was in consequence slain at the instigation of Aegeus. Minos made war on the Athenians to avenge the death of his son, and compelled them to send every year

Procrc AND ANDBOMEDA. (Marble Relief, Naples,)

ANDROMACHE.

39

ANTHEMUS.

to Crete 7 youths and 7 damsels to be de- voured by tbe Minotaur. From this shame- ful tribute they were delivered by THESEUS.

ANDROMACHE (-es) or ANDROMlCHA (-ae), daughter of Button, king of the Cilician Thebes, and wife of Hector, by whom she had a son Scamandrius (Astyanax). On the tak- ing of Troy her son was hurled from the walls of the city, and she herself fell to the share of Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), the son of Achil- les, who took her to Epirus. She afterwards married Helenus, a brother of Hector, who ruled over Chaonia.

ANDROMEDA '(-ae) or ANDROMEDE (•es), daughter of Cepheus, king of Aethiopia, and CassiopGa. In consequence of her moth- er boasting that the beauty of her daughter surpassed that of the Nereids, Poseidon (Nep- tune) sent a sea-monster to lay waste the country. The oracle of Ammon promised de- liverance if Andromeda was given up to the monster ; and Cepheus was obliged to chain his daughter to a rock. Here she was found and saved by Perseus, who slew the monster and obtained her as his wife. She had been previously promised to Phineus, and this gave rise to the famous fight of Phineus and Per- seus at the wedding, in which the former and all his associates were slain. After her death she was placed among the stars.

ANDRONICUS LIViUS. LLivros.]

ANDROSor-RTJS (-i), the most northerly and one of the largest islands of the Cyclades, S. B. of Euboea, 21 miles long and 8 broad, ear- ly attained importance, and colonized Acan- thus and Stagira about B.O. 654. It was cele- brated for its wine, whence the whole island was regarded as sacred to Dionysus.

ANGLI or ANGLII (-orum), a German peo- ple on the left bank of the Elbe, who passed over with the Saxons into Britain, which was called after them England. [SAXONES.] Some of them appear to have settled in Atigeln in Schleswig.

ANGRIVARII (-drum), a German people dwelling on both sides of theVisurgis(1F<3ser), separated from the Cherusci by an agger or mound of earth.

INIGRUS (-i), a small river in the Tri- phylian Elis, the Minyeius of Homer, flowing into the Ionian sea, near Samicum. Its wa- ters had a disagreeable smell, in consequence, it is said, of the Centaurs having washed in them after they had been wounded by Her- cules.

INIO, anciently XNlEN (hence Gen.Anie- nis), a river rising in the mountains of the Hernici near Treba, which, after receiving the brook Digentia, forms at Tibur beautiful wa- ter-falls, and flows into the Tiber 3 miles above Rome. The water of the Anio was con- veyed to Rome by two aqueducts, the Anio vetuz and Anio novus.

ANIUS (-5), son of Apollo by Creusa, and priest of Apollo at Delos. By Dry5pe he had three daughters, to whom Dionysus gave the power of producing at will any quantity of wine, corn, and oil— whence they were called Oenotrtpae. With, these necessaries they are

said to have supplied the Greeks during the first 9 years of the Trojan war.

ANNA (-ae), daughter of Belus and sister of Dido. After the death of the latter, she fled from Carthage to Italy, where she was kind- ly received by Aeneas. Here she excited th« jealousy of Lavinia, and, being warned in a dream by Dido, she fled and threw herself into the river Numicius. Henceforth she was wor- shiped as the nymph of that river under the name of Anna Perenna.

ANNtUSMILO. [MiLO.]

ANSER (-ens), a poet of the Augustan age, a friend of the triumvir M. Antonius, and one of the detractors of Virgil.

ANSIBARK or AMPSIVARlI <-5rum), a

erman people, originally dwelling between the sources of the Ems and the weser, and afterwards in the interior of the country near the Cherusci.

ANTAE5POLIS (-is), an ancient city of Upper Egypt (the Thebais), on the E. side of the Nile, and one of the chief seats of the wor- ship of Osiris.

ANTAEUS (-i), son of Poseidon (Neptune) and Ge (Earth), a mighty giant ana wrestler in Libya, whose strength was invincible so long as he remained in contact with his moth- er earth. Hercules discovered the source of his strength, lifted him from the earth, and crushed him in the air.

ANTALCIDAS (-ae), a Spartan, son of Le- on, is chiefly known by the celebrated treaty concluded with Persia in B.O. 387, usually call- ed the peace of Antalcidas, since it was the fruit of his diplomacy. According to this treaty all the Greek cities in Asia Minor were to belong to the Persian king ; the Athenians were allowed to retain only Xiemnos, Imbros, and Scyros ; and all the other Greek cities were to be independent

ANTANDRUS (-i), a city of Great Mysia, on the Adramyttian Gulf, at the foot of Mount Ida; an Aeolian colony.

ANTlA or ANTIA. [BELUSROPHON.]

ANTEMNAE (-arum), an ancient Sabine town at the junction of the Anio and the Ti- ber, destroyed by the Romans in the earliest times.

ANTENOR (-5ris), a Trojan, son of Aesyetes and Cleomestra, and husband of Theano. He was one of the wisest among the elders at Troy ; he received Menelaus and Ulysses into his house when they came to Troy as embas- sadors ; and he advised his fellow-citizens to restore Helen to Menelaus. On the capture of Troy, Antenor was spared by the Greeks. His history after this event is told differently. Some relate that he went with the Heneti to the western coast of the Adriatic, where he founded Patavium. His sons and desceod- ants were called Antenfiridae.

ANTfiROS. [EROS.]

ANTHEDSN (-onls), a town of Boeotia, with a harbor, on the coast of the Euboean sea, said to have derived its name from Anthedon, son of Glaucus, who was here changed into a god.

ANTHfiMtTS (-untis), a Macedonian towm in Chalcidice.

ANTHEMUSIA.

40

ANTIOCHIA.

ANTHEMtSlA (-ae) or ANTHfiMtTS (-an- tis), a city of Mesopotamia, S. W. of Edessa, and a little E. of the Euphrates. The sur- rounding district was called by the same name, but was generally included under the name of OSRHOEWE.

ANTHENE (-os), a place in Cyuuria, in the Peloponnesus.

ANTHYLLA (-ae), a considerable city of Lower Egypt, near the mouth of the Canopic branch of the Nile, below Naucratis.

ANTIAS (-iltis), Q. VALERIUS (-1), a Ro- man historian, flourished about n.c. SO, and wrote the history of Rome from the earliest times down to those of Sulla. His work was full of falsehoods.

ANTICLEA (-ae), daughter of Autolycus, wife of Laertes, and mother of Ulysses, died of grief at the long absence of her son. It is said that before marrying Laertes she lived on intimate terms with Sisyphus; whence Ulysses is sometimes called a son of Sisyphus.

ANTlCfRA, more anciently ANTICIR- RHA (-ae). (1) A town in Phocis, on a bay of the Crissaean gulf. —(2) A town in Thessaly, on the Spercheus, not far from its mouth. Both towns were celebrated for their helle- bore, the chief remedy in antiquity for mad- ness : hence the proverb Naviget Anticyram, when a person acted senselessly.

ANTfGdNE (-cs), daughter of Oedipus by his mother Jocaste, and sister of Ismene and of Eteocles and Polymces. In the tragic story of Oedipus, Antigone appears as a noble maiden, with a truly heroic attachment to her father and brothers. When Oedipus had put out his eyes, and was obliged to quit Thebes, he was accompanied by Antigone, who re- mained with him till he died at Colonus, and then returned to Thebes. After her two brothers had killed each other in battle, and Creon, the king of Thebes, would not allow Polynices to be buried, Antigone alone defied the tyrant, and buried the body of her brother. Creon thereupon ordered her to be shut up in a subterranean cave, where she killed herself. Her lover Haemon, the son of Creon, killed himself by her side.

ANT!GQNEA and -IA (-ae). (1) A town in Bpirns (Illyricum) at the junction of a tribu- tary with the Aous, and near a narrow pass of the Acroceraunian mountains.-— (2) A town on the Orontes in Syria, founded by Antigo- nus as the capital of his empire (B.O. 306), but most of its inhabitants were transferred by Seleucus to ANTIOOHIA, which was built in its neigborhood.

ANTIG5NUS (-i). (1) King of ASIA, sm- named the One-eyed, son of Philip of Elymio- tis, and father of Demetrius Poliorcetes by Stratomce. He was one of the generals of Alexander the Great, and in the division of the empire after the death of the latter (B.O. 323) he received the provinces of the Greater PhrygJa, Lycia, and Pamphylia. On the death of the regent Antipater, in 319, he aspired to the sovereignty of Asia. In 316 he defeated and put Enmenes to death, after a struggle of nearly 3 years. He afterwards carried on war, with varying success, against Seleucus, i

Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus. Aftei the defeat of Ptolemy's fleet in 806, Autigonut assumed the title of king, and his example was followed by Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Seleucus. Antigonus and his sou Demetrius were at length defeated by Lysimachus at the decisive battle of Ipsus in Phrygia, in 301. Antigonus fell in the battle, in the Slat year of his age.— (2) GONATAS, son of Demetrius Poll- orcetes, and grandson of the preceding. He assumed the title of king of Macedonia after his father's death in Asia in 283, but he did not obtain possession of the throne till 277. He was driven out of his kingdom by Pyrrhus of Epirus in 273, but recovered it. in the follow- ing jear. He died in 239. He was succeeded by Demetrius II. His surname Gouatus is usually derived from Gouuos or Gouui in Thessaly ; but some think that Gonatus is a Macedonian word, signifying an iron plate protecting the knee.— (3) DOSON (so called be- cause he was always about to give but never did), son of Demetrius of Cyreiie, and grand- son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, On the death of Demetrius II., in 229, he was left guardian of his son Philip, but he married the widow of Demetrius, and became king of Macedonia himself. He supported Aratus and the Achae- an League against Cleomeues, king of Sparta, whom he defeated at Sellasia in 221, and took Sparta. He died 220.

ANTiLiBlNUS (-i), a mountain on the confines of Palestine, Phoenicia, and Syria, parallel to Libanus, which it exceeds in height. Its highest summit is M. Hermon.

ANTlLOCHUS (-i), son of Nestor and An- axibia, accompanied his father to Troy, and distinguished himself by his bravery. He was slain before Troy by Memnon the Ethiopian.

ANTIMlCHUS (-i), a Greek epic and ele- giac poet of Claros or Colophon, flourished towards the end of the Peloponnosian war; his chief work was an epic poem called Tlte- bais.

ANTIN05POLIS (-is), a splendid city, built by Hadrian, in memory of his favorite ANTI- NOUS, on the E. bank of the Nile.

ANTINOUS (-i). (1) Son of Euplthes of Ithaca, and one of the suitors of Penelope, was slain by Ulysses.— -(2) A youth of extraor- dinary beauty, born at Claudiopolis in Bithy- nia, was the favorite of the emperor Hadrian, and his companion in all his journeys. He was drowned in the Nile, A.D. 122. The grief of the emperor knew no bounds He enrolled Antinous among the gods, caused a temple to be erected to him at Man tinea, and founded the city of ANTINOOPOLIS in honor of him.

ANTI5CHIA and -BA (-ae). (1) The cap- ital of the Greek kingdom of Syria, and long the chief city of Asia, stood on the left bank of the Orontes, about 20 miles (geog.) from the sea, in a beautiful valley. It wasbuilt by Seleucus Nicator, about B.O. 300, who called it Antiochia in honor of his father Antiochus, and peopled it chiefly from the neighboring city of ANTIGONIA. It was one of the earliest strongholds of the Christian fjiith ; the first place where the Christian name was used (Acts xi. 26) ; and the see of one of the four

ANTIOCHUS.

41

ANTIOCHUS.

chief bishops, who were called Patriarchs. — (2) A. AD MAEANDRTJM, a city of Caria, on the Maeander, built by Antiochus I. Soter on the site of the old city of Pythopolis — (3) A city on the borders of Phrygia and Pisidia ; built by colonists from Magnesia ; made a colony ander Augustus, and called Cneearoa.— The other cities of the name of Antioch are better known under other designations.

ANTIOCHUS (-i). I. Kings of Syria.— (1) SOTER (reigned B.O. 2SO-261), was the son of Seleucus I., the founder of the Syrian king- dom of the Seleucidae. He married his step- mother Stratonlce, with whom he fell violent- ly in love, and whom his father surrendered to him. He fell in battle against the Gauls in 2C1.— (2) THEOS (B.O. 201-246), son and suc- cessor of No. I. The Milesians gave him his surname of Tfteos, because he delivered them from their tyrant, Timarhus. He carried on war with Ptolemy Phila- delphus, king of Egypt, which was brought to a close by his putting awav his wife LaodicG, and marry- ing l&eremce, the daughter of Ptol- emy. After the death of Ptolemy, he recalled LaodicG, but, in revenge for the insult she had received, she caused Antiochus and Berenice to be murdered. He was succeeded by his son Selencns Callinfctui. His younger sonAntiochusHierax also assumed the crown, nnd carried on war some years wirh his brother, s II. J— (3) The GREAT (B.O.

223-18T), son and successor of Seleucus Callini- cus. He carried on war against Ptolemy Phi- lopator, king of Egypt, in order to obtain Coele-Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine, but was obliged to cede these provinces to Ptolemy, in consequence of his defeat at the battle of Eaphia, near Gaza, in 217. He was after- wards engaged for 1 years (212-205) in an at- tempt to regain the eastern provinces of Asia, which had revolted during the reign of An- tiochus II. ; but, though he met with great success, he found it hopeless to effect the sub- jugation of the Parthian and Bactrian king- doms, and accordingly concluded a peace with them. In 198 he conquered Palestine and Coele-Syria, which he afterwards gave as a dowry with his daughter Cleopatra upon her marriage with Ptolemy Eoiphanes. He aft- erwards became involved in hostilities with

Coin of Antiochus the Great.

ANTIOCHUS.

ANTIPATER.

the Romans, and was urged by Hannibal, who arrived at his court, to invade Italy without loss of time ; bat Antiochus did not follow bis advice. In 192 he crossed over into Greece : and in 191 he was defeated by the Romans at Thermopylae, and compelled to return to Asia. In 190 he was again defeated by the Romans under L. Scipio, at Mount Sipylus, near Magnesia, and compelled to sue for peace, which was granted in 188, on condition of his ceding all his dominions E. of Mount Tau- rus, and paying 15,000 Euboic talents. In or- der to raise the money to pay the Romans, he attacked a wealthy temple in Elymais, but was killed by the people of the place (1ST). He was succeeded by his son Seleucus Philop- ator.— (4) EPIPEIANES (B.O. 175-164), son of An- tiochus III., succeeded his brother Seleucus Philopator in 175. He carried on war against

Coin of Antiochus Epiphaues, with the Figure of Jupiter.

Egypt (171-168) with great success, and he was preparing to lay siege to Alexandria in 168, when the Romans compelled him to re- tire. He endeavored to root out the Jewish religion and to introduce the worship of the Greek divinities ; but this attempt led to a

rising of the Jewish people, under Mattathias and his heroic sons, the Maccabees, which An- tiochus was unable to put down. He attempt- ed to plunder a temple in Elymais in 164, but lie was repulsed, and died shortly afterwards in a state of raving madness, which the Jews and Greeks equally attributed to his sacri- legious crimes. His subjects gave him the name of Epimanes (the *• madman"), in parody of Epipfumes.— (5) EUPATOR (B.O. 164-162), son and successor of Epiphanes, was 9 years old at his father's death. He was dethroned and put to death by Demetrius Soter, the son of Seleucus Philopator.— (6) THEOS, son of Alex- ander Balas. He was brought forward as a claimant to the crown in 144, against Deme- trius Nicator. by Tryphon, but he was mur- dered by the latter, who ascended the throne himself in 142.—(7) SIDETES (B.O. 137-128), so called from Side, in Pamphylia, where he was brought up, younger son of Demetrius Soter, succeeded Tryphon. He was defeated and slain in battle by the Parthians in 128.— (8) GLYPHS, or Hook-nosed (B.O. 125-96), second son of Demetrius Nicator and Cleopatra. He carried on war for some years with his half- brother, A. IX. Cyzicenus. At length, in 112, the two brothers agreed to share the kingdom between them, A. Cyzicenus having Coele-Sy- ria and Phoenicia, and A. Grypus the remain- der of the provinces. Grypus was assassin- ated in 96.— (9) CTZIOENTTS, from Cyzicus,

where he was brought up, brother of No. 8, reigned over Coele-Syria and Phoenicia from 112 to 96, but fell in battle in 95 against Seleu- cus Epiphanes, son of A. VIII. Grypus. — (10) EUSEJJES, son of Cyzicenus. defeated Seleucus Epiphanes, and maintained the throne against the brothers of Seleucus. He succeeded his father in 95.— (11) EI»IPHANES, sou of Grypus and brother of Seleucus Epiphanes, carried on war against Eusebes, but was defeated by the latter, and drowned in the river Orontes. — (12) DIONYSUS, brother of No. 11, held the crown for a short time,but fell in battle against Aretas, king of the Arabians. The Syrians, worn out with the civil broils of the Seleuci- dae, offered the kingdom to Tigranes, king of Armeuia, who united Syria to his own domin- ions in 83, and held it till his defeat by the Romans in 69. — (13) ASIATIOTTS, son of Eu- sebes, became king of Syria on the defeat of Tigranes by Lucullus in 69 ; but he was deprived of it in 65 by Pompey; who reduced Syria to a Ro- man province. In this year the Se- lencidae ceased to reign.

II. Kings ofCom'magene.—('L) Made an alliance with the Romans, about u.o. 64. He assisted Pompey with troops in 49, and was attacked by Antony in 38. He was succeeded by Mithridates I. about 31 — (2) Suc- ceeded Mithridates I., and was put to death at Rome by Augustus in 29. —(3) Succeeded Mithridates II., and died in A.I>. 17. Upon his death, Comma- gene became a Roman province, and remain- ed so till A.D. 38.— (4) Surnamed EPIPHANKS, received his paternal dominion from Calig- ula in A. D. 38. He assisted the Romans in their wars against the Parthians under Nero,

and against the Jews under Vespasian. In 72 he was accused of conspiring with the Parthians against the Romans, was deprived of his kingdom, and retired to Rome, where he passed the remainder of his life.

III. Literary. — Of ASOALON, the founder of the fifth Academy, was a friend of Lucullus and the teacher of Cicero during his studies at Athens (B.O. 79).

ANTlOPi (-es). (1) Daughter of Nycteus, and mother by Zeus (Jupiter) of Amphion and Zethus. For details see AMPIUON. — (2) An Amazon, sister of Hippolyte, wife of Theseus, and mother of Hippolytus.

Antiope.

ANTlPlTER (-tri). (l) The Macedonian,

ANTIPATER.

ANTONIA TURRIS,

an officer greatly trusted "by Philip and Alex- ander the Great, was loft by the latter regent in Macedonia when he crossed over into Asia in B.O. 334. On the death of Alexander (323), Antipater, in conjunction with Craterus, car- ried on war against the Greeks, who endeav- ored to recover their independence. This war, usually called the Lamian war, from La- mia, where Antipater was besieged in 323, was terminated by Antipater's victory over wlle confederates at Craunon in 322. This was followed by the submission of Athens and the death of D KMosTnEN EB. Antipater died in 310, after appointing Polysperchou regent, and his own son C ASS AN DEB to a subordinate position. —(2) Grandson of the preceding, and second son of Cassander and Thcssaloulca. He and his brother Alexander quarreled for the pos- gession of Macedonia ; and Demetrius Polior- cetes availed himself of their dissensions to obtain the kingdom, and to put to death the two brothers. — (3) Father of Herod the Great, son of a noble Idumaeau of the same name, espoused the cause of Hyrcanus against his brother Aristobulus. He was appointed by Caesar in B.C. 47 procurator of Judaea, which appointment he held till his death in 43, when he was poisoned. — (4) Eldest son of Herod the Great by his first wife, conspired against his father's life, and was executed five days be- fore Herod's death (5) Of Tarsus, a Stoic phi- losopher, the successor of Diogenes and the teacher of Panaetius, about B.O. 144.

ANTlPlTER, L. CAELIUS (-i), a Roman historian, and a contemporary of C. Gracchus (B.O. 123), wrote Awnales, which contained a valuable account of the second Punic war.

ANTlP ATRIA (-ae), a town in Illyricum on the borders of Macedonia, on the Apsus.

ANTlPHlTSS (-ae), king of the mythical Laestrygones in Sicily, who are represented as giants and cannibals. They destroyed 11 ef the ships of Ulysses, who escaped with only one vessel. Formiae is called by Ovid Antipfiatae domus. because it is said to have been founded by the Laestrygones. ANTIPHELLUS. [PHELLUS.] ANTIPHILUS (-i), of Egypt, a distinguish- ed painter, the rival of Apelles, painted for Philip and Alexander the Great.

ANTIPHON (-Onis), the most ancient of the 10 orators, born at Rhamnus in Attica, B.C. 480. He belonged to the oligarchical party at Athens, and took an active part in the establishment of the government of the Four Hundred (B.O. 411), after the overthrow of which he was brought to trial, condemned, and put to death. Antiphon introduced greal improvements in public speaking ; he openec a school in which he taught rhetoric, and the historian Thucydides was one of his pupils. The orations which he composed were written for others ; and the only time that he spoke in public himself was when he was accused and condemned to death. This speech is now lost. We still possess 15 of his orations, 3 of which were written by him for others, and the remaining 12 as specimens for his school, or exercises on fictitious cases.

s: Antibes^ & town in Gallia

Sarbonensis on the coast, a few miles W. of Nicaea, founded by Massilia.

ANTIRRHIITM. [RniUM.]

ANTISSA (-ae), a town in Lesbos, on th« W. coast between Methymua, and the prom- ontory Sigrinm, was originally on a small island opposite Lesbos, which was afterwards united with Lesbos.

ANTISTHfiNBS (-is and -ae), an Athenian, 'ounder of the sect of the Cynic philosophers. His mother was a Thracian. In his youth he fought at Tanagra (B.O. 426), and was a dis- ciple first of Gorgias, and then of Socrates, whom he never quitted, and at whose death he was present. He died at Athens, at the age of 70. He taught in the Cynosarges, a gymnasium for the use of Athenians born of foreign mothers ; whence probably his follow- ers were called Cynics, though others derive their name from their dog-like neglect of all forms and usages of society. He was an en- emy to all speculation, and thus was opposed to Plato. He taught that virtue is the sole thing necessary. Prom his school the Stoics subsequently sprung.

ANTISTKJS LABEO. [LABEO.]

ANTITATJRUS (-i: Ali-Dagh), a chain of mountains, which strikes off N.E. from the main chain of the Taurus on the S. border of Cappadocia, in the centre of which district it turns to the E. and runs parallel to the Tau- rus as far as the Euphrates. Its average height exceeds that of the Taurus.

ANTIUM (-i), a very ancient town of Lathim, on a rocky promontory running out some dis- tance into the Tyrrhenian sea. It was found- ed by the Tyrrhenians and Pelasgians, and was noted for its piracy. It was taken by the Romans in B.c.468, and a colony was sent thither ; but it revolted, was taken a second time by the Romans in 338, was deprived of all its ships, the beaks of which (Rostra) served to ornament the platform of the speakers in the Roman forum, and received another Ro- man colony. In the latter times of the re- public, and under the empire, it was a favorite residence of many of the Roman nobles and emperors. The emperor Nero was born here, and in the remains of his palace the Apollo Belvedere was found. Antium possessed temples of Fortune and Neptune.

ANT5NlA(-ae). (1) MAJOR, elder daughter of M. Antonius and Octavia, wife of L. Do- mitius Ahenobarbns, and mother of Gn. Do- mitias, the father of the emperor Nero— (2) MINOR, younger sister of the preceding, wife of Drusus, the brother of the emperor Tiberius, and mother of Germanicus, the father of the emperor Caligula, of Livia, or Livilla, and of the emperor Claudius. She died A.D. 38, soon after the accession of her grandson Caligula. She was celebrated for her beauty, virtue, and chastity.— (3) Daughter of the emperor Claudius, was put to death by Nero, A.D. 60, because she refused to marry him.

ANT(3NtA TURRTS, a castle on a rock at the N.W. corner of the Temple at Jerusalem, which commanded both the temple and the city. It was at first called Baris : Herod the

ANTONINOPOLIS.

44

ANTONIUS.

Great changed its name in honor of M. Anto- nius. It contained the residence of the Pro- curator Jndaeae.

ANT5NIN5P6LIS (-is), a city of Mesopo- tamia, between Edessa and Dara, aft. Maxim- ianopohs, and aft. Constantia.

ANTONINUS, M. AURHLJUS. [M. AUBE-

LITTB.]

ANTONINUS PIUS (-i), Roman emperor, A.D. 138-161, born near Lanuvium, A.I>. Sti, was adopted by Hadrian in IBS, and succeeded the latter in the same year. The senate conferred upon him the title of Pms, or the dutifully af-

Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius and Faustina. (From the Pedestal of the Column of Antoninus Pius.)

fectionate, because he persuaded them to grant to his father Hadrian the apotheosis and the other honors usually paid to deceased emper- ors. The reign of Antoninus is almost a blank in history— a blank caused by the suspension for a time of war, violence, and crime. He was one of the best princes that ever mount- ed a throne, and all his thoughts and ener- gies were dedicated to the happiness of his people. He died 1C1, in his 75th year. He was succeeded by M. Aurelius, whom he had adopted, when he himself was adopted by Hadrian, and to whom he gave his daughter FAUSTINA in marriage.

ANT5NIUS (-i). (1) M., the orator, born B.O. 143 ; quaestor in 113 ; praetor in 104, when he fought against the pirates in Cilicia; consul in 99 ; and censor in 97. He belonged to Sul- la's party, and was put to death by Harms and Cinua, when they entered Borne in 87: his head was cut off and placed on the Rostra. Cicero mentions him and L. Crassus as the most distinguished orators of their age? and he is introduced as one of the speakers in Cicero's De Orators.— (2) M., surnamed CBETI- cus, elder son of the orator, and father of the triumvir, was praetor in 75, and received the command of the fleet and all the coasts of the Mediterranean, in order to clear the sea of pirates ; but he did not succeed in his object, and used his power to plunder the provinces. He died shortly afterwards in Crete, and was called Creticus in derision.— (3) C., younger son of the orator, and uncle of the triumvir, was expelled the senate in 70, and was the colleague of Cicero in the praetorship (65) and

consulship (68). He was one of Catiline's con- spirators, but deserted the latter by Cicero's promising him the province of Macedonia. He had to lead an army against Catiline, but, unwilling to fight against his former friend, he gave the command on the day of battle to his legate, M.Petreius. At the conclusion of the war Antony went into his province, which he plundered shamefully ; and on his return to Rome in 59 was accused both of taking part in Catiline's conspiracy and of extortion in his province. He was defended by Cicero, but was condemned, and retired to the island of Ceph- alleuia. He was subsequently recalled, prob- ably by Caesar, and was in Rome at the beginning of 44.— (4) M., the TRIUMVIU, was son of No. 2. and Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar, consul in (54, and was born about 83. Hia father died while he was still young, and he was brought up by Lentultis, who married his mother Julia, and who was put to death by Cicero in 63 as one of Catiline's conspirators: hence Antony became a personal enemy of Cicero. Antony indulged in his ear- liest youth in every kind of dissipation, and his affairs soon became deeply in- volved. In 58 he went to Syria, where he served with distinction under A. Ga- binius. In 54 he went to Caesar in Gaul, and by the influence of the latter was elected quaestor (52). He now became one of the most active partisans of Cae- sar. He was tribune of the plebs in 49, and in January fled to Caesar's camp in Cisalpine Gaul, after putting his veto upon the decree of the senate which deprived Caesar of his command. In 48 Antony was present at the battle of Pharsalia, where he commanded the left wing. In 44 he was con- sul with Caesar, when ne offered him the kingly diadem at the festival of the Luperca- lia. After Caesar's murder on the 15th of

M. Antonitia.

ANTONIUS.

45

ANUBIS.

March, Antony endeavored to succeed to his power. He pronounced the speech over Caesar's body, and read his will to the people ; and he also obtained the pa- pers and private property of Caesar. But he found a new and unexpected rival in young Octavianus, the adopted sou and great-nephew of the dictator, who at first joined the senate in order to crush An- tony. Towards the end of the year An- tony proceeded to Cisalpine Gaul, which _ _ _

had been previously granted him by the Coin of Autony, with Symbols of Worship of Bacchus and Venus, senate : but Dec. Brutus refused to sur- render the province to Antony, and threw

himself into Mutina, where he was besieged by Antony. The senate approved of the conduct of Brutus, declared Antony a pub- lic enemy, and intrusted the conduct of the war against, him to Octavianus. Antony was defeated at the battle of Mutina, in April, 43, and was obliged to cross the Alps. Both the consuls, however, had fallen, and the sena- tors now began to show their jealousy of Oc- tavianns. Meantime Antony was joined by Lepidus with a powerful army; Octavianus became reconciled to Antony; and it was agreed that the government of the state should be vested in Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus, under the title of Triumviri Re~ publteae Constitttendde, for the next 5 years. The mutual enemies of each were proscribed, and in the numerous executions that follow- ed, Cicero, who had attacked Antony in his Philippic Orations, fell a victim to Antony. In 42 Antony and Octavianus crushed the re- publican party by the battle of Philippi, in which Brutus and Cassius fell. Antony then went to Asia, which he had received as his share of the Roman world. In Cilicia he met

us, made war upon Octavianus in Italy. An- touy prepared to support his relatives, but the war was brought to a close at the begin- ning of 40, before Antony could reach Italy. The opportune death of Fulvia facilitated the reconciliation of Antony and Octaviauus, which was cemented by Antony marrying Octavia, the sister of Octaviauus. Antony re- mained in Italy till 39, when the triumvirs concluded a peace with Sext. Pompey, and he afterwards went to his provinces in the East. In this year and the following, Ventidius, the lieutenant of Antony, defeated the Parthians. In 37 Antony crossed over to Italy, when the triumvirate was renewed for 5 years. He then returned to the East, and shortly afterwards sent Ocfcavia back to her brother, an$ sur- rendered himself entirely to the charms of Cleopatra. In 36 he invaded Parthia, but he

lost a great number of his troops, and was

Coin of Antony, struck at Antioch.

obliged to retreat. He was more successful in his invasion of Armenia in 34, for he ob- tained possession of the person of Artavas- des, the Armenian king, and carried him to Alexandria. Antony now laid aside entirely the character of a Roman citizen, and assumed the pomp and ceremony of an Eastern despot. His conduct, and the unbounded influence which Cleopatra had acquired over him, al- ienated many of his friends and supporters? and Octavianus saw that the time had now come for crushing his rival. The contest was decided by the memorable sea-fight off Ac- tinm, September 2d, 31, in which Antony's fleet was completely defeated. Antony, ac- companied Toy Cleopatra, fled to Alexandria, where he put an end to his own life in the following year (30), when Octavianus appear- ed before the city.— (5) C., brother of the tri- umvir, was praetor in Macedonia in 44, fell into the hands of M. Brutus in 43, and was put to death by Brutus in 42, to revenge the murder of Cicero.— (6) L., youngest brother of the triumvir, was consul in 41, when he en- gaged in war against Octavianus at the insti- gation of Fulvia, his brother's wife. He threw himself into the town of Perusia, which he was obliged to surrender in the following year. His life was spared, and he was afterwards appointed by Octavianus to the command of Iberia.-(7) M., elder son of the triumvir by Fulvia, was executed by order of Octavianus, after the death of his father in 30.— (8) JULUS, younger son of the triumvir by Fulvia, was brought up by his step -mother Octavia at Rome, and received great marks of favor from Augustus. He was consul in B.O. 10, but was put to death in 2, in consequence of his adult" erous intercourse with Julia, the daughter of Augustus.

ANT5NIUS FELIX. [Fa- ux.]

AOT5NIUS MUSA. Plxr- SA.]

ANTDNIUS PRIMUS. [PRIMUS.]

ANTRON (-5nis), a town in Phthiotis in Thessaly, at the entrance of the Sinus Malia- cus.

IN^BIS <-is), an Egyptian divinity, worshiped in the form of a human being with a dog's head. The Greeks iden- tified him with their own Her- mes (the Roman Mercury), an d I thus speak of Hermanuphis ' in the same manner as of Zeus image of Anubia.

ANXUK

APHRODITE.

(Jupiter) Ammon. His worship was intro- duced at Rome towards the end of the republic.

ATSfXUE. [TARRAOINA.]

XN¥TUS <-i), a wealthy Athenian, the most influential and formidable of the accusers of Socrates, B.C. 399. He was a leading man of the democratical party, and took an active part, along with Thrasybulus, in the over- throw of the 30 Tyrants.

.1 ONES (-um), an ancient race in Boeotia. Hence the poets frequently nse Aonius as equivalent to Boeotian. As 'Mount Helicon and the fountain Aganippe were in Aonia, the Muses are called Awtides.

AORSI or ADORSI (-orum), a powerful peo- ple of Asiatic Sarmatia, chiefly found between the Palus Maeotis (Sea of Azof) and the Cas- pian, whence they spread far into European Sarmatia.

15US (-i) or AEAS (-antis), the principal river of the Greek part of Illyricum, rising in M. Lacmon, and flowing into the Ionian sea near Apollonia.

APX.MEA or -IA (-ae). (1) A. AD OBONTEM a city of Syria, built by Seleucus Nicator on the site of the older city of PBLLA, in a very strong position on the river Orontes or Axius, and named in honor of his wife Apama.— (2) A. CiBSTirs or AD MAEANDRUM, a great city

Medal of Apamca Cibotus.

of Phrygia, on the Maeander, close above its confluence with the Marsyas. It was built by Antiochus I. Soter, who named it in honor of his mother Apama.— (3) A MYBLBON, in Bi- thynia. [MYRT.KA.]

APELLfiS (-is), the most celebrated of Gre- cian painters, was born, most probably, atCo- »ophon in Ionia, though some ancient writers call him a Ooan and others an Ephesian. He was the contemporary of Alexander the Great (B.O. 336-323), who entertained so high an opinion of him, that he was the only person whom Alexander would permit to take his portrait. We are not told when or where he died. Throughout his life Apelles labored to improve himself, especially in drawing, which he never spent a day without practising. Hence the proverb Nulfa dies sine tinea. Of his portraits the most celebrated was that of Alexander wielding a thunderbolt; bnt the most admired of all his pictures was the " Ve-

nils Anadyomene," or Venus rising out of the sea. The goddess was wringing her hair, and the falling drops of water formed a transpar- ent silver veil around her form.

APELLICON, of Teos, a Peripatetic philos- opher and great collector of books. His val- uable library at Athens, containing the auto- graphs of Aristotle's works, was carried to Rome by Sulla (B.O. 83) : Apellicon had died just before.

JLPENI^INUS (-i) MONS, (probably from the Celtic Pen, "a height"), the Apennines, a chain of mountains running throughout Italy from N. to S., and forming the backbone of the peninsula. It is a continuation of the Maritime Alps [ALPEB], and begins near Gen- ua. At the ooundaries of Samnium, Apulia, andLacania, it divides into two main branch- es, one of which runs E. through Apulia and Calabria, and terminates at the Salentine promontory, and the other W. through Brut- tium, terminating apparently at Rhegium and the straits of Messina, but m reality contin- ued throughout Sicily.

iPER (-ri), ARRiUS (-i), praetorian pre- fect, and son-in-law of the emperor Numerian, whom he was said to have murdered : he was himself put to death by Diocletian on his ac- cession in A.D. 284.

APERANTlA (-ae), a town and district of Aetolia, near the Achelous, inhabited by the Aperantii.

iPHACA (-ae), a town of Coele-Syria, be- tween Heliopolis and Byblus, celebrated for the worship and oracle of Aphrodite (Venus).

IPHIREUS (-ei), father of Idas and Lyn- ceus, the Aph&retMae (also Aphdr&ia proles), celebrated for their fight with Castor and Pol- lux.

APHINDA (-ae), an Attic demus not far from Decelea, was originally one of the 12 towns and districts into which Cecrops is said to have divided Attica. Here Theseus concealed Helen, but her brothers Castor and Pollux took the place and rescued their sister.

APHODTRSlAS (-adis), the name of several places famous for the worship of Aphrodite* (Venus).— (1) A town in Caria on the site of an old town of the Leleges, named NinOe: un- der the Romans a free city and asylum, and a flourishing school of art.— (2) Also called VENERIB OPPIPUM, a town, harbor, and island on the coast of Cilicia, opposite to Cyprus.

APHRODITE (-5s), called VENUS (-5ris),by the Romans, the goddess of love and beauty. In the Iliad she is represented as the daughter of Zeus andDiono ; but later poets frequently relate that she was sprung from the foam of the sea, whence they derive her name. She was the wife of Hephaestos (Vulcan) ; but she proved faithless to her husband, and was in love with Ares (Mars) the god of war. She also loved the gods Dionysus (Bacchus), Her- mes (Mercury), and Poseidon (Neptune), and the mortals ANOHISES and ADONIS. She sur- passed all the other goddesses in beauty, and hence received the prize of beauty from 'Paris. [PABIS.] She likewise had the power of grant- ing beauty and invincible charms to others, and whoever wore her magic girdle imrnedi-

VENUS (APHBOBITB) OP MILO. (Louvr&J

D

APHTHONIUS.

APIS.

Aphrodite (Venus) and Eros (Cupid). (Cause! Museum Roraanum, vol. I. tav. 40.)

ately became an object of love and desire. In the vegetable kingdom the myrtle, rose, apple,_poppy, etc., were sacred to her. The animals sacred to her, which are often mentioned as drawing her chariot or serving as her messengers, are the sparrow, the dove, the swan, the swallow, and a bird called lynx. She is gen- erally represented in works of art with her son Eros (Cupid). The principal places of her worship in Greece were the islands of Cyprus and Cythera. Her worship was of Eastern origin, and probably in- troduced by the Phoenicians to the islands of Cyprus and Cythera, from whence it spread all over Greece. She appears to have been originally identical with Astarte, called by the Hebrews Ashtoreth.

APHTHONfrJS (-i), of Antioch, a Greek rhetorician, lived about A.I). 315, and wrote the introduc- tion to the study of rhetoric, en- titled Progymiiasmata. It was used as the common school-book in this branch of education for several centuries.

APHSTIS (-is), a town in the peninsula Pallene in Macedonia, with a celebrated tem- ple and oracle of Zeus (Jupiter) Ammon.

APIA. [Ans.]

XPXClUS (-i). the name of three notorious gluttons.— (1) The first lived in the time of Sulla. — (2) The second and most renowned,

M. Gabius Apicius, flourished under Tiberius. Having squandered his fortune on the pleasures of the table, he hanged himself.— (3) A contempo- rary of Trajan, sent to this emperor, when he was in Parthia, fresh oys- ters, preserved by a skillful process of his own.— The work 011 Cookery ascribed to Apicius was probably compiled at a late period by some one who prefixed the name of Apicius in order to insure the circulation of his book.

APIDANUS (-i), a river in Thes- saly, flowing into the Enipeus near Pharsalus.

APlOLAE (-arum), a town of La- tium, destroyed by Tarquinius Pris- cus.

API5N, a Greek grammarian, and a native of Oasis in Egypt, taught rhetoric at Rome in the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius. He wrote a work against the Jews, to which Jo- sephus replied in his treatise Against Apion.

APION PTOLEMAEUS. [PTOLB-

APIS (-is). (1) Son of Phoroneus and LaodicG, king of Argos, from whom Peloponnesus, and more es- pecially Argos, was called APIA.— (2) The sacred Bull of Memphis, wor- shiped as a god among the Egyp- I tians. There were certain signs oy which he | was recognized to be the god. At Memphis

Figure of Apis. (From the Egyptian Monuments.) ^

he had a splendid residence, containing ex- tensive walks and courts for his amusement. His birthday, which was celebrated every year, was a day of rejoicing for all Egypt His death was a season of public mourn- ing, which continued till another sacred bull was discovered by the priests.

APODOTI.

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APOLLO.

IPOD5TI (-drum), a people in the S.B. of Aetolia, between the Evenus and Hylaethus.

1POLI3N1RIS, SIDONIUS. [SIDONIUS.] iPOLLlNIS PR., a promontory in N. Af- rica, forming the W . point of the gulf of Car- thage.

IPOLLO (-Inis), one of the great divinities of the Greeks, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Leto (Latona) and twin brother of Artemis (Diana), was born in the island of Delos, whither Leto had fled from the jealous Hera (Juno). [Lp/ro.] The powers ascribed to Apollo are apparently of different kinds, but are all connected with one another, as will be seen from the follow- ing classification. He is— 1. The god ivho pun- ishes, whence he is represented with a bow and arrows. All sudden deaths were believed to be the effect of his arrows ; and with them he sent the plague into the camp of the Greeks before Troy.— 2. The god who affords help, and wards off evil. As he had the power of pun- ishing men, so he was also able to deliver men, if duly propitiated. From his being the god who afforded help, he is the father of Aesculapius, the god of the healing art, and was also identified in later times with PaeSon, the god of the healing art in Homer.— 3. The god of prophecy. Apollo exercised this power in his numerous oracles, and especially in that of Delphi. Hence he is frequently called the Pythian Apollo, from Pytho, the ancient name of Delphi. He had the power of communicat- ing the gift of prophecy both to gods and men, and all the ancient seers and prophets are placed in some relationship to him. — 4. The god of song and music. *We find him in the Iliad delighting the immortal gods with his phonninx; and the Homeric bards de- rived their art of song either from Apollo or

Apollo M nsogetes. COaterley Denk. der alten Kunal, tav. 32.)

the Muses. Hence he is placed in close con- nection with the Muses, and is called Musa- netes, as leader of the choir of the Muses. Later tradition ascribed to Apollo even the invention of the flute and lyre, while it is more commonly related that he received the lyre from Hermes (Mercury). Respecting his musical contests, see MAHSYAS, MIPAS.— -5. The god who protects the flocks and cattle. There are in Homer only a few allusions to this feature in the character of Apollo, but in later writers it assumes a very prominent form, and in the story of Apollo tending the flocks of Admetus at Pherae, in Thessaly, the idea

The Pythian Apollo. (Andran, Proportion du Corps Humafn, pi. 18.)

reaches its height— 6. The god who delights in the, foundation of towns ana the establishment of Ml constitutions. Hence a town or a col- ony was never founded by the Greeks with- out consulting an oracle of Apollo, so that in every case he oecame. as it were, their spirit- ual leader.— J. The god of the Sun. In Homer, Apollo and Helios, or the Sun, are perfectly distinct, and his identification with the Sun, though almost universal among later writers, was the result of later speculations, and of foreign, chiefly Egyptian, influence.— Apollo had more influence upon the Greeks than any other god. It may safely be asserted that the Greeks would never have become what they were, without the worship of Apollo : in him the brightest side of the Grecian mind is re- flected. In the religion of the early Romans there is no trace of the worship of Apollo. The Romans became acquainted with this di- vinity through the Greeks, and adopted all their notions about him from the latter peo- ple. During the second Punic war, in 212, :he ludi Apollinares were instituted in his ionor.— The most beautiful among the ex- tant representations of Apollo is the Apollo Belvedere at Rome, in which he appears as the perfect ideal of youthful manliness.

APOLLO ClTHABOEPtTS. (Munich.)

APOLLODOKUS.

49

APPIANUS.

XPOLLOD5RUS (-i), of Athens, flourished about B.O. 140. His work, entitled Bibliotlieca, contains a well-arrauged account of the Greek mythology.

XPOLLONlA (-ae). (1) An important town in Illyria, not far from the mouth of the Aous, and 60 stadia from the sea. It was founded by the Corinthians and Corcyraeans, and was equally celebrated as a place of commerce and of learning. Many distinguished Romans, among others the young Octavius, afterwards the emperor Augustus, pursued their studies here. Persons traveling from Italy to Greece and the East usually landed either at Apol- lonia or Dyrrhacium. — (2) A town in Mace- donia, on the Via Eguatia, between Thessa- lonica and AmphipoTis, and S. of the lake of Bolbe.— (3) a town in Thrace on the Black Sea, a colony of Miletus, had a celebrated tem- ple of Apollo, from which Lucullus carried away a collossus of this god, and erected it on the Capitol at Rome. —(4) A castle or for- tified town of the Locri Ozolae, near Naupac- tus. — (5) A town on the N. coast of Sicily. — (6) A town in Bithynia on the lake Apolloni- atis, through which the river Rhyndacus flows. —(7) A town in Cyreuaica and the harbor of Cyrene, one of the 5 towns of the Peutapolis in Libya: it was the birthplace of Eratosthe- nes.

iPOLL(5NIS (-is),